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Friday Prayer: Difference between revisions
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* Friday prayer | * Friday prayer | ||
* [[Eid Prayer|Prayer of the Eid al-Adha]] | * [[Eid Prayer|Prayer of the Eid al-Adha]] | ||
* Prayer of the | * [[Eid Prayer|Prayer of the Eid al-Fitr]] | ||
* [[Hajj]] | * [[Hajj]] | ||
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==Obligation== | ==Obligation== | ||
[[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] [[ | [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] [[jurist]]s have referred to the [[verse]] 9 of [[Qur'an 62]]{{enote|O you who have faith! When the call is made for prayer on Friday, hurry toward the remembrance of Allah, and leave all business. That is better for you, should you know. (Qur'an 62:9)}}, numerous [[hadith]]s,<ref>Ahmad b. Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 3, p. 424-425; al-Nasa'i, ''Sunan al-Nasa'i'', vol. 3, p. 85-89'; al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 295-302; Nuri, ''Mustadrak al-wasa'il'', vol. 6, p. 10</ref> and [[ijma']] (consensus) to prove that the Friday prayer is [[obligatory]].<ref>Al-Shawkani, ''Nayl al-awtar'', vol. 3, p. 254-255; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, ''al-Khilaf'', vol. 1, p. 593; al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, ''al-Mu'tabar fi sharh al-mukhtasar'', vol. 2, p. 274</ref> Some have rejected the indication of the verse, that the Friday prayer is obligatory, and considered the meaning of the verse as the order for the believers to participate in a Friday prayer which is held in the proper state, and blames who despite a properly held Friday prayer, don't participate in it and engage in other activities like business.<ref>Muntaziri, ''al-Badr al-zahir'', p, 6; Gharawi Tabrizi, ''al-Tanqih fi sharh al-'urwat al-wuthqa'', vol. 2, p. 274</ref> | ||
The Friday prayer is not [[obligatory]] for the following: | The Friday prayer is not [[obligatory]] for the following: | ||
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Although the opinion that the Friday prayer is an [[individual duty]], have been discussed among jurists after the major occultation, more or less;<ref>Rida Nizhad, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', vol. 29-65</ref> [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] proposed it seriously in the 10th/16th century.<ref>Al-Shahid al-Thani, ''Rasa'il'', p. 197</ref> Some jurists, including his grandson, [[al-Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali al-'Amili]], followed him.<ref>Al-Musawi al-'Amili, ''Madarik al-ahkam fi sharh shara'i' al-Islam'', vol. 4, p. 25</ref> This opinion became prevalent in [[Safawid]] era, especially because of the social and political background.<ref>Al-Yazdi, ''al-Hujja fi wujub salat al-jumu'a'', p. 53-54</ref> According to this opinion, when the conditions of holding the Friday prayer is fulfilled, it is obligatory just like in the time of ruling of the infallible Imam, and it does not need the special or general assignment by him. Also, it is said that holding the Friday prayer is one of the tasks of jurists in time of the occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a), just like the [[jurisprudence]] and [[judgment]]. Most of the advocates of the opinion were of the [[Akhbari]] school of thought, although some famous Usulis, like al-Shahid al-Thani, were of the supporters of the opinion.<ref>See: al-Shahid al-Thani, ''al-Rawdat al-bahiyya'', vol. 1, p. 299-301; Fayd Kashani, ''al-Shahab al-thaqib'', p. 47-102; Agha Buzurg, ''al-Dhari'a'', vol. 15, p. 63, 67, 73; Jabiri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 54-55</ref> | Although the opinion that the Friday prayer is an [[individual duty]], have been discussed among jurists after the major occultation, more or less;<ref>Rida Nizhad, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', vol. 29-65</ref> [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] proposed it seriously in the 10th/16th century.<ref>Al-Shahid al-Thani, ''Rasa'il'', p. 197</ref> Some jurists, including his grandson, [[al-Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali al-'Amili]], followed him.<ref>Al-Musawi al-'Amili, ''Madarik al-ahkam fi sharh shara'i' al-Islam'', vol. 4, p. 25</ref> This opinion became prevalent in [[Safawid]] era, especially because of the social and political background.<ref>Al-Yazdi, ''al-Hujja fi wujub salat al-jumu'a'', p. 53-54</ref> According to this opinion, when the conditions of holding the Friday prayer is fulfilled, it is obligatory just like in the time of ruling of the infallible Imam, and it does not need the special or general assignment by him. Also, it is said that holding the Friday prayer is one of the tasks of jurists in time of the occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a), just like the [[jurisprudence]] and [[judgment]]. Most of the advocates of the opinion were of the [[Akhbari]] school of thought, although some famous Usulis, like al-Shahid al-Thani, were of the supporters of the opinion.<ref>See: al-Shahid al-Thani, ''al-Rawdat al-bahiyya'', vol. 1, p. 299-301; Fayd Kashani, ''al-Shahab al-thaqib'', p. 47-102; Agha Buzurg, ''al-Dhari'a'', vol. 15, p. 63, 67, 73; Jabiri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 54-55</ref> | ||
==== | ====Disjunctive obligation==== | ||
Many jurists of the middle and recent periods of [[Shi'a]] are supporters of the opinion that the Friday prayer is an [[ | Many jurists of the middle and recent periods of [[Shi'a]] are supporters of the opinion that the Friday prayer is an [[disjunctive obligation]]; including [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]],<ref>Al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, ''Shara'i' al-Islam'', vol. 1, p. 76</ref> [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]],<ref>Al-'Allama al-Hilli, ''Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a'', vol. 2, p. 238-239</ref> [[Ibn Fahd al-Hilli]],<ref>Al-Hilli, ''al-Muhadhdhab al-Bari''', vol. 1, p. 414</ref> [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]],<ref>Al-Shahid al-Awwal, ''al-Durus al-shar'iyya'', vol. 1, p. 186</ref> [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki]].<ref>Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki, ''Rasa'il al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki'', vol. 1, p. 158-171</ref> Recognizing the Friday prayer as an optionally incumbent duty means that holdinyg it is recommended by itself, but when someone prays it, it is sufficient instead of the [[noon prayer]].<ref>Al-Naraqi, ''Mustanad al-Shi'a'', vol. 6, p. 59; ''Tawdih al-masa'il maraji' '', vol. 1, p. 871-872; al-'Allama al-Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha'', vol. 4, p. 27; al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki, ''Rasa'il al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki'', vol. 1, p. 163; al-Husayni al-'Amili, ''Miftah al-karama'', vol. 8, p. 216</ref> | ||
There are reasons like the fact that companions of Imams and early jurists, did not hold the Friday prayer.<ref>See: Muballighi, "'Anasur-i ta'thirgudhar dar wujub-i ta'ini-yi namaz-i jum'a dar rawish-i akhbarian", p. 211-216</ref> The opinion that the Friday prayer is | There are reasons like the fact that companions of Imams and early jurists, did not hold the Friday prayer.<ref>See: Muballighi, "'Anasur-i ta'thirgudhar dar wujub-i ta'ini-yi namaz-i jum'a dar rawish-i akhbarian", p. 211-216</ref> The opinion that the Friday prayer is a disjunctive obligation is more accepted among the recent jurists after the 13th/19th century.<ref>Kashif al-Ghita, ''Kashf al-ghita 'an mubhamat al-shari'a al-gharra'', vol. 3, p. 248; al-Najafi, ''Jawahir al-kalam'', vol. 11, p. 151; Khomeini, ''Tahrir al-wasila'', vol. 1, p. 205; See: Danish Pazhuh, ''Fihrist'', vol. 14, p. 3604</ref> Generally among Usuli jurists this opinion is more accepted, although some believe that it is [[Haram (fiqh)|forbidden]].<ref>Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 37</ref> | ||
==Conditions== | ==Conditions== | ||
In the Friday prayer, in addition to general conditions of [[Congregational | In the Friday prayer, in addition to general conditions of [[Congregational prayer]]s, some other conditions are also necessary: | ||
===Minimum Number of Participants=== | ===Minimum Number of Participants=== | ||
Jurists of Islamic sects have different ideas about the minimum number of participants required for the Friday prayer: Shi'a jurists<ref>Al-Sayyid al-Murtada, ''Rasa'il al-Sharif al-Murtada'', vol. 1, p.222; Ibn Idris al-Hilli, ''al-Sara'ir'', vol. 1, p. 290; al-Fadil al-Hindi, ''Kashf al-litham'', vol. 4, p. 215</ref> consider the participants must be at least 5 persons,<ref>Al-Shaykh al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib al-ahkam'', p. 103</ref> some other consider the number at least 7. Hanfis consider the presence of at least 3, Shafi'is and Hanbalis at least 40, and Malikis at least 12 persons necessary for holding the Friday prayer.<ref>Kasani, ''Bada'i' al-sana'i' fi tartib al-shara'i' '', vol. 1, p. 266</ref> | |||
===Minimum Distance between Two Friday Prayers=== | ===Minimum Distance between Two Friday Prayers=== | ||
Another condition for the Friday prayer, which Shi'a jurists and most of other Islamic sects have mentioned, is that there must be a minimum distance between two Friday prayers, or there must not be two Friday prayers in one city. According to Shi'a jurists at least the distance of one [[farsakh]] (~5 Km) must be between two Friday prayers, if the condition is not fulfilled, the latter Friday prayer is void.<ref>Al-Husayni al-'Amili, ''Miftah al-karama'', vol. 2, p. 130-135; al-Najafi, ''Jawahir al-kalam'', vol. 11, p. 245</ref> | Another condition for the Friday prayer, which the Shi'a jurists and most of other Islamic sects have mentioned, is that there must be a minimum distance between two Friday prayers, or there must not be two Friday prayers in one city. According to Shi'a jurists at least the distance of one [[farsakh]] (~5 Km) must be between two Friday prayers, if the condition is not fulfilled, the latter Friday prayer is void.<ref>Al-Husayni al-'Amili, ''Miftah al-karama'', vol. 2, p. 130-135; al-Najafi, ''Jawahir al-kalam'', vol. 11, p. 245</ref> | ||
==Place== | ==Place== | ||
The Friday prayer is usually held in [[ | The Friday prayer is usually held in [[Jami' Mosque]] of each city.<ref>Al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 176; al-Mawardi, ''al-Ahkam al-sultaniyya wa l-wilayat al-diniyya'', p. 164</ref> Some factors, like the development and expansion of cities, presence of different sects and schools, and political and security considerations, cause that multiple Friday prayers become held in one city.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam'', vol. 13, p. 5-6; Yaqut al-Hamawi, ''Mu'jam al-buldan'', under the word "{{ia|جمعه}}"; Ibn Kathir, ''al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya'', vol. 5, chapter. 10, p. 105; vol. 6, chapter. 11, p. 332</ref> | ||
According to [[Ibn Battuta]], in the 7th/13th century, the Friday prayer was being held in 11 mosques of [[Baghdad]].<ref>Ibn Battuta, ''Rahala Ibn Battuta'', vol. 1, p. 233</ref> In the [[Mamalik]] period because of the immensity of the population, the Friday prayer was held even in local mosques and schools.<ref>Al-Qalqashandi, ''Subh al-a'sha'', vol. 3, p. 362</ref> | According to [[Ibn Battuta]], in the 7th/13th century, the Friday prayer was being held in 11 mosques of [[Baghdad]].<ref>Ibn Battuta, ''Rahala Ibn Battuta'', vol. 1, p. 233</ref> In the [[Mamalik]] period because of the immensity of the population, the Friday prayer was held even in local mosques and schools.<ref>Al-Qalqashandi, ''Subh al-a'sha'', vol. 3, p. 362</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The Friday prayer became legislated in [[Mecca]] in 12/633. Then, it wasn't possible for [[ | The Friday prayer became legislated in [[Mecca]] in 12/633. Then, it wasn't possible for the [[Prophet (s)]] to hold the Friday prayer in Mecca, but he wrote a letter to [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to hold the Friday prayer in [[Medina]].<ref>Al-Tabarani, ''al-Mu'jam al-kabir'', vol. 17, p. 267; Ahmadi Miyanaji, ''Makatib al-rasul'', p. 239</ref> According to another report, the first Friday prayer held in Medina by [[As'ad b. Zurara]].<ref>Ibn Maja, ''Sunan Ibn Maja'', vol. 1, p. 344; al-Nasa'i, ''Sunan al-Nasa'i'', vol. 8, p. 150</ref> By the entrance of the Prophet (s) to Medina, the Friday prayer held by him.<ref>See: al-Mas'udi, ''Muruj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 19</ref> After Medina, the second place in which the Friday prayer held was [['Abd al-Qays]], a village in [[al-Bahrain]].<ref>Al-Halabi, ''al-Sira al-Halabiyya'', vol. 2, p. 59</ref> | ||
After the Prophet (s), holding the Friday prayer was common in the [[caliphate]] of the first three caliphs and also in the period of the rule of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 3, p. 447, 2740; Ibn 'Asakir, ''Tarikh madinat Dimashq'', vol. 13, p. 251; Ibn Kathir, ''al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya'', vol. 4, Chapter. 7, p. 189; Mahmudi, ''Nahj al-sa'ada'', vol. 1, p. 427, 499; vol. 2, p. 595, 714: vol. 3, p. 153, 605</ref> | After the Prophet (s), holding the Friday prayer was common in the [[caliphate]] of the first three caliphs and also in the period of the rule of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 3, p. 447, 2740; Ibn 'Asakir, ''Tarikh madinat Dimashq'', vol. 13, p. 251; Ibn Kathir, ''al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya'', vol. 4, Chapter. 7, p. 189; Mahmudi, ''Nahj al-sa'ada'', vol. 1, p. 427, 499; vol. 2, p. 595, 714: vol. 3, p. 153, 605</ref> | ||
Some of [[hadith]]s like [[ | Some of [[hadith]]s like [[Al-Sha'baniyya Sermon]] and some of the sermons of ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'' are originally sermons of the Friday prayer. | ||
In the periods of [[Umayyads]] (41/661-132/749) and [[Abbasids]] (132/749-656/1258), the Friday prayer was held by the caliph or his representatives.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol. 2, p. 285, 365; al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 8, p. 570-579, 594; vol. 9, p. 222</ref> The caliphs were assigning the [[ | In the periods of [[Umayyads]] (41/661-132/749) and [[Abbasids]] (132/749-656/1258), the Friday prayer was held by the caliph or his representatives.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol. 2, p. 285, 365; al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 8, p. 570-579, 594; vol. 9, p. 222</ref> The caliphs were assigning the [[Imam of Friday prayer]] for the capital city,<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam'', vol. 14, p. 383; vol. 15, p. 351</ref> and the assignment of the Imam of Friday prayer for other cities was the responsibility of the rulers of the places.<ref>Al-Qalqashandi, ''Subh al-a'sha'', vol. 10, p. 19-20</ref> | ||
===Participation of Imams in Friday Prayer=== | ===Participation of Imams in Friday Prayer=== | ||
In the view of [[Shi'a]], the Friday prayer held by unjust rulers and their appointed | In the view of [[Shi'a]], the Friday prayer held by unjust rulers and their appointed Imam of Friday prayers are illegitimate, yet according to some hadiths, [[Imams of Shi'a|Imams (a)]] and their companions had sometimes participated in the Friday prayer due to [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) or other reasons.<ref>Al-Zurari, ''Tarikh al Zurara'', vol. 2, p. 27; Nuri, Mustadrak al-wasa'il'', vol. 6, p. 40; Jabiri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 24</ref> Sometimes, the opposing parties of a regime were not participating in the Friday prayer for showing their opposition.<ref>See: Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam'', vol. 16, p. 31-32; al-'Allama al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 44, p. 333</ref> Generally, not participating in the Friday prayer was a negative record.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 4, p. 328</ref> | ||
===Shi'a Friday Prayers=== | ===Shi'a Friday Prayers=== | ||
One of the oldest reports about the Friday prayer in Shi'a societies, is the Friday prayer held in 329/740 in [[Buratha mosque]], in [[Baghdad]], by Ahmad b. al-Fadl al-Hashimi.<ref>Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, ''Tarikh Baghdad'', vol. 1, p. 430</ref> Even in the sedition of 349/960 in which the Friday prayer of Baghdad suspended, the Friday prayer of Buratha mosque had no break;<ref>Ibn al-Athir, ''al-Kamil fi l-tarikh'', vol. 8, p. 533</ref> but in 420/1029, by appointment of a Sunni | One of the oldest reports about the Friday prayer in Shi'a societies, is the Friday prayer held in 329/740 in [[Buratha mosque]], in [[Baghdad]], by Ahmad b. al-Fadl al-Hashimi.<ref>Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, ''Tarikh Baghdad'', vol. 1, p. 430</ref> Even in the sedition of 349/960 in which the Friday prayer of Baghdad suspended, the Friday prayer of Buratha mosque had no break;<ref>Ibn al-Athir, ''al-Kamil fi l-tarikh'', vol. 8, p. 533</ref> but in 420/1029, by appointment of a Sunni Imam of Friday prayer by the [[caliph]], the Friday prayer suspended for a period.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam'', vol. 15, p. 198-201</ref> Also the Friday prayer was held in [[Jami' Ibn Tulun]] (359/969) and in al-Azhar jami' mosque (361/971) in [[Egypt]].<ref>Qummi, ''al-Kuna wa l-alqab'', vol. 2, p. 417; Ja'farian, ''Safawiyya dar 'arsa-yi din'', vol. 3, p. 258-259</ref> Also there are some evidences that in the first centuries of Islam the Friday prayer was held in the cities.<ref>Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 23-25</ref> | ||
====In Iran==== | ====In Iran==== | ||
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'''Safawid Period''' | '''Safawid Period''' | ||
The Friday prayer gradually spread in the Shi'a [[Iran]], by the time of [[Shah Isma'il I]] (r. 905/1499-930/1523). This was because of the efforts of Shi'a scholars especially [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki]] (d. 940/1533) for the spread of the Friday prayer.<ref>Muntaziri, ''al-Badr al-zahir'', p. 7; Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 26-27</ref> Despite the agreement of many of [[ | The Friday prayer gradually spread in the Shi'a [[Iran]], by the time of [[Shah Isma'il I]] (r. 905/1499-930/1523). This was because of the efforts of Shi'a scholars especially [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki]] (d. 940/1533) for the spread of the Friday prayer.<ref>Muntaziri, ''al-Badr al-zahir'', p. 7; Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 26-27</ref> Despite the agreement of many of [[jurist]]s, including some scholars of [[Jabal Amel]], with al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki, and the support of the [[Safawid]] government, the Friday prayer spread gradually in Iran, as saying the Friday prayer wasn't very common among Shi'a, and some scholars were against the holding of the Friday prayer in the time of [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Jabiri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 50-54; Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 28</ref> Discussions and debates between scholars, about holding the Friday prayer in the time of the occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a), came to the extent that [[Shah Sulayman I]] (r. 1077/1666-1105/1693) arranged a meeting of jurists, so they could reach a result.<ref>Al-Qazwini, ''Tatmim amal al-amil'', p. 172-173</ref> | ||
[[Shah Tahmasb I]] (r. 930/1523-984/1576) assigned an | [[Shah Tahmasb I]] (r. 930/1523-984/1576) assigned an Imam of Friday prayer for each city, by the advice of al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki.<ref>Agha Buzurg, ''Tabaqat a'lam al-Shi'a'', Chapter. 1, p. 176; Jabiri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 50-51</ref> In the time of [[Shah 'Abbas I]] (r. 996/1587-1038/1628) the official title of "Imam al-jumu'a" became established.<ref>Agha Buzurg, ''al-Dhari'a ila tasanif al-Shi'a'', vol. 25, p. 28</ref> Usually the [[Shaykh al-Islam]] of each city had the title of imam al-jumu'a but sometimes scholars who were not Shaykh al-Islam became imam al-jumu'a, for example [[Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani]] (d. 1091/1680).<ref>Ja'farian, ''Safawiyya dar 'arsa-yi din'', vol. 3, p. 237</ref> | ||
The first Friday prayer of the Safawid era was held by al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki in the [[Masjid Jami' 'Atiq]] in [[Isfahan]]. | The first Friday prayer of the Safawid era was held by al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki in the [[Masjid Jami' 'Atiq]] in [[Isfahan]]. | ||
Some of the important | Some of the important Imams of Friday prayer of the time are [[al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]] (d. 1030/1620), [[Mirdamad]] (d. 1041/1631), [[Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi]] (d. 1070/1659), [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]] (d. 1110/1698), [[Mulla Hadi Sabziwari]] (d. 1090/1679), and [[al-Shaykh Lutf Allah al-Isfahani]] (d. 1032/1622).<ref>See: al-Majlisi, ''Lawami' sahibqirani'', vol. 4, p. 513; al-Khwansari, ''Jami' al-madarik'', vol. 2, p. 68-78, 122-123; al-Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahryn'', p. 61, 95, 136, 445</ref> | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki wrote a book about the permissibility of holding the Friday prayer in time of occultation of Imam Mahdi (a) in 921/1515, the book is actually a treatise in the subject of [[wilayat al-faqih]]. Some of his students and contrary scholars wrote treatises in the criticism of his opinion or for its confirmation.<ref>Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 37-38; Ja'farian, ''Safawiyya dar 'arsa-yi din'', vol. 3, p. 251</ref> | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki wrote a book about the permissibility of holding the Friday prayer in time of occultation of Imam Mahdi (a) in 921/1515, the book is actually a treatise in the subject of [[wilayat al-faqih]]. Some of his students and contrary scholars wrote treatises in the criticism of his opinion or for its confirmation.<ref>Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 37-38; Ja'farian, ''Safawiyya dar 'arsa-yi din'', vol. 3, p. 251</ref> | ||
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'''Qajar Period''' | '''Qajar Period''' | ||
Like the [[Safawid]] period (1210/1795-1344/1925), in the [[Qajar]] period the | Like the [[Safawid]] period (1210/1795-1344/1925), in the [[Qajar]] period the Imam of Friday prayer was a governmental post.<ref>Muntaziri, ''al-Badr al-zahir'', p. 7</ref> Along with the decrease of validity of governmental religious posts, Imam of Friday prayer lost their religious and political importance. In late Qajar period (Iranian constitutional revolution) some of Imam of Friday prayer stood against the constitutionalist scholars.<ref>Ja'farian, ''Namaz-i jum'a'', p. 32</ref> | ||
'''Pahlawi Period''' | '''Pahlawi Period''' | ||
In the [[Pahlawi]] period (1343/1925-1398/1978) | In the [[Pahlawi]] period (1343/1925-1398/1978) Imams of Friday prayer, especially in big cities, had official relations with the government, so did not have popularity and the Friday prayer was not common.<ref>Yazdi, ''Wazayif-i ruwhaniyyat'', p. 84</ref> Some scholars, independent from the government, were holding the Friday prayer and these prayers were popular.<ref>See: Kishwari, ''Farzanigan-i khwansar'', p. 133</ref> | ||
'''Islamic Republic Period''' | '''Islamic Republic Period''' | ||
[[File:Friday Prayer in University of Tehran leading by Ayatullah Taliqani.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Friday Prayer in University of Tehran lead by [[Sayyid Mahmud Taliqani]]]] | [[File:Friday Prayer in University of Tehran leading by Ayatullah Taliqani.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Friday Prayer in University of Tehran lead by [[Sayyid Mahmud Taliqani]]]] | ||
After the [[Islamic revolution in Iran]] ( | After the [[Islamic revolution in Iran]] (1357 Sh/1978) holding the Friday prayer became popular again. The first Friday prayer was held with the leadership of [[Sayyid Mahmud Taliqani]] (d. 1399/1979) –assigned by [[Imam Khomeini]]- in the University of Tehran. | ||
Every year in the last Friday of [[Ramadan]] the demonstration of [[al-Quds Day]] is held before the Friday prayer. | Every year in the last Friday of the [[month of Ramadan]] the demonstration of [[al-Quds Day]] is held before the Friday prayer. | ||
==Selection of Imam | ==Selection of Imam of Friday prayer== | ||
{{main|Imam al-Jumu'a}} | {{main|Imam al-Jumu'a}} | ||
Shi'a jurists and jurists of most of the Sunni sects didn't consider the presence or permission of the ruler as a necessary condition for the | Shi'a jurists and jurists of most of the Sunni sects didn't consider the presence or permission of the ruler as a necessary condition for the Imam of Friday prayer, and referred to the Friday prayer held by [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] when the caliph [['Uthman]] was under siege.<ref>Al-Shafi'i, ''al-Umm'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ibn Qudama, ''al-Mughni'', vol. 2, p. 172-174; al-Nawawi, ''al-Majmu' '', vol. 4, p. 509</ref> After all, the Imam of Friday prayer have always been a governmental position in the history of [[Islam]].<ref>J'afarian, ''Safawiyya dar 'arsa-yi din'', vol. 3, p. 255</ref> | ||
[[Hanafi]]s believe that presence of the ruler, or his representative, or his permission is necessary for the Friday prayer even if the ruler is unjust. | |||
==How to Pray the Friday Prayer== | ==How to Pray the Friday Prayer== | ||
First, two sermons are said by the | First, two sermons are said by the Imam of Friday prayer. Then a prayer is said with two [[rak'as]]. The prayer has two recommended [[qunut]]s: one before the [[ruku']] of the first rak'a, and the second after the ruku' of the second rak'a. | ||
===Sermons=== | ===Sermons=== | ||
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The Friday prayer begins with two sermons which stand in place of the two rak'as of the [[noon prayer]].<ref>Al-Sayyid al-Murtada, ''Rasa'il al-Sharif al-Murtada'', vol. 3, p. 41; al-Rafi'i al-Qazwini, ''Fath al-'aziz'', vol. 4, p. 576; al-Nawawi, ''al-Majmu' '', vol. 4, p. 513</ref> | The Friday prayer begins with two sermons which stand in place of the two rak'as of the [[noon prayer]].<ref>Al-Sayyid al-Murtada, ''Rasa'il al-Sharif al-Murtada'', vol. 3, p. 41; al-Rafi'i al-Qazwini, ''Fath al-'aziz'', vol. 4, p. 576; al-Nawawi, ''al-Majmu' '', vol. 4, p. 513</ref> | ||
Beside the conditions of the imam of the [[Congregational | Beside the conditions of the imam of the [[Congregational prayer]],<ref>''Tawdih al-masa'il maraji' '', vol. 1, p.872-873</ref> the Imam of Friday prayer must have other conditions, including: | ||
*Having an audible, explicit speech, | *Having an audible, explicit speech, | ||
*Bravery, | *Bravery, | ||
*Being familiar with the prudence of [[Islam]]. Also the | *Being familiar with the prudence of [[Islam]]. Also the Imam of Friday prayer must be chosen from the most knowledgeable and noble people.<ref>Ibn 'Attar, ''Adab al-khatib'', p. 89-96; Khomeini, ''Tahrir al-wasila'', vol. 1, p. 209; ''Tawdih al-masa'il maraji' '', vol. 1, p. 879-880</ref> | ||
[[Imam al-Rida (a)]] says: "the sermons are set, so that [[God]] had let the ruler of [[Muslim]]s to advice people to the obedience of God, and warn them about the [[sin]]s and inform them about their prudence and about the important news. There are two sermons, so that the first sermon is about the praise and sanctification of God, and the second sermon is about the needs, warnings, [[supplication]]s, and instructions useful for the society."<ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 344</ref> | [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] says: "the sermons are set, so that [[God]] had let the ruler of [[Muslim]]s to advice people to the obedience of God, and warn them about the [[sin]]s and inform them about their prudence and about the important news. There are two sermons, so that the first sermon is about the praise and sanctification of God, and the second sermon is about the needs, warnings, [[supplication]]s, and instructions useful for the society."<ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 344</ref> | ||
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====Time and Content==== | ====Time and Content==== | ||
According to most of the Shi'a scholars, the sermons of the Friday prayer must be said after the noon.<ref>Al-'Allama al-Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha'', vol. 4, p. 68-69; Ha'iri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 193-199</ref> The sermons must contain the praise of God, sending peace upon [[ | According to most of the Shi'a scholars, the sermons of the Friday prayer must be said after the noon.<ref>Al-'Allama al-Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha'', vol. 4, p. 68-69; Ha'iri, ''Salat al-jumu'a'', p. 193-199</ref> The sermons must contain the praise of God, sending peace upon the [[Prophet (s)]], advice to [[God wariness]], and reciting a small [[sura]] of the [[Qur'an]].<ref>Sallar al-Daylami, ''al-Marasim al-'alawiyya'', p. 77; al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol. 7, p. 344; ''Tawdih al-masa'il maraji''', vol. 1, p. 878-879</ref> | ||
====Hearing the Sermons==== | ====Hearing the Sermons==== | ||
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[[Imam 'Ali (a)]] says: "The participants of the Friday prayer are 3 groups: | [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] says: "The participants of the Friday prayer are 3 groups: | ||
* People who take place in the Friday prayer before | * People who take place in the Friday prayer before Imam of Friday prayer and are quiet and hear the sermons, their participation is the [[kaffara]] (expiation) of the [[sin]]s of ten days, | ||
* People who participate in the Friday prayer and speak to each other, their benefit from the Friday prayer is just their talking and meeting each other. | * People who participate in the Friday prayer and speak to each other, their benefit from the Friday prayer is just their talking and meeting each other. | ||
* People who participate in the Friday prayer and when | * People who participate in the Friday prayer and when Imam of Friday prayer begins the sermons they begin to pray; these are also acting against the [[tradition]], they are from the people that if they want something from God, if he wants gives it to them and if he doesn't, he won't."<ref>Al-'Allama al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 86, p. 198</ref> | ||
===Prayer with Two Rak'as=== | ===Prayer with Two Rak'as=== | ||
After the two sermons, the Friday prayer with two [[rak'a]]s is said. It is [[recommended]] to recite the [[ | After the two sermons, the Friday prayer with two [[rak'a]]s is said. It is [[recommended]] to recite the [[Qur'an 62]] in the first rak'a and [[Qur'an 63]] in the second; or [[Qur'an 87]] in the first, and [[Qur'an 88]] in the second rak'a. Recitation of the suras aloud ([[jahr]]) is also recommended.<ref>Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, ''al-Muqni'a'', p. 141; Kasani, ''Bada'i' al-sana'i''', vol. 1, p. 269; al-Najafi, ''Jawahir al-kalam'', vol. 11, p. 133-134</ref> | ||
====Two Qunuts==== | ====Two Qunuts==== | ||