Anonymous user
Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a): Difference between revisions
adding references/ not completed
imported>S.J.Mosavi |
imported>Mortezanazarzadeh (adding references/ not completed) |
||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
Imam al-Husayn's (a) hadiths, letters, sermons, poems, and supplications have been collected in ''[[Mawsu'at kalimat al-Imam al-Husayn]]'' (The Encyclopedia of Imam al-Husayn's Words) and in ''[[Musnad al-Imam al-Shahid]]'' (The Musnad of the Martyred Imam). Many works have also been published regarding aspects of his life and personality. | Imam al-Husayn's (a) hadiths, letters, sermons, poems, and supplications have been collected in ''[[Mawsu'at kalimat al-Imam al-Husayn]]'' (The Encyclopedia of Imam al-Husayn's Words) and in ''[[Musnad al-Imam al-Shahid]]'' (The Musnad of the Martyred Imam). Many works have also been published regarding aspects of his life and personality. | ||
==Lineage, Naming, | ==Lineage, Naming, Teknonym, and Titles== | ||
Al-Husayn b. | Al-Husayn b. Ali b. Abi Talib b. Abd al-Muttalib b. Hashim was a [[Hashemite]] and from the [[Quraysh]] tribe. His father was [[Imam Ali (a)]] and his mother was [[Lady Fatima (a)]]. He is a grandson of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Imam al-Hasan (a), [[Abu l-Fadl al-Abbas]], and [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] are his brothers, and [[Lady Zaynab]] is his sister.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 27.</ref> | ||
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
According to [[Shi'a]] and Sunni narrations, the Prophet (s) followed God's order and named him al-Husayn<ref> | According to [[Shi'a]] and Sunni narrations, the Prophet (s) followed God's order and named him al-Husayn<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27; Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ‘’al-Musnad’’, vol. 1, p. 98, 118.</ref> The names al-Hasan and al-Husayn have no historical precedence before Islam<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 6, p. 357; Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 2, p. 10.</ref> and are translations of Shubbar and Shubayr<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ‘’Lisān al-ʿarab’’, vol. 4, p. 393.</ref> the names of the two sons [[Aaron]].<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ‘’Tārīkh madīnat Damascus’’, vol. 13, p. 171.</ref> There are other reports too about why he was named al-Husayn. It is reported, for instance, that Imam Ali (a) initially named him Harb or Ja'far, but the Prophet (s) chose the name al-Husayn for him.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 6, p. 357; Majlisī, ‘’Biḥār al-anwār’’, vol. 39, p. 63.</ref> However, scholars have regarded such reports as inauthentic.<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ‘’Dānishnāma-yi Imām Ḥusayn’’, vol. 1, p. 194-195.</ref> | ||
His | His Teknonym was Abu Abd Allah<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27; Ibn Abī Shayba, ‘’al-Muṣannaf’’, vol. 8, p. 65.</ref> which, like his name, was given by the Prophet (s) when the al-Husayn was a child.<ref>''Mawsu'at kalimat Imam al-Husayn'', p. 38</ref> Also, Imam al-Husayn (a) was known by other kunyas, Abu Ali, Abu l-Shuhada [father of the martyrs], Abu l-Ahrar [father of the free-minded], and Abu al-Mujahidin [father of the fighters (on the way of God)].<ref>Muḥaddithī, ‘’Farhang-i ʿĀshūrā’’, p. 39.</ref> | ||
Many titles have been attributed to Imam al-Husayn (a), and some of them are same as the titles associated with his brother, [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], like Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna (master of the youth of the paradise). Al-Zaki, al-Tayyib, al-Wafi, al-Sayyid, al-Mubarak, al-Nafi', al-Dalil | Many titles have been attributed to Imam al-Husayn (a), and some of them are as the same as the titles associated with his brother, [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], like Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna (master of the youth of the paradise). Al-Zaki, al-Tayyib, al-Wafi, al-Sayyid, al-Mubarak, al-Nafi', al-Dalil Ala Dhat Allah, al-Rashid, and al-Tabi' li-Mardat Allah are among the special titles of Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ‘’Tārīkh al-aʾimma’’, p. 28.</ref> Ibn Talha al-Shafi'i reports "al-Zaki" as the most popular title and "Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna" as the most important of the Imam's (a) titles.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 86.</ref> In some [[Shi'a]] hadiths, Imam al-Husayn (a) is referred to as al-Shahid or [[Sayyid al-Shuhada]].<ref>Ibn Qūlawayh, ‘’Kāmil al-zīyārāt’’, p. 216-219; Ṭūsī, ‘’Amālī’’, p. 49-50.</ref> [[Thar Allah]] and [[Qatil al-'Abarat]] are other titles which are mentioned in some [[ziyarah text]]s.<ref>Ibn Qūlawayh, ‘’Kāmil al-zīyārāt’’, p. 176.</ref> | ||
According to a hadith, which is recorded in many Sunni and Shiite sources, the Prophet (s) said, "al-Husayn is a sibt from the asbat." About the meaning of sibt and its plural asbat, it is said that asbat are those descendants of prophets who are chosen as leaders of people. | According to a hadith, which is recorded in many Sunni and Shiite sources, the Prophet (s) said, "al-Husayn is a sibt from the asbat."<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27; Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 3, p. 142.</ref> About the meaning of sibt and its plural asbat, it is said that asbat are those descendants of prophets who are chosen as leaders of people.<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ‘’Dānishnāma-yi Imām Ḥusayn’’, vol. 1, p. 474-477.</ref> | ||
== Birth == | == Birth == | ||
Imam al-Husayn (a) was born in [[Medina]]. While some have recorded that he (a) was born in 3/625, the most preferred account among historians and scholars is that his birth was in [[4]]/626. There is no consensus regarding the day the Imam (a) was born but it is believed it was most likely on [[Sha'ban 3]]. Al-Mufid mentioned his birth in Sha'ban 5. | Imam al-Husayn (a) was born in [[Medina]]. While some have recorded that he (a) was born in 3/625,<ref>Kulaynī, ‘’al-Kāfī’’, vol. 1, p. 463; Ṭūsī, ‘’Tahḍīb al-aḥkām’’, vol. 6, p. 41.</ref> the most preferred account among historians and scholars is that his birth was in [[4]]/626.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 246; Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 555.</ref> There is no consensus regarding the day the Imam (a) was born but it is believed it was most likely on [[Sha'ban 3]].<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ‘’Iqbāl al-aʿmāl’’, p. 689-690; Ṭūsī, ‘’Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid’’, p. 826-828.</ref> Al-Mufid mentioned his birth in Sha'ban 5.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27.</ref> | ||
According to Sunni and Shiite reports, when al-Husayn (a) was born, the Prophet (s) wept and talked about his martyrdom. According to some reports, in his childhood, Umm al-Fadl, the wife of [[al- | According to Sunni and Shiite reports, when al-Husayn (a) was born, the Prophet (s) wept and talked about his martyrdom.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 129; Maqrizī, ‘’Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ’’, vol. 12, p. 237.</ref> According to some reports, in his childhood, Umm al-Fadl, the wife of [[al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib]], became his wet nurse.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 129; Maqrizī, ‘’Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ’’, vol. 12, p. 237; Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 230.</ref> | ||
== Wives and Children == | == Wives and Children == | ||
There is disagreement about the count of the children of Imam al-Husayn (a). [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] reports Imam al-Husayn (a) had six children, four boys and two girls. | There is disagreement about the count of the children of Imam al-Husayn (a). [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] reports Imam al-Husayn (a) had six children, four boys and two girls.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 135; Bukhārī, ‘’Sirr al-silsila al-ʿalawīyya’’, vol. 1, p. 30.</ref> Some scholars counted nine children, six boys and three girls.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Dalāʾil al-imāma’’, vol. 1, p. 74; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 77.</ref> Few people have said his children were more than ten. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
! Wife !! Lineage !! Children !! Comment | ! Wife !! Lineage !! Children !! Comment | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Shahrbanu]] || daughter of Yazdgird the king of Iran || [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] || | | [[Shahrbanu]] || daughter of Yazdgird the king of Iran || [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] || Contemporary researchers doubt this,<ref>Motahharī, ‘’Khadamāt-i mutaqābil-i Iran wa Islām’’, p. 131-133.</ref> in some reports she is mentioned as Sindiyya, Ghazala, and Shah-i Zanan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Rabab bt. Imri' al-Qays|Rabab]] || daughter of Imru' al-Qays b. | | [[Rabab bt. Imri' al-Qays|Rabab]] || daughter of Imru' al-Qays b. Adi || [[Sukayna]] and [['Abd Allah b. al-Husayn (a)|Abd Allah]]<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 27; Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ‘’Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn’’, p. 59.</ref> || She was present in the [[Battle of Karbala]] and went to Syria among the [[captives of Karbala]].<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 8, p. 229.</ref> Abd Allah was an infant when he was martyred during the Battle of Karbala.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 5, p. 468.</ref> Today, Shi'as name him as [[Ali al-Asghar]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Layla|Layla bt. Abi Murra al-Thaqafi]]|| daughter of Abu Murra b. | | [[Layla|Layla bt. Abi Murra al-Thaqafi]]|| daughter of Abu Murra b. Urwa al-Thaqafi<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 555; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 246-247.</ref> || [[Ali al-Akbar (a)]]<ref>Maqrizī, ‘’Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ’’, vol. 6, p. 269.</ref> || Ali al-Akbar (a) was the eldest son of Imam al-Husayn (a), who was martyred in Karbala. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Umm Ishaq|Umm Ishaq bt. Talha]] || daughter of Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah|| [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn|Fatima]] || Umm Ishaq was a wife of Imam al-Hasan (a), after his martyrdom, Imam al-Husayn (a) married her. | | [[Umm Ishaq|Umm Ishaq bt. Talha]] || daughter of Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah|| [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn|Fatima]]<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ‘’Kitāb al-aghānī’’, vol. 21, p. 78.</ref> || Umm Ishaq was a wife of Imam al-Hasan (a), after his martyrdom, Imam al-Husayn (a) married her.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ‘’Kitāb al-aghānī’’, vol. 21, p. 78.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sulafa or Maluma || from [[Quda'a tribe]] || Ja'far || He passed away before the events of | | Sulafa or Maluma || from [[Quda'a tribe]] || Ja'far<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 77, 113; Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 135.</ref> || He passed away before the events of Ashura', and was survived by no children.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 109; Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 135.</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
In ''Lubab al-ansab'', a sixth/twelfth century source, it is mentioned that Imam al-Husayn (a) had a daughter called [[Ruqayya]]. Also, in ''Kamil-i Baha'i'', from the seventh/thirteenth century, reports that the Imam (a) had a four-year old daughter, who passed away in [[Damascus]]. The name Ruqayya appears in many later sources. Moreover, some sources mention Ali al-Asghar, the son of Shahrbanu, Muhammad, the son of Rabab, and Zaynab without mentioning her mother's name as the children of Imam al-Husayn (a). In his book ''[[Matalib al-sa'ul]]'', Ibn Talha al-Shafi'i has stated that the Imam (a) had ten children. | In ''Lubab al-ansab'',<ref>Bayhaqī, ‘’Lubāb al-ansāb’’, p. 355.</ref> a sixth/twelfth century source, it is mentioned that Imam al-Husayn (a) had a daughter called [[Ruqayya]]. Also, in ''Kamil-i Baha'i'', from the seventh/thirteenth century, reports that the Imam (a) had a four-year old daughter, who passed away in [[Damascus]].<ref>Wāʿiẓ Kāshifī, ‘’Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ’’, p. 484.</ref> The name Ruqayya appears in many later sources. Moreover, some sources mention Ali al-Asghar, the son of Shahrbanu, Muhammad, the son of Rabab, and Zaynab without mentioning her mother's name as the children of Imam al-Husayn (a).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 86; Ṭabarī, ‘’Dalāʾil al-imāma’’, vol. 1, p. 74.</ref> In his book ''[[Matalib al-sa'ul]]'', Ibn Talha al-Shafi'i has stated that the Imam (a) had ten children.<ref>Ibn Ṭalḥa al-Shāfiʿī, ‘’Maṭālib al-suʾūl’’, vol. 2, p. 69.</ref> | ||
== Lifetime of the Prophet (s) == | == Lifetime of the Prophet (s) == | ||
[[File:Entrance of Imam al-Husayn (a) Holy Shrine.jpg|thumbnail|Hadith of the [[Prophet (s)]] about Imam al-Husayn (a) at the entrance of [[Imam al-Husayn (a) Holy Shrine]]]] | [[File:Entrance of Imam al-Husayn (a) Holy Shrine.jpg|thumbnail|Hadith of the [[Prophet (s)]] about Imam al-Husayn (a) at the entrance of [[Imam al-Husayn (a) Holy Shrine]]]] | ||
Imam al-Husayn (a) was seven years old when the [[Prophet of Islam (s)]] passed away; nevertheless, even in those short years, he was present in important events of that time together with the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], such as in the [[Event of Mubahala]] with the Christians of Najran, the event of the [[Ashab al-Kisa']] [the Cloak], giving allegiance to the Prophet (s) and being asked to be a witness when writing letters. | Imam al-Husayn (a) was seven years old when the [[Prophet of Islam (s)]] passed away; nevertheless, even in those short years, he was present in important events of that time together with the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], such as in the [[Event of Mubahala]] with the Christians of Najran, the event of the [[Ashab al-Kisa']] [the Cloak],<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 6, p. 406-407ک Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 1, p. 168.</ref> giving allegiance to the Prophet (s) and being asked to be a witness when writing letters. | ||
Ibn Sa'd mentioned Imam al-Husayn (a) in the last class (fifth class) of the [[Companions of the Prophet (s)]], he was a small child when the Prophet (s) passed away and did not accompany him in any battle. | Ibn Sa'd mentioned Imam al-Husayn (a) in the last class (fifth class) of the [[Companions of the Prophet (s)]], he was a small child when the Prophet (s) passed away and did not accompany him in any battle.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 10, p. 369.</ref> | ||
He was always especially favored by the Prophet (s). It is narrated from the Prophet (s), "Surely, al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the masters of the youths in paradise." | He was always especially favored by the Prophet (s). It is narrated from the Prophet (s), "Surely, al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the masters of the youths in paradise." | ||
Ya'li al- | Ya'li al-Amiri narrated from the Prophet (s) that, "Al-Husayn is from me and I am from him, God loves who loves him; [[al-Hasan]] and al-Husayn are two sons among the sons [of prophets]."<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 3, p. 142ک Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 10, p. 385.</ref> | ||
It is narrated from [[Salman al-Farsi]], that the Prophet (s) put al-Husayn (a) on his lap and kissed him and said, "You are noble, son of a noble person and [will be] the father of noble ones; you are an Imam and son of an Imam and the father of Imams; you are the Proof of God, and son of the Proof of God and father of the proofs of God who are nine and the last of whom is their [[al-Qa'im]]." | It is narrated from [[Salman al-Farsi]], that the Prophet (s) put al-Husayn (a) on his lap and kissed him and said, "You are noble, son of a noble person and [will be] the father of noble ones; you are an Imam and son of an Imam and the father of Imams; you are the Proof of God, and son of the Proof of God and father of the proofs of God who are nine and the last of whom is their [[al-Qa'im]]." | ||
The Prophet's (s) love towards al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) was so much that when they entered the mosque, he (s) would stop his speech, and come down from the pulpit to welcome them with hugs. [[Anas b. Malik]] says, "When the Prophet (s) was asked whom he (s) loved more among his family, he (s) replied, 'al-Hasan and al-Husayn.'" | The Prophet's (s) love towards al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) was so much that when they entered the mosque, he (s) would stop his speech, and come down from the pulpit to welcome them with hugs.<ref>Tirmizī, ‘’Sunan’’, vol. 5, p. 332; Ḥākim al-Nīshābūrī, ‘’al-Mustadrak’’, vol. 1, p. 287.</ref> [[Anas b. Malik]] says, "When the Prophet (s) was asked whom he (s) loved more among his family, he (s) replied, 'al-Hasan and al-Husayn.'"<ref>Tirmizī, ‘’Sunan’’, vol. 5, p. 323.</ref> | ||
== Rule of the Three Caliphs == | == Rule of the Three Caliphs == | ||
{{Timeline of Imam al-Husayn's (s) Life}} | {{Timeline of Imam al-Husayn's (s) Life}} | ||
Imam al-Husayn (a) spent around twenty five years of his life under the rule of the [[three caliphs]]. He (a) was seven years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [[Abu Bakr|first caliph]], nine years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [[Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] and nineteen years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [['Uthman b. 'Affan|third caliph]]. There is not so much information available about the life of al-Husayn (a) during this period which may be due to [[Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam | Imam al-Husayn (a) spent around twenty five years of his life under the rule of the [[three caliphs]]. He (a) was seven years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [[Abu Bakr|first caliph]], nine years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [[Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] and nineteen years old at the beginning of the caliphate of the [['Uthman b. 'Affan|third caliph]].<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ‘’Dānishnāma-yi Imām Ḥusayn’’, vol. 2, p. 324.</ref> There is not so much information available about the life of al-Husayn (a) during this period which may be due to [[Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam Ali's (a)]] withdrawal from the rule.<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ‘’Dānishnāma-yi Imām Ḥusayn’’, vol. 2, p. 235.</ref> | ||
=== Caliphate of Abu Bakr === | === Caliphate of Abu Bakr === | ||
It is reported that in the first days of the caliphate of Abu Bakr, al-Husayn (a) together with his brother, [[al-Hasan (a)]], their mother, [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and their father, [[ | It is reported that in the first days of the caliphate of Abu Bakr, al-Husayn (a) together with his brother, [[al-Hasan (a)]], their mother, [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and their father, [[Ali (a)]] went to the houses of those who participated in the [[Battle of Badr]] to gain support for the rightful position of leadership which belonged to Imam Ali (a).<ref>Sulaym b. al-Qays, ‘’Kitāb Sulaym b. al-Qays’’, p. 665, 918.</ref> | ||
=== Caliphate of Umar === | === Caliphate of Umar === | ||
It is reported in some sources that one of the early days of the caliphate of Umar, al-Husayn (a) entered [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] where he (a) saw Umar giving a speech on the pulpit of the Prophet (s). So, he (a) stepped up the pulpit and told him, "Come down from the pulpit of my father and go sit on the pulpit of your father!" Umar was astounded at this statement and said, "My father did not have a pulpit!" There is reports about the special respect of the second caliph for al-Husayn (a). | It is reported in some sources that one of the early days of the caliphate of Umar, al-Husayn (a) entered [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] where he (a) saw Umar giving a speech on the pulpit of the Prophet (s). So, he (a) stepped up the pulpit and told him, "Come down from the pulpit of my father and go sit on the pulpit of your father!" Umar was astounded at this statement and said, "My father did not have a pulpit!"<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 10, p. 394; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 40; Dhahabī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, vol. 5, p. 100.</ref> There is reports about the special respect of the second caliph for al-Husayn (a).<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ‘’Tārīkh madīnat Damascus’’, vol. 14, p. 175; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ‘’Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ’’, p. 212.</ref> | ||
=== Caliphate of 'Uthman === | === Caliphate of 'Uthman === | ||
When | When Uthman exiled [[Abu Dhar]] to [[Rabadha]], he forbade anyone from accompanying or bidding him farewell. Al-Husayn (a) with his father, his brother [[al-Hasan (a)]], his uncle ([[Aqil b. Abi Talib]]), his cousin ([[Abd Allah b. Ja'far]]), and [[Ammar b. Yasir]] disregarded the caliph's order and bid farewell to Abu Dhar.<ref>Kulaynī, ‘’al-Kāfī’’, vol. 8, p. 206-207.</ref> | ||
According to some Sunni sources, al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) participated in the Battle of Ifriqiyya in 26/646-47 and in the Battle of Tabaristan in 29/649-50 or 30/650-51. This report is not affirmed in any Shiite sources. Moreover, it is said that no fight occurred in those battles, and the two sides made peace. Scholars disagree as to the authenticity of the reports that indicate the presence of the two Imams (a) in these battles. For instance, considering the weakness of their chains of transmitters and the disagreement of the Imams with the conquests, [[al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al- | According to some Sunni sources, al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) participated in the Battle of Ifriqiyya in 26/646-47<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ‘’al-ʿIbar’’, vol. 2, p. 573-574.</ref> and in the Battle of Tabaristan in 29/649-50 or 30/650-51.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 4, p. 269.</ref> This report is not affirmed in any Shiite sources. Moreover, it is said that no fight occurred in those battles, and the two sides made peace.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Maʿārif’’, p. 568.</ref> Scholars disagree as to the authenticity of the reports that indicate the presence of the two Imams (a) in these battles. For instance, considering the weakness of their chains of transmitters and the disagreement of the Imams with the conquests, [[al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-Amili]] maintains that these reports are inauthentic. He mentions that the fact that Imam Ali (a) did not allow them to fight in the Battle of Siffin is further evidence that those reports are fabricated.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ‘’al-Ḥayāt al-sīyāsīyya’’, p. 158.</ref> However, some other scholars hold that the participation of the two Imams (a) in those battles were for the greater good of the Ummah and in order to provide Imam Ali (a) with accurate information about the circumstances and also to acquaint people with Ahl al-Bayt (a).<ref>Zamānī, ‘’Ḥaqāʾiq-i pinhān’’, p. 118-119.</ref> | ||
Despite dissatisfaction regarding the leadership of the [['Uthman b. 'Affan|Third Caliph]], [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] ordered al-Husayn (a) and al-Hasan (a) to go and protect 'Uthman's house, when people rose against his oppression and stormed towards his house. This report has supporters and deniers. | Despite dissatisfaction regarding the leadership of the [['Uthman b. 'Affan|Third Caliph]], [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] ordered al-Husayn (a) and al-Hasan (a) to go and protect 'Uthman's house, when people rose against his oppression and stormed towards his house.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 5, p. 558; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 59.</ref> This report has supporters and deniers.<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ‘’Dānishnāma-yi Imām Ḥusayn’’, vol. 2, p. 331-332.</ref> | ||
== Caliphate of Imam | == Caliphate of Imam Ali (a) == | ||
It is reported that when people paid allegiance to Imam Ali (a), al-Husayn (a) delivered a speech. During the [[Battle of Jamal]], he was the commander of the left part of his father's army. In the [[Battle of Siffin]], he delivered a speech, encouraging people to jihad, and became the commander of the warriors of the right arm of the army. However [[Al-Hasanayn (a)]]'s role in Siffin was limited according to sources that allude to Imam Ali (a)'s preference not to involve his sons in the fighting, only to protect them, in one occasion it is reported that in this battle, al-Husayn (a) was present in a successful attempt to reclaim the control of water, which Imam Ali (a) later described the act as the first success achieved due to sheer blessing given upon the presence of al-Husayn. Reports that al-Husayn (a) participated in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] also exist. | It is reported that when people paid allegiance to Imam Ali (a), al-Husayn (a) delivered a speech.<ref>Majlisī, ‘’Biḥār al-anwār’’, vol. 10, p. 121.</ref> During the [[Battle of Jamal]], he was the commander of the left part of his father's army.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Jamal’’, p. 348; Dhahabī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, vol. 3, p. 485.</ref> In the [[Battle of Siffin]], he delivered a speech, encouraging people to jihad,<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ’’Waqʿat al-ṣiffīn’’, p. 114-115.</ref> and became the commander of the warriors of the right arm of the army.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 4, p. 86; Ibn Aʿtham, ‘’al-Futūḥ’’, vol. 3, p. 24.</ref> However [[Al-Hasanayn (a)]]'s role in Siffin was limited according to sources that allude to Imam Ali (a)'s preference not to involve his sons in the fighting, only to protect them, in one occasion it is reported that in this battle, al-Husayn (a) was present in a successful attempt to reclaim the control of water, which Imam Ali (a) later described the act as the first success achieved due to sheer blessing given upon the presence of al-Husayn.<ref>Majlisī, ‘’Biḥār al-anwār’’, vol. 44, p. 266.</ref> Reports that al-Husayn (a) participated in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] also exist.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ‘’al-Istīʿāb’’, vol. 3, p. 939.</ref> | ||
Some sources report that when Imam Ali (a) was martyred, al-Husayn (a) was with him and participated in his burial ceremony. However, according to some other sources, al-Husayn (a) was on a mission in al-Mada'in when his father was attacked and wounded by [[Ibn Muljam]]. He returned to Kufa when he received the letter of his brother informing him about the assassination. | Some sources report that when Imam Ali (a) was martyred, al-Husayn (a) was with him<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 5, p. 147.</ref> and participated in his burial ceremony.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 181; Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 1, p. 25.</ref> However, according to some other sources, al-Husayn (a) was on a mission in al-Mada'in when his father was attacked and wounded by [[Ibn Muljam]]. He returned to Kufa when he received the letter of his brother informing him about the assassination.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 2, p. 497-498; Kulaynī, ‘’al-Kāfī’’, vol. 3, p. 220.</ref> | ||
== Imamate of Imam al-Hasan (a) == | == Imamate of Imam al-Hasan (a) == | ||
Al-Husayn (a) had the utmost respect for his brother. It is reported, for instance, that if Imam al-Hasan (a) was present in a session, al-Husayn (a) would not speak. After the martyrdom of Imam Ali (a) a group of [[Khawarij]], who did not want to give up fighting against the Syrians, refused to pay allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a) and came to al-Husayn (a) to choose him as their leader. He told them, "God forbid that I accept your allegiance while al-Hasan (a) is alive." When Imam al-Hasan (a) made [[peace with Mu'awiya]], al-Husayn (a) defended his brother's decision against the people who opposed it. He stated that al-Hasan (a) "is my Imam." It is reported that when the peace treaty was made, Imam al-Husayn (a), like his brother, paid allegiance to Mu'awiya. He remained faithful to the treaty after the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a). There are, however, some reports indicating that al-Husayn (a) did not pay allegiance to Mu'awiya and was not pleased with the treaty, but, considering the evidence against such reports, scholars have regarded them as unreliable. According to reliable reports, at the time of the treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu'awiya, some followers of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] asked al-Husayn (a) to oppose this political peace treaty and stand against Mu'awiya. However, he (a) firmly supported his brother's treaty. When [[Qays b. Sa'd]] asked al-Husayn' | Al-Husayn (a) had the utmost respect for his brother. It is reported, for instance, that if Imam al-Hasan (a) was present in a session, al-Husayn (a) would not speak.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 3, p. 401; Kulaynī, ‘’al-Kāfī’’, vol. 1, p. 291.</ref> After the martyrdom of Imam Ali (a) a group of [[Khawarij]], who did not want to give up fighting against the Syrians, refused to pay allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a) and came to al-Husayn (a) to choose him as their leader. He told them, "God forbid that I accept your allegiance while al-Hasan (a) is alive."<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 59.</ref> When Imam al-Hasan (a) made [[peace with Mu'awiya]], al-Husayn (a) defended his brother's decision against the people who opposed it.<ref>Dīnawarī, ‘’al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl’’, p. 221.</ref> He stated that al-Hasan (a) "is my Imam."<ref>Ṭūsī, ‘’Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl’’, p. 110.</ref> It is reported that when the peace treaty was made, Imam al-Husayn (a), like his brother, paid allegiance to Mu'awiya.<ref>Ṭūsī, ‘’Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl’’, p. 110.</ref> He remained faithful to the treaty after the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a).<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 32.</ref> There are, however, some reports indicating that al-Husayn (a) did not pay allegiance to Mu'awiya and was not pleased with the treaty,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ‘’Tārīkh madīnat Damascus’’, vol. 13, p. 267; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 5, p. 160.</ref> but, considering the evidence against such reports, scholars have regarded them as unreliable.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ‘’Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi aʾimma’’, p. 157-158.</ref> According to reliable reports, at the time of the treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu'awiya, some followers of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] asked al-Husayn (a) to oppose this political peace treaty and stand against Mu'awiya. However, he (a) firmly supported his brother's treaty. When [[Qays b. Sa'd]] asked al-Husayn's (a) view on the treaty, he (a) openly shared his support for Imam al-Hasan's (a) decision. After the peace treaty was signed, al-Husayn (a) returned to [[Medina]] and remained there.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 5, p. 165.</ref> | ||
== Imamate == | == Imamate == | ||
The beginning of the imamate of Imam al-Husayn (a) coincided with the tenth year of Mu'awiya's rule. After the peace treaty with Imam al-Hasan (a) in 41/661,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ‘’Tārīkh madīnat Damascus’’, vol. 13, p. 262.</ref> Mu'awiyad became the caliph of the Muslim ummah and established the Umayyad dynasty. According to Sunni sources, he was a clever and patient person<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ‘’Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ’’, vol. 1, p. 149.</ref> and apparently a practicing Muslim, though he had gained power through political plots.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ‘’Dawlat-i umawīyān’’, p. 19.</ref> He pretended to be a righteous person and a defender of religion and its rulings. However, he turned the caliphate into a kingdom<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ‘’al-Iṣāba’’, vol. 1, p. 64; Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 220.</ref> and publicly stated that he did not care whether the people practiced their religion or not.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 8, p. 131; Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, vol. 2, p. 14.</ref> | |||
The beginning of the imamate of Imam al-Husayn (a) coincided with the tenth year of Mu'awiya's rule. After the peace treaty with Imam al-Hasan (a) in 41/661, Mu'awiyad became the caliph of the Muslim ummah and established the Umayyad dynasty. According to Sunni sources, he was a clever and patient person and apparently a practicing Muslim, though he had gained power through political plots. He pretended to be a righteous person and a defender of religion and its rulings. However, he turned the caliphate into a kingdom and publicly stated that he did not care whether the people practiced their religion or not. | |||
One of the issues during the reign of Mu'awiya was the presence of Shiite beliefs among people, especially in Iraq. The Shiites, like the Kharijites, were the enemies of Mu'awiya, but unlike the Kharijites, the Shiites enjoyed strong popular support as a result of the influence of Imam Ali (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Because of this, Mu'awiya would demote and persecute the Shiites in different ways. One of the ways was to create hatred for Imam Ali (a) in the hearts of the people. Thus, he had the preachers curse Imam Ali (a) on the pulpits, a phenomenon which continued during the reign of the subsequent Umayyad rulers. He wrote to his governors to delete the names of the Shiites from the treasury, stop paying them anything, and reject their testification in courts. He also threatened the traditionists who quoted hadiths about the virtues of Imam Ali (a). Because of this threat, some traditionists would use expressions such as "a man from the Quraysh," "one of the companions of the Prophet (s)," or "Abu Zaynab" when they wanted to refer to Imam Ali (a). | One of the issues during the reign of Mu'awiya was the presence of Shiite beliefs among people, especially in Iraq. The Shiites, like the Kharijites, were the enemies of Mu'awiya, but unlike the Kharijites, the Shiites enjoyed strong popular support as a result of the influence of Imam Ali (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Because of this, Mu'awiya would demote and persecute the Shiites in different ways. One of the ways was to create hatred for Imam Ali (a) in the hearts of the people. Thus, he had the preachers curse Imam Ali (a) on the pulpits, a phenomenon which continued during the reign of the subsequent Umayyad rulers.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ‘’Dawlat-i umawīyān’’, p. 28-29.</ref> He wrote to his governors to delete the names of the Shiites from the treasury, stop paying them anything, and reject their testification in courts.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ‘’al-Iḥtijāj’’, vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> He also threatened the traditionists who quoted hadiths about the virtues of Imam Ali (a). Because of this threat, some traditionists would use expressions such as "a man from the Quraysh," "one of the companions of the Prophet (s)," or "Abu Zaynab" when they wanted to refer to Imam Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ‘’Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib’’, vol. 2, p. 351.</ref> | ||
=== Proofs of Imamate === | === Proofs of Imamate === | ||