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Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a): Difference between revisions
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== Imamate == | == Imamate == | ||
The beginning of the imamate of Imam al-Husayn (a) coincided with the tenth year of Mu'awiya's rule. After the peace treaty with Imam al-Hasan (a) in 41/661,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Damascus'', vol. 13, p. 262.</ref> Mu'awiya became the caliph of the Muslim ummah and established the Umayyad dynasty. According to Sunni sources, he was a clever and patient person<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ'', vol. 1, p. 149.</ref> and apparently a practicing Muslim, though he had gained power through political plots.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i umawīyān'', p. 19.</ref> He pretended to be a righteous person and a defender of religion and its rulings. However, he turned the caliphate into a kingdom<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 1, p. 64; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 220.</ref> and publicly stated that he did not care whether the people practiced their religion or not.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 131; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 14.</ref> | The beginning of the imamate of Imam al-Husayn (a) coincided with the tenth year of [[Mu'awiya]]'s rule. After the [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)|peace treaty with Imam al-Hasan (a)]] in 41/661,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Damascus'', vol. 13, p. 262.</ref> Mu'awiya became the caliph of the Muslim ummah and established the Umayyad dynasty. According to Sunni sources, he was a clever and patient person<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ'', vol. 1, p. 149.</ref> and apparently a practicing Muslim, though he had gained power through political plots.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i umawīyān'', p. 19.</ref> He pretended to be a righteous person and a defender of religion and its rulings. However, he turned the caliphate into a kingdom<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 1, p. 64; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 220.</ref> and publicly stated that he did not care whether the people practiced their religion or not.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 131; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 14.</ref> | ||
One of the issues during the reign of Mu'awiya was the presence of Shiite beliefs among people, especially in Iraq. The Shiites, like the Kharijites, were the enemies of Mu'awiya, but unlike the Kharijites, the Shiites enjoyed strong popular support as a result of the influence of Imam Ali (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Because of this, Mu'awiya would demote and persecute the Shiites in different ways. One of the ways was to create hatred for Imam Ali (a) in the hearts of the people. Thus, he had the preachers curse Imam Ali (a) on the pulpits, a phenomenon which continued during the reign of the subsequent Umayyad rulers.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i umawīyān'', p. 28-29.</ref> He wrote to his governors to delete the names of the Shiites from the treasury, stop paying them anything, and reject their testification in courts.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> He also threatened the traditionists who quoted hadiths about the virtues of Imam Ali (a). Because of this threat, some traditionists would use expressions such as "a man from the Quraysh," "one of the companions of the Prophet (s)," or "Abu Zaynab" when they wanted to refer to Imam Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 2, p. 351.</ref> | One of the issues during the reign of Mu'awiya was the presence of Shiite beliefs among people, especially in Iraq. The Shiites, like the Kharijites, were the enemies of Mu'awiya, but unlike the Kharijites, the Shiites enjoyed strong popular support as a result of the influence of Imam Ali (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Because of this, Mu'awiya would demote and persecute the Shiites in different ways. One of the ways was to create hatred for Imam Ali (a) in the hearts of the people. Thus, he had the preachers curse Imam Ali (a) on the pulpits, a phenomenon which continued during the reign of the subsequent Umayyad rulers.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i umawīyān'', p. 28-29.</ref> He wrote to his governors to delete the names of the Shiites from the treasury, stop paying them anything, and reject their testification in courts.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> He also threatened the traditionists who quoted hadiths about the virtues of Imam Ali (a). Because of this threat, some traditionists would use expressions such as "a man from the Quraysh," "one of the companions of the Prophet (s)," or "Abu Zaynab" when they wanted to refer to Imam Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 2, p. 351.</ref> | ||
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The [[uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] led to several uprisings and revolutionary movements immediately after his martyrdom. The first protest was by [[Abd Allah b. Afif]]<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 458-459.</ref> against [[Ibn Ziyad]]. Among other revolts are those of [[Uprising of Tawwabun|Tawwabun]], [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|al-Mukhtar]], [[uprising of Zayd b. Ali|Zayd b. Ali]], and [[Uprising of Yahya b. Zayd|Yahya b. Zayd]]. Moreover, the slogan of [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]'s revolt, which ended the Umayyad dynasty, was "Ya la-tharat al-Husayn" (O Avengers of al-Husayn!).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 9, p. 317.</ref> The [[Islamic revolution of Iran]] was also inspired by the uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a). According to [[Imam Khomeini]], "Had it not been for the sessions and gatherings of preaching and mourning, our nation would not have become victorious. All rose under the flag of Imam al-Husayn (a)".<ref>Khomeini, ''Ṣahīfa-yi nur'', vol. 17, p. 58.</ref> | The [[uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] led to several uprisings and revolutionary movements immediately after his martyrdom. The first protest was by [[Abd Allah b. Afif]]<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 458-459.</ref> against [[Ibn Ziyad]]. Among other revolts are those of [[Uprising of Tawwabun|Tawwabun]], [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|al-Mukhtar]], [[uprising of Zayd b. Ali|Zayd b. Ali]], and [[Uprising of Yahya b. Zayd|Yahya b. Zayd]]. Moreover, the slogan of [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]'s revolt, which ended the Umayyad dynasty, was "Ya la-tharat al-Husayn" (O Avengers of al-Husayn!).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 9, p. 317.</ref> The [[Islamic revolution of Iran]] was also inspired by the uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a). According to [[Imam Khomeini]], "Had it not been for the sessions and gatherings of preaching and mourning, our nation would not have become victorious. All rose under the flag of Imam al-Husayn (a)".<ref>Khomeini, ''Ṣahīfa-yi nur'', vol. 17, p. 58.</ref> | ||
Culturally, Muslims and even non-Muslims regard al-Husayn (a) as a paragon of self-sacrifice, resistance, fight for freedom, protecting values, and truth-seeking. | Culturally, Muslims and even non-Muslims regard al-Husayn (a) as a paragon of self-sacrifice, resistance, fight for freedom, protecting values, and truth-seeking. | ||
== Attributes and Merits == | == Attributes and Merits == | ||