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Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya: Difference between revisions
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He has narrated [[hadith]] from his father [[Imam Ali|'Ali (a)]], and others such as; [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [['Uthman]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Mu'awiya]]. | He has narrated [[hadith]] from his father [[Imam Ali|'Ali (a)]], and others such as; [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [['Uthman]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Mu'awiya]]. | ||
Likewise, his children; [['Abd Allah]], [[Hasan]], [[Ibrahim]], and [['Awn]], and others such as; [[Salim b. Abi Ja'd]], [[Mandhar al-Thuri]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], [['Abd Allah b. Muhammad al-'Aqil]], [['Amr b. Dinar]], [[Muhammad b. Qays]], [['Abd al-A'la b. 'Amir]] have narrated hadith from him<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh | Likewise, his children; [['Abd Allah]], [[Hasan]], [[Ibrahim]], and [['Awn]], and others such as; [[Salim b. Abi Ja'd]], [[Mandhar al-Thuri]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], [['Abd Allah b. Muhammad al-'Aqil]], [['Amr b. Dinar]], [[Muhammad b. Qays]], [['Abd al-A'la b. 'Amir]] have narrated hadith from him<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh firaq islami'', Vol.2, P.51.</ref>. | ||
He held a big course in [[Medina]] and this course generated different doctrines, in so far as his course in Medina is comparable to that of [[Hassan al-Basri]] in [[Basra]], for the students of his school were the founders of Islamic theology, so much as the latter was the root of [[Mu'tazila]] doctrines and [[Sufism]]. | He held a big course in [[Medina]] and this course generated different doctrines, in so far as his course in Medina is comparable to that of [[Hassan al-Basri]] in [[Basra]], for the students of his school were the founders of Islamic theology, so much as the latter was the root of [[Mu'tazila]] doctrines and [[Sufism]]. | ||
For example 'Abd Allah, titled as Abu Hashim, and Hasan, titled as Abu Muhammad, were two sons of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, the first which became a theorist of Mu'tazila doctrines, and the second was of the founders of [[Irja']] doctrine<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh | For example 'Abd Allah, titled as Abu Hashim, and Hasan, titled as Abu Muhammad, were two sons of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, the first which became a theorist of Mu'tazila doctrines, and the second was of the founders of [[Irja']] doctrine<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh firaq islami'', Vol.2, P.54.</ref>. | ||
==A Standard-bearer in Jamal Battle== | ==A Standard-bearer in Jamal Battle== | ||
[[the Battle of Jamal]] took place in the year 36\656. Muhammad stopped fighting in the middle of the action, so [[Imam Ali (a)|'Ali (a)]] took hold of the standard and having disordered enemy forces, took it back to Muhammad and said; 'strike them anew as compensation'. Muhammad then, accompanied by [[Khuzayma b. Thabit]] (Dhu l-Shahadatayn) and a group of [[Ansar]], many of them whom were the fighters of [[the Battle of Badr]], made successive attacks, and forced Jamal army to retreat.<ref>Reyshahri, ''Danesh Nameh amir al-mu'minin'', Vol. 1, P.183.</ref> | [[the Battle of Jamal]] took place in the year 36\656. Muhammad stopped fighting in the middle of the action, so [[Imam Ali (a)|'Ali (a)]] took hold of the standard and having disordered enemy forces, took it back to Muhammad and said; 'strike them anew as compensation'. Muhammad then, accompanied by [[Khuzayma b. Thabit]] (Dhu l-Shahadatayn) and a group of [[Ansar]], many of them whom were the fighters of [[the Battle of Badr]], made successive attacks, and forced Jamal army to retreat.<ref>Reyshahri, ''Danesh Nameh amir al-mu'minin'', Vol. 1, P.183.</ref> | ||
According to some reports, Ibn Hanafiyya was not certain about taking hold of the standard of 'Ali's (a) army, and even reproached his father<ref>Ibn Khallikan, ''Wafayat al-a'yan'', Vol. 4, P.171.</ref>, but eventually bore the standard, and thus made a reputation. Although in some sources such as; [[Tabari]], [[Ibn Kathir]], and [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], the standard-bearing of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya is reported without a hint to such a doubt, the narration of [[Ibn Khallikan]] posits his standard-bearing in [[the battle of Saffayn]] and his doubts about it<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.5, P.78; Sabiri, Tarikh | According to some reports, Ibn Hanafiyya was not certain about taking hold of the standard of 'Ali's (a) army, and even reproached his father<ref>Ibn Khallikan, ''Wafayat al-a'yan'', Vol. 4, P.171.</ref>, but eventually bore the standard, and thus made a reputation. Although in some sources such as; [[Tabari]], [[Ibn Kathir]], and [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], the standard-bearing of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya is reported without a hint to such a doubt, the narration of [[Ibn Khallikan]] posits his standard-bearing in [[the battle of Saffayn]] and his doubts about it<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.5, P.78; Sabiri, Tarikh firaq islami, Vol.2, P.51.</ref> | ||
==Absence in Karbala== | ==Absence in Karbala== | ||
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[[Kaysanites]] perceived that, after [[Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] [[martyrdom]], Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya has assigned [[Mukhtar]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] to seek revenge on his murderers. Kaysanites revolted a while after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and believed in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya. They believed he had inherited the mysteries of religion, knowledge of interpretation, and esoteric knowledge from [[Imam al-Hassan (a)]] and Imam al-Husayn. Some of them would interpret [[prayer]] and [[fasting]] as symbols for other things, and believed in [[reincarnation]], and they were unanimous in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya, and the possibility of [[bada']] for [[God]]. This sect is also called "Mukhtariyya".<ref>Nubakhti, ''Tarjumeh Firaq al-shi'a Nubakhti'', P. 87.</ref> | [[Kaysanites]] perceived that, after [[Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] [[martyrdom]], Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya has assigned [[Mukhtar]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] to seek revenge on his murderers. Kaysanites revolted a while after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and believed in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya. They believed he had inherited the mysteries of religion, knowledge of interpretation, and esoteric knowledge from [[Imam al-Hassan (a)]] and Imam al-Husayn. Some of them would interpret [[prayer]] and [[fasting]] as symbols for other things, and believed in [[reincarnation]], and they were unanimous in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya, and the possibility of [[bada']] for [[God]]. This sect is also called "Mukhtariyya".<ref>Nubakhti, ''Tarjumeh Firaq al-shi'a Nubakhti'', P. 87.</ref> | ||
There are various opinions considering his relationship with [[Mukhtar]]; some posit his disbelief in Mukhtar and their disconnection, some regard Mukhtar as his deputy, and some hold that he was gratified by Mukhtar and his acting, although there had been no deputation.<ref>See: Ja’farian, ''Tarikh | There are various opinions considering his relationship with [[Mukhtar]]; some posit his disbelief in Mukhtar and their disconnection, some regard Mukhtar as his deputy, and some hold that he was gratified by Mukhtar and his acting, although there had been no deputation.<ref>See: Ja’farian, ''Tarikh siasi Sadr-i Islam'', P.214-215; Nubakhti, Translation of ''Firaq al-shi'a Nubakhti''. </ref> | ||
===Rescue from 'Abd Allah b. Zubayr=== | ===Rescue from 'Abd Allah b. Zubayr=== | ||
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===Kaysanites' Belief in Ibn al-Hanafiyya Being the Promised Mahdi=== | ===Kaysanites' Belief in Ibn al-Hanafiyya Being the Promised Mahdi=== | ||
Narrating from sources such as; ''Nash'at al-fikr al-falsafi'', it is noted in the book ''Tarikh | Narrating from sources such as; ''Nash'at al-fikr al-falsafi'', it is noted in the book ''Tarikh firaq Islami''<ref>Sabiri, Tarikh firaq islami, Vol.2, P.55.</ref> that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya was the first figure believed by some Muslims to be [[the Promised Mahdi]].<ref>But the author mentions, in the footnotes, that, prior to Ibn al-Hanafiyya, 'Ali (a) was called Mahdi.</ref> They believe he is living in [[mount Radawa]], being fed by a stream of milk and one of honey, until the day [[God]] will raise him. [[Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khoei|Ayatullah Khoei]] dissociates Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya from Kaysanites, and believes they did not exist in his time.<ref>Khoei, Mu'jam al-kabir, Vol.18, P.102-103.</ref> | ||
==Claim for Imama== | ==Claim for Imama== | ||
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* Ibn Sa’d, Muhammad, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya | * Ibn Sa’d, Muhammad, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya | ||
* Amin, Sayyid Muhsin, A’yan al-Shi’a. Beirut: Dar al-Ta’aruf, 2000 | * Amin, Sayyid Muhsin, A’yan al-Shi’a. Beirut: Dar al-Ta’aruf, 2000 | ||
* Ja’farian, Rasul, ''Tarikh | * Ja’farian, Rasul, ''Tarikh siasi Sadr-i Islam''. Tehran: 1369 | ||
* Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir, Kitab jamal min ansab al-ashraf. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, First Edition, 1996 | * Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir, Kitab jamal min ansab al-ashraf. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, First Edition, 1996 | ||
* Qutb Rawandi, Sa’id b. Hibat Allah, al-Khara’ij wa al-jara’ih. Qum: Madrasar Imam al-Mahdi, First Edition, 1409 | * Qutb Rawandi, Sa’id b. Hibat Allah, al-Khara’ij wa al-jara’ih. Qum: Madrasar Imam al-Mahdi, First Edition, 1409 | ||