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{{featured article|October 5, 2015}}
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{{about|'''Al-Ghadir Sermon'''|other uses|Ghadir (disambiguation)}}
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{{about|a sermon of the Prophet (s) appointing 'Ali (a) as his successor|other uses|Ghadir (disambiguation)}}
{{Shi'a}}
{{Shi'a}}
{{Template:Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}}
{{Template:Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}}
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The [[Hadith al-Ghadir]] is a part of this sermon where the Prophet (s) says, "Anyone I am his master, then 'Ali (a) is his master."
The [[Hadith al-Ghadir]] is a part of this sermon where the Prophet (s) says, "Anyone I am his master, then 'Ali (a) is his master."


Since, this phrase is narrated by more than 110 [[companion]]s of the Prophet (s) and 84 [[Followers]], it can be said that this hadith has been narrated as [[Mutawatir]] [frequent].
Since, this phrase is narrated by more than 110 [[companions of the Prophet (s)]] and 84 [[Followers]], it can be said that this hadith has been narrated as [[mutawatir]] [frequent].


[['Abd al-Husayn Amini]] collected all the references for this sermon and the Hadith al-Ghadir from Sunni sources and published them together with all other supportive reasons for the [[event of Ghadir]] in 11 volumes in his book ''[[al-Ghadir]]''.
[['Abd al-Husayn Amini]] collected all the references for this sermon and the Hadith al-Ghadir from Sunni sources and published them together with all other supportive reasons for the [[event of Ghadir]] in 11 volumes in his book ''[[al-Ghadir]]''.
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=== Direct Quotations ===
=== Direct Quotations ===
According to [['Allama Amini]], this [[hadith]] has been narrated by:
According to [['Allama Amini]], this [[hadith]] has been narrated by:
{{cb|2}}
* [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] from 40 ways,
* [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] from 40 ways,
* [[Ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] from 72 ways,
* [[Ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] from 72 ways,
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* [[Abu Bakr al-Ju'abi]] from 125 ways<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 40</ref>
* [[Abu Bakr al-Ju'abi]] from 125 ways<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 40</ref>
* [[Hafiz Abu l-'Ala' al-'Attar al-Hamdani]] from 250 ways.<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 158</ref>
* [[Hafiz Abu l-'Ala' al-'Attar al-Hamdani]] from 250 ways.<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 158</ref>
 
{{end}}
Some Sunni scholars of [[Rijal]] and hadith, have considered the number of references for this hadith numerous and most of them have regarded it as [[Sahih]] [authentic] and [[hadith al-hasan|Hasan]] [correct].<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Fath al-bari'', vol. 7, p. 61</ref> Among narrators of this hadith, about 90 ones are Companions of [[the Prophet (s)]] and 84 of them were [[Tabi'in|Follower]]s.
Some Sunni scholars of [[Rijal]] and hadith, have considered the number of references for this hadith numerous and most of them have regarded it as [[Sahih]] [authentic] and [[hadith al-hasan|Hasan]] [correct].<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Fath al-bari'', vol. 7, p. 61</ref> Among narrators of this hadith, about 90 ones are Companions of [[the Prophet (s)]] and 84 of them were [[Tabi'in|Follower]]s.


=== Indirect Quotations ===
=== Indirect Quotations ===
In addition to direct quotations, some have narrated it from those who were present in the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]]. It was narrated by
In addition to direct quotations, some have narrated it from those who were present in the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]]. It was narrated by
{{cb|2}}
* Abu al-Tufayl from 30 people,<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 4, p. 370</ref>
* Abu al-Tufayl from 30 people,<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 4, p. 370</ref>
* 'Amir b. Layli al-Ghifari from 17 people,<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Al-Isaba'', vol. 3, p. 484</ref>
* 'Amir b. Layli al-Ghifari from 17 people,<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Al-Isaba'', vol. 3, p. 484</ref>
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* Zayd b. Yathigh from 12 people<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 1, p. 118</ref>
* Zayd b. Yathigh from 12 people<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 1, p. 118</ref>
* Sa'id b. Wahb from 5 or 6 people.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 5, p. 366</ref>
* Sa'id b. Wahb from 5 or 6 people.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 5, p. 366</ref>
 
{{end}}
=== Narrators of Hadith al-Ghadir ===
=== Narrators of Hadith al-Ghadir ===
Some of the most important companions, Followers and other narrators of this hadith are as follows:
Some of the most important companions, Followers and other narrators of this hadith are as follows:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|}
|}


== Research Sources for References of the Sermon of Ghadir ==
== Research Sources for References of the al-Ghadir Sermon ==
{{cb|3}}
* ''[[Al-Tara'if]]''<ref>Ibn Tawus, p. 33</ref>
* ''[[Al-Tara'if]]''<ref>Ibn Tawus, p. 33</ref>
* ''[['Abaqat al-anwar]]''<ref>Al-Hindi, Mir Hamid Husayn</ref>
* ''[['Abaqat al-anwar]]''<ref>Al-Hindi, Mir Hamid Husayn</ref>
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* ''[['Awalim al-'ulum]]''<ref>Al-Bahrani, 'Abd Allah, vol. 3, p. 307-327</ref>
* ''[['Awalim al-'ulum]]''<ref>Al-Bahrani, 'Abd Allah, vol. 3, p. 307-327</ref>
* ''[[Nafahat al-azhar fi khulasat Abaqat al-anwar]]''<ref>Milani, Sayyid 'Ali, vol. 6-9</ref>
* ''[[Nafahat al-azhar fi khulasat Abaqat al-anwar]]''<ref>Milani, Sayyid 'Ali, vol. 6-9</ref>
 
{{end}}
=== Criticisms about the References ===
=== Criticisms about the References ===
Some have tried to make doubts about this historical event including the following:
Some have tried to make doubts about this historical event including the following:


==== Weakness of the References ====
==== Weakness of the References ====
Despite the frequency of narration, multitude of references, and the many ways through which this [[hadith]] has been narrated, some [[Sunni]] scholars believe that this hadith cannot be regarded as [[Mutawatir]] [frequent] and [[Sahih]] [authentic].<ref>Al-Taftazani, ''Shar al-maqasid'', vol. 5, p. 272</ref> Their justification is that most hadith narrators such as [[Al-Bukhari]] and [[Muslim al-Naysaburi]] have not narrated it and some others including [[Abi Dawud]] and [[Abi Hatam al-Razi]] have considered it weak.<ref>Al-Jurjani, ''Sharh al-mawaqif'', vol. 8, p. 361</ref>
Despite the frequency of narration, multitude of references, and the many ways through which this [[hadith]] has been narrated, some [[Sunni]] scholars believe that this hadith cannot be regarded as [[Mutawatir]] [frequent] and [[Sahih]] [authentic].<ref>Al-Taftazani, ''Shar al-maqasid'', vol. 5, p. 272</ref> Their justification is that most hadith narrators such as [[Al-Bukhari]] and [[Muslim al-Nisaburi]] have not narrated it and some others including [[Abi Dawud]] and [[Abi Hatam al-Razi]] have considered it weak.<ref>Al-Jurjani, ''Sharh al-mawaqif'', vol. 8, p. 361</ref>


Their doubt has been answered as many Sunni scholars such as [[al-Tirmidhi]] (d. [[279]]/892),<ref>Al-Tirmidhi, ''Sunan'', vol. 5, p. 563</ref> [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 279/892),<ref>Al-Tahawi, ''Bayan mushkil al-athar'', vol. 4, p. 212</ref> [[Hakim al-Naysaburi]] (d. [[405]]/1014),<ref>Hakim al-Naysaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 118</ref> [[Ibn Kathir]] (d. [[774]]/1375),<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya'', vol. 5, p. 209</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] (d. [[852]]/1448),<ref>Al-'Asghalani, ''Fath al-bari'', vol. 7, p. 74</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-Haythami]] (d. [[974]]/1566)<ref>Al-Haythami, ''Al-Sawa'iq'', vol. 1, p. 106</ref> have confirmed the authenticity of the references for this hadith. Moreover, there are many other direct and indirect narrations from the companions and the followers in historical and hadith references which prove the authenticity of the references of this hadith and the reason why al-Bukhari and Muslim did not narrate it must be studied separately, not in connection with their doubt for the references of this hadith.
Their doubt has been answered as many Sunni scholars such as [[al-Tirmidhi]] (d. [[279]]/892),<ref>Al-Tirmidhi, ''Sunan'', vol. 5, p. 563</ref> [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 279/892),<ref>Al-Tahawi, ''Bayan mushkil al-athar'', vol. 4, p. 212</ref> [[Hakim al-Nisaburi]] (d. [[405]]/1014),<ref>Hakim al-Nisaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 118</ref> [[Ibn Kathir]] (d. [[774]]/1375),<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya'', vol. 5, p. 209</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] (d. [[852]]/1448),<ref>Al-'Asghalani, ''Fath al-bari'', vol. 7, p. 74</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-Haythami]] (d. [[974]]/1566)<ref>Al-Haythami, ''Al-Sawa'iq'', vol. 1, p. 106</ref> have confirmed the authenticity of the references for this hadith. Moreover, there are many other direct and indirect narrations from the companions and the followers in historical and hadith references which prove the authenticity of the references of this hadith and the reason why al-Bukhari and Muslim did not narrate it must be studied separately, not in connection with their doubt for the references of this hadith.


==== Criticism about the Authenticity ====
==== Criticism about the Authenticity ====
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so woe and woe and woe,
so woe and woe and woe,


Upon one who meets his lord tomorrow, while done injustice on me
Upon one who meets his Lord tomorrow, while done injustice on me
}}
}}


'''Ahl al-Bayt's (s) Giving Proofs and Referring to this Hadith'''
'''Ahl al-Bayt's (s) Giving Proofs and Referring to this Hadith'''


In some cases, Imam 'Ali (a) referred to this hadith to prove his greater right for [[caliphate]] and [[imamate]]. Among such cases are his argument against [[Talha]] in the [[Battle of Jamal]],<ref>Hakim al-Naysaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 419</ref> his argument in the yard of the [[mosque of Kufa]],<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya'', vol. 5, p. 211</ref> writing some verses of poem in his letter to [[Mu'awiya]]<ref>Al-Tabrisi, ''Al-Ihtijaj'', vol. 1, p. 181</ref> and his argument in the [[Battle of Siffin]].<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 33, p. 41</ref> [[Lady Fatima (a)]] referred to this hadith in arguing against opposers of the caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya'', vol. 7, p. 304</ref>
In some cases, Imam 'Ali (a) referred to this hadith to prove his greater right for [[caliphate]] and [[imamate]]. Among such cases are his argument against [[Talha]] in the [[Battle of Jamal]],<ref>Hakim al-Nisaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 419</ref> his argument in the yard of the [[mosque of Kufa]],<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya'', vol. 5, p. 211</ref> writing some verses of poem in his letter to [[Mu'awiya]]<ref>Al-Tabrisi, ''Al-Ihtijaj'', vol. 1, p. 181</ref> and his argument in the [[Battle of Siffin]].<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 33, p. 41</ref> [[Lady Fatima (a)]] referred to this hadith in arguing against opposers of the caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya'', vol. 7, p. 304</ref>


'''Suffering Some Companions, who rejected this Hadith, from Incurable Diseases'''
'''Suffering Some Companions, who rejected this Hadith, from Incurable Diseases'''


Some Companions who were present at the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]] later avoided to testify about their presence and were afflicted to the curse of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] which made them afflicted to diseases. For example, [[Anas b. Malik]] contracted leprosy<ref>Al-Saduq, ''Al-Amali'', p. 22; Ibn Qutayba, ''Al-Imam wa l-siyasa'', vol. 1, p. 580</ref> and [[Zayd b. Arqam]]<ref>Ibn Maghazili, ''Manaqib'', vol. 1, p. 62</ref> and [[Ash'ath b. Qays]]<ref>Al-Saduq, ''Al-Amali'', p. 162</ref> became blind. This shows that it was an event more than friendship and assistance of Imam 'Ali (a) that those people rejected it and the Ahl al-Bayt (a) found them deserved to be cursed.<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 664</ref>
Some Companions who were present at the [[event of Ghadir Khumm]] later avoided to testify about their presence and were afflicted to the curse of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] which made them afflicted to diseases. For example, [[Anas b. Malik]] contracted leprosy<ref>Al-Saduq, ''Al-Amali'', p. 22; Ibn Qutayba, ''Al-Imam wa l-siyasa'', vol. 1, p. 580</ref> and [[Zayd b. Arqam]]<ref>Ibn Maghazili, ''Manaqib'', vol. 1, p. 62</ref> and [[al-Ash'ath b. Qays]]<ref>Al-Saduq, ''Al-Amali'', p. 162</ref> became blind. This shows that it was an event more than friendship and assistance of Imam 'Ali (a) that those people rejected it and the Ahl al-Bayt (a) found them deserved to be cursed.<ref>Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, p. 664</ref>


'''Revelation of the Tabligh Verse'''
'''Al-Tabligh Verse'''
{{main|Tabligh Verse}}
{{main|Al-Tabligh Verse}}


{{pull quote
{{pull quote
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Verse 67 of [[Sura al-Ma'ida]] which according to hadiths<ref>Al-Qummi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 171; Al-Tabrisi, ''Jawami' al-jami' '', vol. 1, p. 343</ref> and the opinion of some [[exegete]]s<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''Al-Durr al-manthur'', vol. 2, p. 298; Al-'Ayyashi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 332</ref> was revealed in [[Hajjat al-Wida']] on the way between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], assigned [[the Prophet (s)]] with the announcement of a very important issue which was equal to his 23 year mission and if he (s) did not announce that, it was as if he (s) did not carry out his mission. However, it would have risks which [[God]] promised him to take care of. There are points in the verse which suggest that what the Prophet (s) had to do was announcement of the [[Wilaya]] of Imam 'Ali (a)<ref>Al-'Ayyashi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 331; Al-Tabrisi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', vol. 1, p. 334</ref> and this is mentioned by [[Ibn 'Abbas]], [[Bara' b. 'Adhib]] and Muhammad b. 'Ali.<ref>Al-Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 12, p. 401</ref>
Verse 67 of [[Sura al-Ma'ida]] which according to hadiths<ref>Al-Qummi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 171; Al-Tabrisi, ''Jawami' al-jami' '', vol. 1, p. 343</ref> and the opinion of some [[exegete]]s<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''Al-Durr al-manthur'', vol. 2, p. 298; Al-'Ayyashi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 332</ref> was revealed in [[Hajjat al-Wida']] on the way between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], assigned [[the Prophet (s)]] with the announcement of a very important issue which was equal to his 23 year mission and if he (s) did not announce that, it was as if he (s) did not carry out his mission. However, it would have risks which [[God]] promised him to take care of. There are points in the verse which suggest that what the Prophet (s) had to do was announcement of the [[Wilaya]] of Imam 'Ali (a)<ref>Al-'Ayyashi, ''Tafsir'', vol. 1, p. 331; Al-Tabrisi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', vol. 1, p. 334</ref> and this is mentioned by [[Ibn 'Abbas]], [[Bara' b. 'Adhib]] and Muhammad b. 'Ali.<ref>Al-Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 12, p. 401</ref>


But, some believe that the goal of this mission has been mentioning some issues such as the rulings for [[Qisas]] and [[Rajm]] [stoning], marriage with the wife of his adopted son [[Zayd]], obligation of [[Jihad]], saying the weak points and problems of [[Jews]] and [[Quraysh]] and the idols of the polytheists.<ref>Al-Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 12, p. 400-402</ref> However, according to what was mentioned earlier, such interpretations are incorrect.
But, some believe that the goal of this mission has been mentioning some issues such as the rulings for [[qisas]] and [[rajm]] [stoning], marriage with the wife of his adopted son [[Zayd]], obligation of [[Jihad]], saying the weak points and problems of [[Jews]] and [[Quraysh]] and the idols of the polytheists.<ref>Al-Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 12, p. 400-402</ref> However, according to what was mentioned earlier, such interpretations are incorrect.
 
'''Revelation of the Ikmal [Perfection of Religion] Verse'''
[[File:آیه اکمال از آیات غدیر.png|thumbnail|Ikmal Verse]]


{{main|Ikmal Verse}}
'''Al-Ikmal Verse'''
{{main|Al-Ikmal Verse}}


{{pull quote
{{pull quote
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{{pull quote
{{pull quote
|An asker asked for a punishment bound to befall (1) —which none can avert from the faithless— (2) from Allah, Lord of the lofty stations.
|An asker asked for a punishment bound to befall (1) —which none can avert from the faithless— (2) from Allah, Lord of the lofty stations.
|Author = Quran
|source = Quran 70:1-3
|source = 70:1-3
}}
}}


[[Shi'a]] believe that this person did not understand from the hadith but the caliphate of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] after the Prophet (s), otherwise, if he only understood the Prophet's (s) request of people to love 'Ali (a), he would not be bothered from the Prophet's (s) announcement which would require such a grave punishment for him.
[[Shi'a]] believe that this person did not understand from the hadith but the caliphate of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] after the Prophet (s), otherwise, if he only understood the Prophet's (s) request of people to love 'Ali (a), he would not be bothered from the Prophet's (s) announcement which would require such a grave punishment for him.


== References to the Sermon of Ghadir ==
== References to the al-Ghadir Sermon ==
=== Shi'a Books ===
=== Shi'a Books ===
{{col-begin|3}}
{{col-begin|3}}
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==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/خطبه_غدیر خطبه غدیر] in Farsi Wikishia.
* Bukhari, Isma'il b. Ibrahim al-, ''A--Tarikh al-kabir''. Beirut: Dar al-fikr
* Bukhari, Isma'il b. Ibrahim al-, ''A--Tarikh al-kabir''. Beirut: Dar al-fikr
* Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir al-, ''Tarikh al-umam wa l-Muluk ''. Birut: Dar al-turath, 1387
* Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir al-, ''Tarikh al-umam wa l-Muluk ''. Birut: Dar al-turath, 1387
Line 472: Line 483:
* Tahawi, Ahmad b. Muhammad al-, ''Bayan mushkil al-athar''. Dar al-nashr
* Tahawi, Ahmad b. Muhammad al-, ''Bayan mushkil al-athar''. Dar al-nashr
* Razi, Fakhr al-Din al-, ''Al-Arba'in fi usul al-din''. Cairo: Maktaba al-kulliyat al-azhariyya, 1986
* Razi, Fakhr al-Din al-, ''Al-Arba'in fi usul al-din''. Cairo: Maktaba al-kulliyat al-azhariyya, 1986
* Hakim al-Naysaburi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-, ''Al-Mustadrak 'ala al-Sahihayn''.
* Hakim al-Nisaburi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-, ''Al-Mustadrak 'ala l-Sahihayn''.
* Hilli, Hasan b 'Ali al-, ''Kashf al-murad''. Qom: Nashr-i islami, 1413
* Hilli, Hasan b 'Ali al-, ''Kashf al-murad''. Qom: Nashr-i islami, 1413
* Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn al-, ''Al-Shafi fi al-imama''. Tehran: Mu'assisa al-Sadiq, 1410
* Sharif al-Murtada, 'Ali b. Husayn al-, ''Al-Shafi fi al-imama''. Tehran: Mu'assisa al-Sadiq, 1410
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