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Abu Dharr al-Ghifari: Difference between revisions
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==Birth, Lineage, and Characteristics== | ==Birth, Lineage, and Characteristics== | ||
Abu Dhar was born twenty years before the emergence of [[Islam]], in Banu Ghifar, a famous and noble tribe among Arab.<ref>Amin,''A'yan al-Shi'a'',vol. 4, p. 225. </ref> His father, Junada, was the son of Ghifar and his mother, Ramla bt. al-Waqi'a, was from Banu Ghifar b. Malil.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al- | Abu Dhar was born twenty years before the emergence of [[Islam]], in Banu Ghifar, a famous and noble tribe among Arab.<ref>Amin,''A'yan al-Shi'a'',vol. 4, p. 225. </ref> His father, Junada, was the son of Ghifar and his mother, Ramla bt. al-Waqi'a, was from Banu Ghifar b. Malil.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Isti'ab,vol. 1, p. 252.</ref> Historians have debates on his father's name; they mentioned Yazid, Jundub, Ishraqa, 'Abd Allah and Sakan.<ref> Ibn Habban, ''Mashahir 'ulama' al-amsar'',p. 30; • Ibn Habban, ''Al-Thiqat'', vol. 3, p. 55; 'Asqalani, ''Taqrib al-tahdhib'',vol. 2, p. 395.</ref> | ||
As [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] has stated: Abu Dhar was a tall, thin man with tanned skin<ref>'Asqalani, ''al-Isaba'',vol. 7, p. 1-7.</ref>. Ibn Sa'd described him as a tall man with white hair and beard<ref>Dhahabi,''Siyar a'lam nubala' '',vol. 2, p. 47.</ref>. [[Al-Dhahabi]] also described him as a bulky man with full beard.<ref> Dhahabi, ''Siyar a'lam al-nubala' '', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | As [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] has stated: Abu Dhar was a tall, thin man with tanned skin<ref>'Asqalani, ''al-Isaba'',vol. 7, p. 1-7.</ref>. Ibn Sa'd described him as a tall man with white hair and beard<ref>Dhahabi,''Siyar a'lam nubala' '',vol. 2, p. 47.</ref>. [[Al-Dhahabi]] also described him as a bulky man with full beard.<ref> Dhahabi, ''Siyar a'lam al-nubala' '', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | ||
===Names and Titles=== | ===Names and Titles=== | ||
His name was Abu Dhar because of his child's name, Dhar. However his real name is not certain and it is mentioned differently in history books: Badr b. Jundub, Barir b. 'Abd Allah, Barir b. Junada, Barir b. Ishraqa, Jundub b. 'Abd Allah, Jundub b. Sakan and Yazid b. Junada<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba' '', vol. 5, p. 186; Mizzi, ''Tahdhib al-kamal'', vol. 33, p. 294; Dhahabi, ''Siyar a'lam al-nubala' '', vol. 2, p. 49; Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'' , vol. 4, p. 225.</ref>. It seems Jundub b. Yazid is his real and famous name<ref>Ibn 'Abd al- | His name was Abu Dhar because of his child's name, Dhar. However his real name is not certain and it is mentioned differently in history books: Badr b. Jundub, Barir b. 'Abd Allah, Barir b. Junada, Barir b. Ishraqa, Jundub b. 'Abd Allah, Jundub b. Sakan and Yazid b. Junada<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba' '', vol. 5, p. 186; Mizzi, ''Tahdhib al-kamal'', vol. 33, p. 294; Dhahabi, ''Siyar a'lam al-nubala' '', vol. 2, p. 49; Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'' , vol. 4, p. 225.</ref>. It seems Jundub b. Yazid is his real and famous name<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 4, p. 1652.</ref>. | ||
==Wife and Child== | ==Wife and Child== | ||
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==Conversion to Islam== | ==Conversion to Islam== | ||
Abu Dhar was among the first people who converted to [[Islam]]<ref>Dhahabi, ''Tarikh al-islam'', vol. 3, p. 4-6; Ibn 'Abd al- | Abu Dhar was among the first people who converted to [[Islam]]<ref>Dhahabi, ''Tarikh al-islam'', vol. 3, p. 4-6; Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 1, p. 252.</ref>. According to some narrations he was a [[monotheist]] before the emergence of Islam, he worshiped [[God]] three years before [[Bi'tha]]<ref>Shushtari, ''Qamus al-rijal'', vol. 11, p. 322.</ref>. [[Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi]] maintains that Abu Dhar considered drinking alcohol and [[azlam]] (gambling) unlawful in [[Jahiliyya era]]<ref>Muhammad b. Habib al-Baghdadi, ''al-Muhbar'', p.237.</ref>. After the emergence of Islam, he was among the first people who came to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and converted to [[Islam]]. According to a narration, Abu Dhar said: "I was the forth one who went to Muhammad (s) and converted to Islam, which made him delighted<ref>Sahih Ibn Hayyan,vol.16,p83.</ref>." | ||
As [[Ibn al-'Abbas]] said: "When Abu Dhar became aware of Prophet Muhammad's Prophethood in [[Mecca]], he told his brother, Anis: Inform me about the knowledge of the man who thinks, he receives massages from the sky; listen to him and bring me the news." After visiting Prophet Muhammad (s) Anis returned to his brother. Then Abu Dhar himself went to Mecca to find Muhammad (s). Abu Dhar alongside [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] visited Muhammad (s) in his house. Abu Dhar was the first one who said to Prophet: "Salam upon you, O Messenger of Allah". Then Abu Dhar converted to Islam after articulating [[Shahadatayn]] (Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad (s) as God's messenger)<ref>Ibn 'Abd al- | As [[Ibn al-'Abbas]] said: "When Abu Dhar became aware of Prophet Muhammad's Prophethood in [[Mecca]], he told his brother, Anis: Inform me about the knowledge of the man who thinks, he receives massages from the sky; listen to him and bring me the news." After visiting Prophet Muhammad (s) Anis returned to his brother. Then Abu Dhar himself went to Mecca to find Muhammad (s). Abu Dhar alongside [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] visited Muhammad (s) in his house. Abu Dhar was the first one who said to Prophet: "Salam upon you, O Messenger of Allah". Then Abu Dhar converted to Islam after articulating [[Shahadatayn]] (Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad (s) as God's messenger)<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 4, p. 1654.</ref>. | ||
[[Shi'a]] sources reported a different story on Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam. [[Al-Kulayni]] reported a narration from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], in which the story of Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam is mentioned alongside an extraordinary event<ref>Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 8, p. 297-298.</ref>. | [[Shi'a]] sources reported a different story on Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam. [[Al-Kulayni]] reported a narration from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], in which the story of Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam is mentioned alongside an extraordinary event<ref>Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 8, p. 297-298.</ref>. | ||
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[[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said to Abu Dhar: "Well done Abu Dhar, you are a member of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]"<ref>Tusi, ''al-'Amali'', p. 525; Tabrisi, ''Makarim al-akhlaq'', p. 256.</ref>. Elsewhere he said to the effect that Abu Dhar is the most honest person among all people<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 22, p. 404.</ref>. In another occasion, Prophet (s) compared piety and humbleness of Abu Dhar to that of [['Isa b. Maryam (a)]]<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 22, p. 420.</ref>. | [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said to Abu Dhar: "Well done Abu Dhar, you are a member of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]"<ref>Tusi, ''al-'Amali'', p. 525; Tabrisi, ''Makarim al-akhlaq'', p. 256.</ref>. Elsewhere he said to the effect that Abu Dhar is the most honest person among all people<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 22, p. 404.</ref>. In another occasion, Prophet (s) compared piety and humbleness of Abu Dhar to that of [['Isa b. Maryam (a)]]<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 22, p. 420.</ref>. | ||
Also [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, ordinary people are unable to achieve the knowledge of Abu Dhar<ref>Ibn 'Abd al- | Also [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, ordinary people are unable to achieve the knowledge of Abu Dhar<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 1, p. 255.</ref>. Imam Ali (a) also considers him among those people that [[paradise]] awaits them.<ref>Saduq, ''al-Khisal'', p. 303.</ref>. | ||
[[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said: After Prophet Muhammad (s) had passed away, everybody became apostate and left 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) except three people: [[Salman al-Farsi]], Abu Dar and [[Miqdad]]. [['Ammar b. Yasir]] was doubtful at first; however he returned to Imam 'Ali (a)<ref> Mufid, ''al-Ikhtisas'', p. 10.</ref>. | [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said: After Prophet Muhammad (s) had passed away, everybody became apostate and left 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) except three people: [[Salman al-Farsi]], Abu Dar and [[Miqdad]]. [['Ammar b. Yasir]] was doubtful at first; however he returned to Imam 'Ali (a)<ref> Mufid, ''al-Ikhtisas'', p. 10.</ref>. | ||
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It is said, when Umm Dhar was crying she said to Abu Dhar: You die in desert and I have nothing to enshroud your body. He replied: Do not cry and be happy, for [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said one of you will die in desert and he will be buried by a group of Muslims. The others have passed away in cities and I am the only one left, and I die in desert; Prophet Muhammad (s) was talking about me<ref>Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 4, p. 241.</ref>. | It is said, when Umm Dhar was crying she said to Abu Dhar: You die in desert and I have nothing to enshroud your body. He replied: Do not cry and be happy, for [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said one of you will die in desert and he will be buried by a group of Muslims. The others have passed away in cities and I am the only one left, and I die in desert; Prophet Muhammad (s) was talking about me<ref>Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 4, p. 241.</ref>. | ||
When he died [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] and a number of [[Ansar]], [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and several young Muslims, were passing the desert and coincidentally they noticed Abu Dhar. Therefore, they enshrouded his body and buried him and [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] performed [[Funeral Prayer|Funeral prayer]] on his body<ref>Ibn 'Abd al- | When he died [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] and a number of [[Ansar]], [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and several young Muslims, were passing the desert and coincidentally they noticed Abu Dhar. Therefore, they enshrouded his body and buried him and [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] performed [[Funeral Prayer|Funeral prayer]] on his body<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''Al-Isti'ab'', vol. 1, p. 253; Khalifa b. Khayyat, ''Tabaqat'', p. 71; Ibn Habban, ''Al-Thiqat'', vol. 3, p. 55. </ref>. | ||
According to all sources, Abu Dhar is buried in [[al-Rabadha]]<ref>Hamawi, ''Mu'jam al-buldan'', vol. 3, p. 24; Turayhi, ''Majma' al-bahrayn'', vol. 2, p. 131.</ref>. | According to all sources, Abu Dhar is buried in [[al-Rabadha]]<ref>Hamawi, ''Mu'jam al-buldan'', vol. 3, p. 24; Turayhi, ''Majma' al-bahrayn'', vol. 2, p. 131.</ref>. | ||
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* Ibn Abi al-Hadid. ''Sharh Nahj al-balagha''. Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, 1378 Sh. | * Ibn Abi al-Hadid. ''Sharh Nahj al-balagha''. Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, 1378 Sh. | ||
* Ibn Athir. ''Usd al-ghaba''. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. | * Ibn Athir. ''Usd al-ghaba''. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. | ||
* Ibn 'Abd al- | * Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Ahmad. ''Al-Istia'b fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Beirut: Dar al-Jil, 1412 AH. | ||
* Ibn Habban, Muhammad. ''al-Thiqat''. Mua'ssisa al-Kutub al-Thiqafiyya,1393 AH. | * Ibn Habban, Muhammad. ''al-Thiqat''. Mua'ssisa al-Kutub al-Thiqafiyya,1393 AH. | ||
* Ibn Habban, Muhammad. ''Mashahir al-'ulama al-amsar''. Dar al-ifa', 1411 AH. | * Ibn Habban, Muhammad. ''Mashahir al-'ulama al-amsar''. Dar al-ifa', 1411 AH. | ||