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==Birth, Lineage, and Characteristics== | ==Birth, Lineage, and Characteristics== | ||
Abu Dhar was born twenty years before the emergence of [[Islam]], in Banu Ghifar, a famous and noble tribe among Arab.<ref> | Abu Dhar was born twenty years before the emergence of [[Islam]], in Banu Ghifar, a famous and noble tribe among Arab.<ref>Amīn,''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 4, p. 225.</ref> His father, Junada, was the son of Ghifar and his mother, Ramla bt. al-Waqi'a, was from Banu Ghifar b. Malil.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 252.</ref> Historians have debates on his father's name; they mentioned Yazid, Jundub, Ishraqa, 'Abd Allah and Sakan.<ref> Ibn Hibbān, ''Mashāhīr ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār'', p. 30; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Taqrīb al-tahdhīb'',vol. 2, p. 395.</ref> | ||
As [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] has stated: Abu Dhar was a tall, thin man with tanned skin<ref> | As [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] has stated: Abu Dhar was a tall, thin man with tanned skin<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Taqrīb al-tahdhīb'',vol. 7, p. 107.</ref>. Ibn Sa'd described him as a tall man with white hair and beard<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 4, p. 23.</ref>. [[Al-Dhahabi]] also described him as a bulky man with full beard.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 47.</ref> | ||
===Names and Titles=== | ===Names and Titles=== | ||
His name was Abu Dhar because of his child's name, Dhar. However his real name is not certain and it is mentioned differently in history books: Badr b. Jundub, Barir b. 'Abd Allah, Barir b. Junada, Barir b. Ishraqa, Jundub b. 'Abd Allah, Jundub b. Sakan and Yazid b. Junada<ref> | His name was Abu Dhar because of his child's name, Dhar. However his real name is not certain and it is mentioned differently in history books: Badr b. Jundub, Barir b. 'Abd Allah, Barir b. Junada, Barir b. Ishraqa, Jundub b. 'Abd Allah, Jundub b. Sakan and Yazid b. Junada<ref>Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 47; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 5, p. 186; Mizzī, ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl'', vol. 33, p. 294.</ref>. It seems Jundub b. Yazid is his real and famous name<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 4, p. 1652.</ref>. | ||
==Wife and Child== | ==Wife and Child== | ||
According to sources, he had a child named Dhar. [[Al-Kulayni]] has mentioned a narration about Dhar's death.<ref> | According to sources, he had a child named Dhar. [[Al-Kulayni]] has mentioned a narration about Dhar's death.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 25.</ref>. His wife was called Umm Dhar<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 99.</ref>. | ||
==Conversion to Islam== | ==Conversion to Islam== | ||
Abu Dhar was among the first people who converted to [[Islam]]<ref> | Abu Dhar was among the first people who converted to [[Islam]].<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 252; Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-islām'', vol. 3, p. 4-6. | ||
</ref> According to some narrations, he was a [[monotheism|monotheist]] before the emergence of Islam, he worshiped [[God]] three years before [[Bi'tha]]<ref>Shūshtarī, ''Qāmūs al-rijāl'', vol. 11, p. 322.</ref>. Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi maintains that Abu Dhar considered drinking alcohol and [[gambling]] (azlam) unlawful in [[Jahiliyya era]]<ref>Baghdādī, ''al-Muḥabbar'', p. 237.</ref>. After the emergence of Islam, he was among the first people who came to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and converted to [[Islam]]. According to a narration, Abu Dhar said: "I was the fourth one who went to Muhammad (s) and converted to Islam, which made him delighted<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ'', vol. 16, p. 83.</ref>." | |||
As [[Ibn al-'Abbas]] said: "When Abu Dhar became aware of Prophet Muhammad's Prophethood in [[Mecca]], he told his brother, Anis, "Inform me about the knowledge of the man who thinks, he receives | As [[Ibn al-'Abbas]] said: "When Abu Dhar became aware of Prophet Muhammad's Prophethood in [[Mecca]], he told his brother, Anis, "Inform me about the knowledge of the man who thinks, he receives messages from the sky; listen to him and bring me the news." After visiting Prophet Muhammad (s) Anis returned to his brother. Then Abu Dhar himself went to Mecca to find Muhammad (s). Abu Dhar alongside [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] visited Muhammad (s) in his house.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 4, p. 1654.</ref> Abu Dhar was the first one who said to Prophet: "[[Salam]] upon you, O Messenger of Allah". Then Abu Dhar converted to Islam after articulating [[Shahadatayn]] (Islamic creed declaring belief in the [[oneness of God]] and acceptance of Muhammad (s) as God's messenger)<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 4, p. 1654.</ref>. | ||
[[Shi'a]] sources reported a different story on Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam. [[Al-Kulayni]] reported a narration from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], in which the story of Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam is mentioned alongside an extraordinary event<ref> | [[Shi'a]] sources reported a different story on Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam. [[Al-Kulayni]] reported a narration from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], in which the story of Abu Dhar's conversion to Islam is mentioned alongside an extraordinary event<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 297-298.</ref>. | ||
==Virtues== | ==Virtues== | ||
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[[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said to Abu Dhar: "Well done Abu Dhar, you are a member of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]"<ref> | [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said to Abu Dhar: "Well done Abu Dhar, you are a member of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]"<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 525; Ṭabrisī, ''Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 256.</ref>. Elsewhere he said to the effect that Abu Dhar is the most honest person among all people<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 22, p. 404.</ref>. In another occasion, Prophet (s) compared [[piety]] and [[humbleness]] of Abu Dhar to that of Prophet [[Jesus (a)]]<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 22, p. 420.</ref>. | ||
Also [[Imam | Also [[Imam Ali (a)]] said, ordinary people are unable to achieve the knowledge of Abu Dhar<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 255.</ref>. Imam Ali (a) also considers him among those people that [[Paradise]] awaits them.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 303.</ref>. | ||
[[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said: After Prophet Muhammad (s) had passed away, everybody became [[apostate]] and left 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) except three people: [[Salman al-Farsi]], Abu Dar and [[Miqdad]]. [['Ammar b. Yasir]] was doubtful at first; however he returned to Imam | [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said: After Prophet Muhammad (s) had passed away, everybody became [[apostate]] and left 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) except three people: [[Salman al-Farsi]], Abu Dar and [[Miqdad]]. [['Ammar b. Yasir]] was doubtful at first; however he returned to Imam Ali (a)<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Ikhtiṣāṣ'', p. 10.</ref>. | ||
[[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said about Abu Dhar's worship, the main part of his worship was thinking. He cried in the fear of Allah so much that he hurt his eyes<ref> | [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said about Abu Dhar's worship, the main part of his worship was thinking. He cried in the fear of Allah so much that he hurt his eyes<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 40, 42.</ref>. Abu Dhar also said: I like three things that people hate: death, poverty and affliction. Imam al-Sadiq (a) explained, Abu Dhar meant death by the order of [[Allah]] is better than living a sinful life; affliction in obeying Allah is better than health in disobeying Allah; and poverty in obeying Allah is better than committing sins in a prosperous life<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 22.</ref>. | ||
In [[Shi'a]] sources Abu Dhar is considered as one of the four pillars of Islam, alongside Salman al-Farsi, Miqdad and | In [[Shi'a]] sources Abu Dhar is considered as one of the four pillars of Islam, alongside Salman al-Farsi, Miqdad and Ammar b. Yasir<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Ikhtiṣāṣ'', p. 6-7; Ṭūsī, ''al-Rijāl'', p. 598.</ref>. [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] has narrated a hadith from [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]: On the [[Day of Judgment]], a caller will call: Where are the disciples of Prophet Muhammad (s) those who did not break their promise; and then Salman, Abu Dhar and Miqdad would stand up<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Ikhtiṣāṣ'', p. 61.</ref>. | ||
[[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]], mentioned two books about characteristics and life of Abu Dhar: ''Akhbar Abi Dhar'' by [[Abu Mansur Zafar b. Hamdun Badra'i]]<ref> | [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]], mentioned two books about characteristics and life of Abu Dhar: ''Akhbar Abi Dhar'' by [[Abu Mansur Zafar b. Hamdun Badra'i]]<ref>Āghā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, ''al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 316.</ref> and ''Akhbar Abi Dhar al-Ghifari wa fada'iluh'' by [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]<ref>Āghā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, ''al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 317.</ref>. | ||
[[Sayyid | [[Sayyid Ali Khan al-Madani]] wrote on Abu Dhar: "He was a notable scholar and a grand ascetic, who would give away 400 dinars [an old currency in Arab countries] every year and never saved any for himself<ref>Madanī, ''al-Darajāt al-rafīʿa'', p. 226.</ref>." | ||
[[ | [[Bahr al-Ulum]] considered Abu Dhar as one of the disciples of the Prophet Muhammad (s); He always tried to inform people about the virtues of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and criticized their enemies<ref>Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, ''al-Fawāʾid al-rijālīyya'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref>. | ||
[[Abu Na'im al-Isfahani]] also said: Abu Dhar served Prophet Muhammad (s) and learned the [[principles of Islam]]. He was against [[riba]] (usury) even before the emergence of Islam. Walking on the right path, he was never influenced by those who blamed him and the power of rulers never overwhelmed him<ref> | [[Abu Na'im al-Isfahani]] also said: Abu Dhar served Prophet Muhammad (s) and learned the [[principles of Islam]]. He was against [[riba]] (usury) even before the emergence of Islam. Walking on the right path, he was never influenced by those who blamed him and the power of rulers never overwhelmed him<ref>Iṣfahānī, ''Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ'', vol. 1, p. 156-157.</ref>. | ||
===Friendship with | ===Friendship with Ali b. Abi Talib (a)=== | ||
{{Quote box | {{Quote box | ||
|title = Imam | |title = Imam Ali (a) addressed Abu Dharr when he was exiled towards al-Rabadhah: | ||
|quote = "O Abu Dharr! You showed anger in the name of Allah therefore have hope in Him for Whom you became angry. The people were afraid of you in the matter of their (pleasure of this) world while you feared them for your faith. Then leave to them that for which they are afraid of you and get away from them taking away what you fear them about. How needy are they for what you dissuade them from and how heedless are you towards what they are denying you. You will shortly know who is the gainer tomorrow (on the Day of Judgement) and who is more enviable. Even if these skies and earth were closed to some individual and he feared Allah, then Allah would open them for him. Only rightfulness should attract you while wrongfulness should detract you. If you had accepted their worldly attractions they would have loved you and if you had shared in it they would have given you asylum." | |quote = "O Abu Dharr! You showed anger in the name of Allah, therefore, have hope in Him for Whom you became angry. The people were afraid of you in the matter of their (pleasure of this) world while you feared them for your faith. Then leave to them that for which they are afraid of you and get away from them taking away what you fear them about. How needy are they for what you dissuade them from and how heedless are you towards what they are denying you. You will shortly know who is the gainer tomorrow (on the Day of Judgement) and who is more enviable. Even if these skies and earth were closed to some individual and he feared Allah, then Allah would open them for him. Only rightfulness should attract you while wrongfulness should detract you. If you had accepted their worldly attractions they would have loved you and if you had shared in it they would have given you asylum." | ||
|tstyle = text-align: left; | |tstyle = text-align: left; | ||
|source = ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'', Sermon no.130 | |source = ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'', Sermon no.130 | ||
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As [[ | As [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili|al-Irbili]] narrated, Abu Dhar chooses [[Ali b. Abi Talib]] as the executor of his will and said: By Allah, Ali b. Abi Talib (a) is my executor. By Allah, although his right was usurped in [[caliphate]], you will find [[peace]] and blessing with him<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 1, p. 353.</ref>. [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]] said: Abu Dhar told Ibn Rafi' in al-Rabadha, fear only Allah, soon a conspiracy will happen, you should support Imam 'Ali (a)<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 13, p. 228.</ref>. Abu Dhar also attended the [[funeral]] of [[Lady Fatima (a)]] which took place at midnight<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 115.</ref>. | ||
''' | ==Caliphate Time== | ||
At the beginning of [[Abu Bakr]]'s Caliphate, Abu Dhar refused to pay [[allegiance]] to him, in order to support Ali b. Abi Talib (a).<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', 1378 Sh, vol. 1, p. 524.</ref> | |||
In the time of the second caliph, [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]], he refused to accept a total ban on narrating/writing [[hadith]]. In response, Abu Dhar said: By Allah, if they threaten me by a sword to stop narrating hadiths from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], I would rather die than stop narrating Prophet's hadith<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 354.</ref>. That is why Abu Dhar and other narrators of hadith were imprisoned<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''al-Majrūḥīn'', vol. 1, p. 35.</ref>. | |||
==Exile to Syria== | |||
As Ibn Abi l-Hadid said, Abu Dhar was exiled to [[Syria]] because he complained to [[Uthman]], the [[third caliph]], about giving the treasury money to [[Marwan b. Hakam]], [[Zayd b. Thabit]] and others as a gift. He said: "Abu Dhar was shouting in streets and complained to Uthman. As a result, Uthman exiled him to Syria<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 8, p. 256-258.</ref>." | |||
''' | However, Abu Dhar made some social groups and informed people about the characteristics and virtues of Prophet Muhammad (s) and [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. On the other hand, [[Mu'awiya]] prohibited people from meeting Abu Dhar and reported his activities to Uthman. Therefore, he was returned to [[Medina]]<ref>Amīn,''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p. 237.</ref>. | ||
==Exile to al-Rabadha== | |||
Abu Dar met Uthman in Medina, where he refused his gift and criticized his actions again. Then 'Uthman lost his patience with him and exiled him to al-Rabadha in the worst possible condition, which is mentioned in many historical books<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 115; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 4, p. 23; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 336.</ref>. | |||
Abu Dar met | |||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
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Abu Dhar passed away in [[Dhu l-Hijja]] [[32]]/653, in [[al-Rabadha]], in the time of | Abu Dhar passed away in [[Dhu l-Hijja]] [[32]]/653, in [[al-Rabadha]], in the time of Uthman's caliphate<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 336; vol. 3, p. 354.</ref>. As [[Ibn Kathir]] said, "no one was with him unless his wife and his child when he passed away."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 185.</ref> Al-Zirikli said, "when he passed away his family did not have anything for enshrouding his body".<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 2, p. 140.</ref>. Mihran b. Maymun said: "All the property of Abu Dhar valued only about two dirhams [an old currency in Arab countries less valuable than dinar]"<ref>Amīn,''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 4, p. 229.</ref>. | ||
It is said, when Umm Dhar was crying she said to Abu Dhar: You die in desert and I have nothing to enshroud your body. He replied: Do not cry and be happy, for [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said one of you will die in desert and he will be buried by a group of Muslims. The others have passed away in cities and I am the only one left, and I die in desert; Prophet Muhammad (s) was talking about me<ref> | It is said, when his wife "Umm Dhar" was crying she said to Abu Dhar: "You die in the desert and I have nothing to enshroud your body. He replied: Do not cry and be happy, for [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] said one of you will die in desert and he will be buried by a group of Muslims. The others have passed away in cities and I am the only one left, and I die in desert; Prophet Muhammad (s) was talking about me<ref>Amīn,''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 4, p. 241.</ref>. | ||
When he died [[ | When he died [[Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] and a number of [[Ansar]], [[Hujr b. Adi]], [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and several young Muslims, were passing the desert and coincidentally they noticed Abu Dhar. Therefore, they enshrouded his body and buried him and Abd Allah b. Mas'ud performed [[Funeral Prayer|Funeral prayer]] on his body<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 253; Ibn Ḥibbān, ''al-Thiqāt'', vol. 3, p. 55. </ref>. | ||
According to all sources, Abu Dhar is buried in [[al-Rabadha]]<ref> | According to all sources, Abu Dhar is buried in [[al-Rabadha]]<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 3, p. 24; Ṭurayḥī, ''Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn'', vol. 2, p. 131.</ref>. | ||
Al-Harbi, in ''al-Manasik'', said there was a masjid in al-Rabadha under the name of Abu Dhar; and it is said that the grave of Abu Dhar was in that masjid.<ref> | Al-Harbi, in ''al-Manasik'', said there was a masjid in al-Rabadha under the name of Abu Dhar; and it is said that the grave of Abu Dhar was in that masjid.<ref>Ḥarbī, ''al-Manāsik'', p. 327</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | *Āghā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. ''Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH. | ||
*Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, [n.d]. | |||
* | *Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb al-. ''Al-Muḥabbar''. [n.p]: Maṭbaʿat al-Dāʾira, 1361 AH. | ||
* | *Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad Mahdī al-. ''Al-Fawāʾid al-rijālīyya''. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣādiq, 1363 Sh. | ||
* | *Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1413 AH. | ||
* | *Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-islām''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH. | ||
* | Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 3, p. 24. | ||
*Ḥarbī, Abū Isḥāq al-. ''Al-Manāsik wa amākin ṭuruq al-ḥajj wa maʿālim al-jazīra''. Riyadh: Manshūrāt Dār al-Yamāma li-l-Baḥth wa l-tarjuma wa l-nashr, 1969. | |||
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Beirut: Dār al-Jail, 1412 AH. | |||
* | *Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha''. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, 1378 AH. | ||
*Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | |||
* | *Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Taqrīb al-tahdhīb''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH. | ||
*Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Majrūḥīn''. Edited by Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm Zāʾid. Mecca: Dār al-Bāzz, [n.d]. | |||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1414 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Thiqāt''. [n.p]: Muʾassisat al-Kutub al-Thiqāfīyya, 1393 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Mashāhīr ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār''. Cairo: Dār al-Ifāʾ, 1411 AH. | ||
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1986. | |||
* Ibn | *Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn | *Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1405 AH. | ||
* | *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1363 Sh. | ||
*Madanī, Sayyid ʿAlī Khān al-. ''Al-Darajāt al-rafīʿa''. Qom: Baṣīratī, 1397 AH. | |||
* | *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH. | ||
*Mizzī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-. ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1406 AH. | |||
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