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Amina bt. Wahb: Difference between revisions
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''' | '''Āmina bt. Wahb''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|آمنة بنت وَهْب}}) (d. 46 years before [[Hijra]]/576), the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet]]'s (s) mother and one of the most respectful ladies of [[Quraysh]]. Amina got married with [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] in 54 or 53 years before [[Hijra]] (570-71). Despite the short period of their marriage, she got pregnant with 'Abd Allah and gave birth to Muhammad (s) in 52 years before Hijra (572). When Muhammad (s) was 6 or 4, Amina passed away in an area called [[al-Abwa']] while coming back from [[Medina]]. | ||
== Birth and Lineage == | == Birth and Lineage == | ||
Amina was born in [[Mecca]].<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 74.</ref> His father, Wahb, was a great member of [[Banu Zuhra]] tribe, and his ancestor, Abd Manaf b. Zuhrah was his cousin's peer, Abd Manaf b. Qusayy. They are called Manafayn for respect. The female ancestor of his father, 'Atika, al-Awqas b. Murra b. Hilal al-Sulamiyya's daughter, one of the three 'Atikas whom the Prophet (s) was proud of being her offspring and said: "I'm the offspring of 'Awatik from Banu Sulaym."<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 74.</ref> | Amina was born in [[Mecca]].<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 74.</ref> His father, Wahb, was a great member of [[Banu Zuhra]] tribe, and his ancestor, Abd Manaf b. Zuhrah was his cousin's peer, [[Abd Manaf b. Qusayy]]. They are called "Manafayn" for respect. The female ancestor of his father, 'Atika, al-Awqas b. Murra b. Hilal al-Sulamiyya's daughter, one of the three 'Atikas whom the Prophet (s) was proud of being her offspring and said: "I'm the offspring of 'Awatik from Banu Sulaym."<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 74.</ref> | ||
Her mother was Barra. Her mother's ancestor was 'Umm Habib, daughter of 'Asad b. 'Abd al-'Uzza b. Qusayy and the mother of her was Barra bt. 'Awaf.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 81.</ref> | Her mother was Barra. Her mother's ancestor was 'Umm Habib, daughter of 'Asad b. 'Abd al-'Uzza b. Qusayy and the mother of her was Barra bt. 'Awaf.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 81.</ref> | ||
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According to some historical reports, 'Abd Allah passed away a little time after the Prophet's (s) birth.<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 41.</ref> Some people think 'Abd Allah's early death after his survival from being sacrificed represents that it was doomed for 'Abd Allah to marry Amina, therefore the Prophet (s) would be born.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 128.</ref> | According to some historical reports, 'Abd Allah passed away a little time after the Prophet's (s) birth.<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 41.</ref> Some people think 'Abd Allah's early death after his survival from being sacrificed represents that it was doomed for 'Abd Allah to marry Amina, therefore the Prophet (s) would be born.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 128.</ref> | ||
== Muhammad's Birth == | == Muhammad's (s) Birth == | ||
She gave birth to him in [[Rabi' I 17]], [['Am al-Fil]]. [[Sunnis]] believe it was in [[Rabi' I 12]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43.</ref> The news of his birth made [[Banu Hashim]] very happy so that [[Abu Lahab]] set free his slave Thuwayba al-Aslamiyya who brought his cousin's birth news.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 150.</ref> [['Abd al-Muttalib]] named him Muhammad. When [[Quraysh]] asked about his grandson's name, he replied: "I want him to be praised in heaven and earth."<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 153.</ref> | She gave birth to him in [[Rabi' I 17]], [['Am al-Fil]]. [[Sunnis]] believe it was in [[Rabi' I 12]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43.</ref> The news of his birth made [[Banu Hashim]] very happy so that [[Abu Lahab]] set free his slave Thuwayba al-Aslamiyya who brought his cousin's birth news.<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 150.</ref> [['Abd al-Muttalib]] named him Muhammad. When [[Quraysh]] asked about his grandson's name, he replied: "I want him to be praised in heaven and earth."<ref>ʿĀyisha ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ''Āmina mādar-i Payāmbar'', p. 153.</ref> | ||
=== Nurse === | === Nurse === | ||
Amina was seeking for a nurse to accept Muhammad after giving birth to him. He was an orphan and was not wealthy. Initially, no one accepted him. At last, [[Halima al-Sa'diyya]], who no one had given her a baby to milk until the sunset of that day, and had not accepted the nursery of [[Muhammad (s)]], accepted him. | Amina was seeking for a nurse to accept Muhammad (s) after giving birth to him. He was an orphan and was not wealthy. Initially, no one accepted him. At last, [[Halima al-Sa'diyya]], who no one had given her a baby to milk until the sunset of that day, and had not accepted the nursery of [[Muhammad (s)]], accepted him. | ||
After two years of milking to Muhammad (s), she brought the baby to Amina, but asked her to let her take Muhammad (s) to the desert and keep him; since he had some blesses for them and protected her from cholera which was spread in [[Mecca]]. Amina consented to her request.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 162-164.</ref> Finally, Halima al-Sa'diyya brought back Muhammad (s) to his mother in 6th year of 'Am al-Fil.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 29.</ref> | After two years of milking to Muhammad (s), she brought the baby to Amina, but asked her to let her take Muhammad (s) to the desert and keep him; since he had some blesses for them and protected her from cholera which was spread in [[Mecca]]. Amina consented to her request.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 162-164.</ref> Finally, Halima al-Sa'diyya brought back Muhammad (s) to his mother in 6th year of 'Am al-Fil.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 29.</ref> | ||
== Trip to Medina and Death == | == Trip to Medina and Death == | ||
Amina took her offspring to visit [['Abd Allah]]'s uncles to [[Medina]] in 7th year of | Amina took her offspring to visit [['Abd Allah]]'s uncles to [[Medina]] in 7th [[year of the Elephant]]. Muhammad's (s) father uncles were from [[Banu Najjar]]. She got sick when returning from Medina and passed away in [[al-Abwa']]. [['Umm Ayman]] brought Muhammad (s) back to Mecca and five days later they arrived to Mecca.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 30.</ref> | ||
== Faith == | == Faith == | ||
{{main|faith of the Prophet's (s) ancestors}} | {{main|faith of the Prophet's (s) ancestors}} | ||
Sunnis believe that the ancestors of the Prophet (s) were | Sunnis believe that the ancestors of the Prophet (s) were [[polytheist]]s. About Amina there are two hadiths in Sunni sources. | ||
Al-Suyuti writes, "the [[Prophet (s)]] decided to do [['umra]] while coming back from the [[Battle of Tabuk]]. Therefore, he set off for [[Mecca]]: When he arrived in his mother's grave, he asked [[God]] for the permission to pray for her [[forgiveness]], but his request was rejected and this [[verse]] was sent to him: " | Al-Suyuti writes, "the [[Prophet (s)]] decided to do [['umra]] while coming back from the [[Battle of Tabuk]]. Therefore, he set off for [[Mecca]]: When he arrived in his mother's grave, he asked [[God]] for the permission to pray for her [[forgiveness]], but his request was rejected and this [[verse]] was sent to him: "Abraha's pleading forgiveness for his father was only to fulfill a promise he had made him. So when it became manifest to him that he was an enemy of God, he repudiated him. Indeed Abraham was most plaintive and forbearing."<ref>Qurʾān, 9:114.</ref> | ||
Also, it is narrated from Ibn Mas'ud that once the Prophet (s) visited Muslim's tombs and we followed him. He sat before a tomb and shaded tears there and prayed. We cried along with him and prayed with his supplication. He asked the reason of our cry. We replied that we are inspired by your cry. He said: This tomb belongs to my mother Amina. God let me visit it, yet I'm not allowed to pray for her forgiveness, and this verse was sent to me:"It is not for the Prophet (s) and those who have believed to ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even if they were relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are companions of Hellfire." This is the reason of my cry. | Also, it is narrated from [[Ibn Mas'ud]] that once the Prophet (s) visited Muslim's tombs and we followed him. He sat before a tomb and shaded tears there and prayed. We cried along with him and prayed with his supplication. He asked the reason of our cry. We replied that we are inspired by your cry. He said: This tomb belongs to my mother Amina. God let me visit it, yet I'm not allowed to pray for her forgiveness, and this verse was sent to me:"It is not for the Prophet (s) and those who have believed to ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even if they were relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are companions of Hellfire." This is the reason of my cry. | ||
In [[Shi'a]] view, these [[hadith]]s are not authentic, because Imami Shi'a unanimously believe in faith of [[Abu Talib]], Amina bt. Wahb, [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and the entire Prophet's ancestors to [[Adam]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 41.</ref> This was pointed out in hadiths: | In [[Shi'a]] view, these [[hadith]]s are not authentic, because Imami Shi'a unanimously believe in faith of [[Abu Talib]], Amina bt. Wahb, [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and the entire Prophet's ancestors to [[Adam (a)]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 41.</ref> This was pointed out in hadiths: | ||
"[[ | "[[Jabra'il]] (Gabriel) came to the [[Prophet (s)]] and said: Muhammad! Your God sends his regards to you and states: I've made hellfire forbidden for the waist (sulb) which descended you, the uterus which was pregnant of you, and the one who brought you up. That waist belongs to 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib, that uterus is Amina bt. Wahb's, and the one who brought the prophet up was Abu Talib,-according to Ibn Faddal's hadith- and Fatima bt. Asad.", [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] stated.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 446.</ref> | ||
In addition to this, Shi'a has raised some problems to the mentioned hadiths. For instance, [[al-'Allama al-Amini]] says: Didn't the | In addition to this, Shi'a has raised some problems to the mentioned hadiths. For instance, [[al-'Allama al-Amini]] says: Didn't the Prophet (s) know he and his followers could not pray for idolaters' forgiveness and mediate for them, even after sending many verses in the day of Tabuk (which was in his last years of life)? So, how he asked for the permission to pray for his mother's forgiveness and to mediate for her? Did he think his mother is not counted as human? Has this [[hadith]] been made to contaminate the Prophet's (s) reputation or view his mother an idolater?<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 8, p. 18.</ref> He continues: "Some have interpreted requesting for forgiveness as praying for the corpse.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʿ l-bayān'', vol. 11, p. 33.</ref> In this case, it would be in harmony with the mentioned hadiths.<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadīr'', vol. 8, p. 19-20.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||