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Maytham al-Tammar: Difference between revisions
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| Place of Residence = [[Kufa]] | | Place of Residence = [[Kufa]] | ||
| Death/martyrdom = [[60]]/692 | | Death/martyrdom = [[60]]/692 | ||
| Cause of Death/martyrdom = He was sentenced to death by [[Ibn Ziyad]] | | Cause of Death/martyrdom = He was sentenced to death by [[Ibn Ziyad]] | ||
| Burial place = Kufa | | Burial place = Kufa | ||
| Professors = | | Professors = | ||
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Maytham was a companion of Imam Ali (a), [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]],<ref>al-Tusi. ''Rijal''. p. 81. 96. 105</ref> but he is best known as a devout follower of Imam Ali (a).<ref> al-Mufid. ''al-Ikhtisas''. p. 3.</ref> He was a devoted and sincere lover of [[the Prophet (s)]] and his [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)|household (a)]], and they were also affectionate towards him.<ref> Tabari. ''Bisharat al-mustafa''. p. 236-237.</ref> As reported by [[Umm Salama]], the Prophet (s) praised Maytham many times during his life.<ref> Asqalani. ''al-Isaba''. vol. 6. p. 317</ref> | Maytham was a companion of Imam Ali (a), [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]],<ref>al-Tusi. ''Rijal''. p. 81. 96. 105</ref> but he is best known as a devout follower of Imam Ali (a).<ref> al-Mufid. ''al-Ikhtisas''. p. 3.</ref> He was a devoted and sincere lover of [[the Prophet (s)]] and his [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)|household (a)]], and they were also affectionate towards him.<ref> Tabari. ''Bisharat al-mustafa''. p. 236-237.</ref> As reported by [[Umm Salama]], the Prophet (s) praised Maytham many times during his life.<ref> Asqalani. ''al-Isaba''. vol. 6. p. 317</ref> | ||
Maytham received great spiritual knowledge from the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Imam Ali (a) taught him the secrets of succession | Maytham received great spiritual knowledge from the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Imam Ali (a) taught him the secrets of the [[position of succession]] (maqām al-wiṣāya).<ref>Ibn Abi l-Hadid. ''Sharh-i nahj al-balagha''. vol. 2. p. 291.</ref> | ||
==Family== | ==Family== | ||
His sons, Salih, Shu'ayb and Hamzah, followed their father in being loyal partisans of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a) ]]. His grandchildren were among the companions of the [[Imams]] and narrators of [[hadith]].<ref>see: al-Kashshi. ''rijal''. p. 80. al-Tusi. ''rijal''. p. 118. 138. 149. 157. 160. 162. 224-225.</ref> One of his descendants, [[Ali b. Isma'il b. Shu'ayb b. Maytham]], became a great [[Shi'a theologian]] and wrote some early theological books.<ref>al-Tusi. ''al-Fihrist''. p. 150. al-Dhahabi. ''Tarikh al-islam''. p. 316.</ref> | His sons, Salih, Shu'ayb, and Hamzah, followed their father in being loyal partisans of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a) ]]. His grandchildren were among the companions of the [[Imams]] and narrators of [[hadith]].<ref>see: al-Kashshi. ''rijal''. p. 80. al-Tusi. ''rijal''. p. 118. 138. 149. 157. 160. 162. 224-225.</ref> One of his descendants, [[Ali b. Isma'il b. Shu'ayb b. Maytham]], became a great [[Shi'a theologian]] and wrote some early theological books.<ref>al-Tusi. ''al-Fihrist''. p. 150. al-Dhahabi. ''Tarikh al-islam''. p. 316.</ref> | ||
==Foretelling== | ==Foretelling== | ||
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==Works== | ==Works== | ||
Maytham wrote a commentary of the [[Qur'an]] from what he had learned from Imam Ali (a) .<ref> Agha Buzueg. ''al-Dhari'a''. vol. 4. p. 317.</ref> According to one account, Maytham told [[Ibn 'Abbas]] that Imam Ali (a) had taught him the knowledge of [[Ta'wil]] (hidden meaning of the Qur'an). He asked Ibn 'Abbas to ask him any question about the interpretation of the Qur'an, and Ibn 'Abbas questioned him and wrote down his answers. When Maytham foretold the story of his own martyrdom, Ibn | Maytham wrote a commentary of the [[Qur'an]] from what he had learned from Imam Ali (a) .<ref> Agha Buzueg. ''al-Dhari'a''. vol. 4. p. 317.</ref> According to one account, Maytham told [[Ibn 'Abbas]] that Imam Ali (a) had taught him the knowledge of [[Ta'wil]] (hidden meaning of the Qur'an). He asked Ibn 'Abbas to ask him any question about the interpretation of the Qur'an, and Ibn 'Abbas questioned him and wrote down his answers. When Maytham foretold the story of his own martyrdom, Ibn Abbas became suspicious of him and decided to destroy the writings. Maytham asked him not to do that and said, "Keep yourself from doing that until my prophecy is fulfilled; if it does not happen, destroy my interpretations".<ref>al-Kashshi. ''Rijal''. p. 81.</ref> | ||
Maytham is also said to have compiled a [[hadith]] collection from which his descendants narrated. Some of these narrations are available in references.<ref>see: al-Tusi. ''Amali''. p. 148. Ghaffar. ''al-Kulaini wa al-kafi''. p. 28.</ref> These narrations are about love and hatred towards [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], the precedence of [[Kufa Mosque]] over [[Bayt al-Maqdis]], the hatred of hypocrites towards Imam Ali (a), the four-time confession of fornication and its penalty and other stories about the judgments of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Barqi. ''Kitab al-mahasin''. p. 309-310. Shadhan qumi. ''al-Fada'il''. p. 3-5.</ref> | Maytham is also said to have compiled a [[hadith]] collection from which his descendants narrated. Some of these narrations are available in references.<ref>see: al-Tusi. ''Amali''. p. 148. Ghaffar. ''al-Kulaini wa al-kafi''. p. 28.</ref> These narrations are about love and hatred towards [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], the precedence of [[Kufa Mosque]] over [[Bayt al-Maqdis]], the hatred of hypocrites towards Imam Ali (a), the four-time confession of fornication and its penalty and other stories about the judgments of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Barqi. ''Kitab al-mahasin''. p. 309-310. Shadhan qumi. ''al-Fada'il''. p. 3-5.</ref> | ||
Maytham was an outspoken and eloquent speaker who astonished even [[Ibn Ziyad]] with his words.<ref> Kashshi | Maytham was an outspoken and eloquent speaker who astonished even [[Ibn Ziyad]] with his words.<ref> al-Kashshi, ''Rijāl''. p. 86.</ref> His speeches against the [[Ummayad]] caliphate made him famous for his hatred of injustice. | ||
==Imam Ali (a) and Maytham al-Tammar== | ==Imam Ali (a) and Maytham al-Tammar== | ||
He was a member of [[Shurta al-Khamis]] (the | He was a member of [[Shurta al-Khamis]] (the special Guards of Imam Ali (a) ), who pledged themselves to fight with Imam Ali (a) in all battles and support him in all hardships.<ref>Barqi. ''Kitab al-rijal''. p. 3-4. al-Mufid. ''al-Ikhtisas''. p. 2-3.</ref> | ||
Since there is no report of Maytham's presence in any battle with Imam Ali (a), it is thought that he became acquainted with Imam Ali (a) in the last years of the Imam's life. This is also indicated by some narrations reported by Maytham about the events of the last years of leadership of Imam Ali (a), such as the invasion of the partisans of [[Mu'awiya]] to the districts of Heet and Anbar and their killing of women and children.<ref>Khasibi. ''al-Hidayat al-akhbar''. p. 125. Diylami. ''Irshad al-qulub''. p. 272-273.</ref> | Since there is no report of Maytham's presence in any battle with Imam Ali (a), it is thought that he became acquainted with Imam Ali (a) in the last years of the Imam's life. This is also indicated by some narrations reported by Maytham about the events of the last years of leadership of Imam Ali (a), such as the invasion of the partisans of [[Mu'awiya]] to the districts of Heet and Anbar and their killing of women and children.<ref>Khasibi. ''al-Hidayat al-akhbar''. p. 125. Diylami. ''Irshad al-qulub''. p. 272-273.</ref> | ||
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While cursing Imam Ali (a) and his partisans, Mu'awiya also cursed Maytham.<ref>Ibn Tawus. ''Farhat al-ghura''. p. 51-52.</ref> | While cursing Imam Ali (a) and his partisans, Mu'awiya also cursed Maytham.<ref>Ibn Tawus. ''Farhat al-ghura''. p. 51-52.</ref> | ||
After the demise of Imam Ali (a), Maytham became a devout companion of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]].<ref> al-Tusi. ''Rijal''. p. 96-105.</ref> Imam al-Husayn was affectionate towards Maytham and treated him kindly.<ref>al-Kashshi | After the demise of Imam Ali (a), Maytham became a devout companion of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]].<ref> al-Tusi. ''Rijal''. p. 96-105.</ref> Imam al-Husayn was affectionate towards Maytham and treated him kindly.<ref>al-Kashshi, ''Rijāl'', p. 80.</ref> In 60/680 Maytham went to [[Mecca]] to perform [['Umrah]], but could not meet Imam al-Husayn (a). [[Umm Salama]] informed him of Imam al-Husayn (a)'s situation. Maytham then asked Umm Salama to pass his greetings to Imam al-Husayn (a) and to tell him that he would meet the Imam in paradise.<ref>al-Kashshi, ''Rijāl'', p. 80-81. al-Mufid. ''al-Irshad''. vol. 1. p. 324.</ref> | ||
Imam Ali (a) had promised Maytham a high level in paradise beside himself for his resistance against the governor of [[Kufa]], [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]]. The Imam had also informed Maytham of his [[martyrdom]], the name of his killer, and the story of his execution on a palm tree. He even showed him the exact tree on which he was going to be hung. It is reported that Maytham prayed beside that tree and talked to it. He told the story of his martyrdom to his friends, but once when he told [[Habib b. Mazahir]] in front of others, people began to mock him.<ref>al-Kashshi | Imam Ali (a) had promised Maytham a high level in paradise beside himself for his resistance against the governor of [[Kufa]], [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]]. The Imam had also informed Maytham of his [[martyrdom]], the name of his killer, and the story of his execution on a palm tree. He even showed him the exact tree on which he was going to be hung. It is reported that Maytham prayed beside that tree and talked to it. He told the story of his martyrdom to his friends, but once when he told [[Habib b. Mazahir]] in front of others, people began to mock him.<ref>al-Kashshi, ''Rijāl''. p. 78-84</ref> | ||
==Martyrdom== | |||
===Prophecy of Demise=== | |||
Once Imam Ali (a) told Maytham that he would be killed and even gave the address of the palm tree he would be hanged on. After getting this information, it is recorded in history that, Maytham used to go to the tree pointed out by Imam Ali, offer prayers by the tree, and talk to it<ref>al-Kashshī, Rijāl, p. 83-4; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, pp. 323-24; Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, vol. 2, p. 288.</ref>''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn''. | |||
Months and years passed by, Ali was martyred then Hasan ibn Ali (the Second Shī`a Imām) was martyred and Meesum kept waiting for the time. | |||
There are two different accounts about his arrest and execution: | There are two different accounts about his arrest and execution: | ||
* According to the first account, the governor of [[Kufa]], [[Ibn Ziyad]], was ordered by [[Yazid]], the [[Ummayad]] caliph, to arrest Maytham and execute him.<ref>al-Mufid. ''al-Irshad''. vol. 1. p. 324-325</ref> Ibn Ziyad then asked the chief of Maytham's tribe to surrender Maytham or be killed. Maytham was arrested on his way back from [[Mecca]] to [[Kufa]], probably in [[Qadisiyya]]. In the prison of Kufa, he met [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] and foretold Mukhtar's release from prison.<ref>Khasibi. ''al-Hidayat al-Kubra''. p. 133. Sharif radi. p. 54-55.</ref> | * According to the first account, the governor of [[Kufa]], [[Ibn Ziyad]], was ordered by [[Yazid]], the [[Ummayad]] caliph, to arrest Maytham and execute him.<ref>al-Mufid. ''al-Irshad''. vol. 1. p. 324-325</ref> Ibn Ziyad then asked the chief of Maytham's tribe to surrender Maytham or be killed. Maytham was arrested on his way back from [[Mecca]] to [[Kufa]], probably in [[Qadisiyya]]. In the prison of Kufa, he met [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] and foretold Mukhtar's release from prison.<ref>Khasibi. ''al-Hidayat al-Kubra''. p. 133. Sharif radi. p. 54-55.</ref> | ||
* According to the second account, Maytham, along with some businessmen from Kufa, went to Ibn Ziyad to protest the injustice of his agent in the bazaar. There, | * According to the second account, Maytham, along with some businessmen from Kufa, went to Ibn Ziyad to protest the injustice of his agent in the bazaar. There, 'Amr b. Hurayth, the commander of the Kufa army, called Maytham a liar and a partisan of the liar (meaning [[Imam Ali (a) ]]). In response, Maytham called himself a truthful partisan of the truthful one. Ibn Ziyad then ordered Maytham to curse Imam Ali (a) and praise [[Uthman b. 'Affan]] and threatened to cut off his arms and legs if he didn't. Maytham chose martyrdom. He told Ibn Ziyad that Imam Ali (a) had said Ibn Ziyad would cut off his tongue. Ibn Ziyad wanted to prove the words Imam Ali (a)to be wrong; therefore, he ordered the cutting of Maytham's arms and legs only and hung him beside the house of 'Amr b. Hurayth. | ||
After being hung, Maytham miraculously called people loudly to gather around him and listen to some narrations from Imam Ali (a). He then talked about the virtues of [[Bani Hashim]] and the evil of the [[Umayyads]]. | After being hung, Maytham miraculously called people loudly to gather around him and listen to some narrations from Imam Ali (a). He then talked about the virtues of [[Bani Hashim]] and the evil of the [[Umayyads]]. | ||
[[File:Portal of tomb of Maytham al-tammar.jpg|thumbnail|300px| Portal of the tomb of Maytham al-Tammar]] | [[File:Portal of tomb of Maytham al-tammar.jpg|thumbnail|300px| Portal of the tomb of Maytham al-Tammar]] | ||
When Ibn Ziyad was informed of this, he ordered a leash to be put on his mouth. Maytham was the first martyr to be leashed in Islam.<ref>al- | When Ibn Ziyad was informed of this, he ordered a leash to be put on his mouth. Maytham was the first martyr to be leashed in Islam.<ref>al-Kashshī, ''Rijāl''. p. 84-87. al-Mufid. ''al-Irshad''. vol. 1. p. 304. 324-325.</ref> | ||
According to other reports, Ibn Hurayth suggested cutting his tongue, and Maytham reminded people of Imam Ali's prediction. His tongue was then cut off by an agent of Ibn Ziyad.<ref>al- | According to other reports, Ibn Hurayth suggested cutting his tongue, and Maytham reminded people of Imam Ali's prediction. His tongue was then cut off by an agent of Ibn Ziyad.<ref>al-Kashshī, ''Rijāl''. p. 83.</ref> | ||
Some sources report that after being hung, he was struck by a spear in his stomach, and said, "[[Allah-u Akbar]]" before blood gushed out from his mouth and nose. He passed away in [[Dhu l-Hijja]] 60/September 680, before the arrival of [[Imam al-Husayn (a) ]] in [[Iraq]].<ref>al-Mufid. ''al-Irshad''. vol. 1. p. 325. Tabarsi. ''I'lam al-wura. vol. 1. p. 343.</ref> | |||
Some sources report that after being hung, he was struck by a spear in his stomach, and said, "[[Allah-u Akbar]]" | |||
Under the orders of Ibn Ziyad, Maytham's body was left hanging for a few days. Finally, some date sellers stole his corpse and buried him in the lands of the Murad tribe.<ref>al- | Under the orders of Ibn Ziyad, Maytham's body was left hanging for a few days. Finally, some date sellers stole his corpse and buried him in the lands of the Murad tribe.<ref>al-Kashshī, ''Rijāl''. p. 83.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
*Āgā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. ''Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH. | *Āgā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. ''Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH. | ||
*Barqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. '' | *Barqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-maḥāsin''. [n.p], [n.d.]. | ||
*Barqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-rijāl''. Tehran: Dār al-kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1370 AH. | *Barqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-rijāl''. Tehran: Dār al-kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 1370 AH. | ||
*Daylamī, Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-. ''Irshād al-qulūb''. Beirut: 1978. | *Daylamī, Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-. ''Irshād al-qulūb''. Beirut: 1978. | ||
*Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tḥrīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. Beirut: 1414 AH. | *Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tḥrīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām''. Beirut: [n.p.], 1414 AH. | ||
* Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, Muḥammad. ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn''. Najaf: [n.p.], 1386 AH. | |||
*Ghaffār, ʿAbd al-rasūl. ''Al-Kulaynī wa l-kāfī''. Qom: 1416 AH. | *Ghaffār, ʿAbd al-rasūl. ''Al-Kulaynī wa l-kāfī''. Qom: 1416 AH. | ||
*Ibn Abi l-Ḥadīd. ''Sharḥ | *Ibn Abi l-Ḥadīd. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha''. | ||
*Ibn | *Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib āl abū ṭālib''. Qom: 1379 Sh. | ||
*Ibn Ṭāwus, ʿAbd al-karīm. ''Farḥat al-ghāriyy fī taʿyīn qabr-i Amīr al-muʾminīn''. Qom: 1998. | *Ibn Ṭāwus, ʿAbd al-karīm. ''Farḥat al-ghāriyy fī taʿyīn qabr-i Amīr al-muʾminīn''. Qom: [n.p.], 1998. | ||
*Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Rijāl''. Mashhad: 1348 Sh. | *Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Rijāl''. Mashhad: 1348 Sh. | ||
*Khaṣībī, Ḥusayn b. Hamdān al-. '' Al-Hidāyat al-akhbār''. Beirut: 1991. | *Khaṣībī, Ḥusayn b. Hamdān al-. '' Al-Hidāyat al-akhbār''. Beirut: 1991. | ||
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Qom: 1413 AH. | *Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Qom: 1413 AH. | ||
*Nayshābūrī, Faḍl b. Shādhān al-. ''Al-Faḍāʾil''. Najaf: 1962. | *Nayshābūrī, Faḍl b. Shādhān al-. ''Al-Faḍāʾil''. Najaf: 1962. | ||
* | *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Babawayh al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: 1417 AH. | ||
*Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad - | *Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Ikhtiṣāṣ''. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh Mufīd, 1413/1992. | ||
*Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad - | *Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā al-ʿibād''. Qom. 1413 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Rijāl''. Qom: Jāmiʿa-yi mudarrisīn, 1415 AH. | ||
*Ṭabarī Āmulī, ʿImād al-dīn. ''Bishārat al-Muṣṭafā lī Shiʿat al-Murtaḍā''.Qom: Nahāwandī, 1387 Sh. | *Ṭabarī Āmulī, ʿImād al-dīn. ''Bishārat al-Muṣṭafā lī Shiʿat al-Murtaḍā''.Qom: Nahāwandī, 1387 Sh. | ||
* | *Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan. ''Iʿlām al-warā bī Aʿlām al-hudā''. Qom: 1417 AH. | ||
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Fihrist''. Edited by Jawad | *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Fihrist''. Edited by Jawad Qayyūmī. Qom: Nashr al-Fiqāha, 1417 AH. | ||
* | *ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar. ''Al-Iṣaba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: 1992. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
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{{Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)}} | {{Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)}} | ||
{{Shurtat al-Khamis}} | {{Shurtat al-Khamis}} | ||
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