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Hashim b. Abd Manaf: Difference between revisions
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==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
His original name was 'Amr. Born in [[Mecca]] and was the oldest child of [['Abd Manaf]]. About his [[kunya]] there are different opinions: Abu Nadla, Abu Zayd, and Abu Asad. | His original name was 'Amr.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 1; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 251.</ref> Born in [[Mecca]] and was the oldest child of [['Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 16; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 138; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 75.</ref> About his [[kunya]] there are different opinions: Abu Nadla,<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 64.</ref> Abu Zayd, and Abu Asad.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 80.</ref> | ||
He became famous and gained dignity after his father. He had a luminous face, and was the greatest man of Quraysh in the lineage and moral excellences. He was noble, bounteous, and hospitable, and his generosity was proverbial. | He became famous and gained dignity after his father.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 242.</ref> He had a luminous face,<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 3, p. 96.</ref> and was the greatest man of Quraysh in the lineage and moral excellences.<ref>Bāʿūnī, ''Jawāhir al-maṭālib'', vol. 1, p. 26.</ref> He was noble, bounteous, and hospitable, and his [[generosity]] was proverbial.<ref>Thaʿālibī, ''Thimār al-qulūb'', p. 609.</ref> | ||
He had four brothers: 'Abd Shams, [[Muttalib b. 'Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], Nawfal, and Abu 'Amr; and six sisters. His mother was 'Atika bt. Murra b. Hilal. | He had four brothers: 'Abd Shams, [[Muttalib b. 'Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], Nawfal, and Abu 'Amr; and six sisters. His mother was 'Atika bt. Murra b. Hilal.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 111-112; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 61.</ref> | ||
Hashim and his brother, 'Abd Shams, were conjoined in the time of birth, and they were separated with a blade, so some said that there will be discord between the children of the two ([[ | Hashim and his brother, 'Abd Shams, were conjoined in the time of birth, and they were separated with a blade, so some said that there will be discord between the children of the two.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 242.</ref>([[Umayyads]] are descendants of 'Abd Shams). | ||
The discord started when Umayya b. 'Abd Shams envied Hashim because of his fame and dignity. | The discord started when Umayya b. 'Abd Shams envied Hashim because of his fame and dignity.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 76.</ref> | ||
{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
== Epithets == | == Epithets == | ||
One year, there was a famine in [[Mecca]], he went to [[Syria]] (or [[Palestine]]) and brought a lot of bread on many camels, then he ordered to slaughter the camels and made a broth and he was crumbling the bread into the broth and giving it to people; so he became famous as "Hashim" (meaning the one who crumbles).<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 75; Ibn Ḥabīb, ''al-Munmiq'', p. 219; Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 2, p. 210.</ref> | |||
He was also known as the maker of the alliance of Quraysh,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 75; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 59; Thaʿālibī, ''Thimār al-qulūb'', p. 115-116.</ref> because he made alliances with the nearby tribes and kingdoms. | |||
He was also told "'Amr al-'Ula'" ('Amr the grand) because of his grand characteristics.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 76; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 210; Ḥalabī, ''al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīya'', vol. 1, p. 7.</ref> | |||
He was also told "'Amr al-'Ula'" ('Amr the grand) because of his grand characteristics. | |||
==Family== | ==Family== | ||
Hashim had several wives and from them he had four sons and five daughters.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 112-113; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 79-80.</ref> Names of his sons were: Shayba known as [['Abd al-Muttalib]], Asad, Abu Sayfi, and Nadla;<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 113.</ref>.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jumhurat ansāb al-ʿarab'', p. 14.</ref> and the names of daughters were: al-Shifa', Khalida, Ruqayya, Habiba,<ref>Ṣāliḥī Damishqī, ''Subul al-hudā'', vol. 1, p. 271.</ref> and Da'ifa.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 107.</ref> | |||
Hashim had several wives and from them he had four sons and five daughters. Names of his sons were: Shayba known as [['Abd al-Muttalib]], Asad, Abu Sayfi, and Nadla; and the names of daughters were: al-Shifa', Khalida, Ruqayya, Habiba, and Da'ifa. | |||
The [[Prophet (s)]] is from the descendants of 'Abd al-Muttalib; and [[Fatima bt. Asad|Fatima]], the mother of [[Imam Ali (a)]], is the daughter of Asad b. Hashim. | The [[Prophet (s)]] is from the descendants of 'Abd al-Muttalib; and [[Fatima bt. Asad|Fatima]], the mother of [[Imam Ali (a)]], is the daughter of Asad b. Hashim. | ||
His descendants are only from 'Abd al-Muttalib, although some children of Hashim had children but their offspring didn't continue. For Asad, there is only Fatima bt. Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (a), mentioned. | His descendants are only from 'Abd al-Muttalib,<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jumhurat ansāb al-ʿarab'', p. 14.</ref> although some children of Hashim had children but their offspring didn't continue. For Asad, there is only Fatima bt. Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (a), mentioned.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jumhurat ansāb al-ʿarab'', p. 14.</ref> | ||
==Positions and Activities== | ==Positions and Activities== | ||
===Feeding the Pilgrims=== | ===Feeding the Pilgrims=== | ||
After the demise of 'Abd Manaf, Hashim and his brothers quarreled with the sons of their uncle (Banu 'Abd al-Dar) over the positions of [[Ka'ba]]. Each group allied with different branches of Quraysh (see: [[Hilf al-Mutayyabin]]). At last, without any battle, the two sides made peace and Hashim gained the positions of "siqaya" (giving water to the pilgrims) and "rifada" (feeding the pilgrims). | After the demise of 'Abd Manaf, Hashim and his brothers quarreled with the sons of their uncle (Banu 'Abd al-Dar) over the positions of [[Ka'ba]]. Each group allied with different branches of Quraysh (see: [[Hilf al-Mutayyabin]]). At last, without any battle, the two sides made peace and Hashim gained the positions of "siqaya" (giving water to the pilgrims) and "rifada" (feeding the pilgrims). | ||
Hashim was very careful about his two responsibilities and the ceremony of [[hajj]]. Every year near the time of hajj he stood between [[Quraysh]] and invited Quraysh to regard the pilgrims and wanted them to feed the pilgrims in the period of hajj. Hashim expend a lot of wealth in the subject and other people of Quraysh paid their share to Hashim according to their budget. | Hashim was very careful about his two responsibilities and the ceremony of [[hajj]]. Every year near the time of hajj he stood between [[Quraysh]] and invited Quraysh to regard the pilgrims and wanted them to feed the pilgrims in the period of hajj. Hashim expend a lot of wealth in the subject and other people of Quraysh paid their share to Hashim according to their budget.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 143; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 60; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 242; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 209-211.</ref> | ||
In the period of hajj, he put watering places near Ka'ba and brought water to the pilgrims. He dug two wells in Mecca for people. | In the period of hajj, he put watering places near Ka'ba and brought water to the pilgrims. He dug two wells in Mecca for people. | ||
From the seventh of [[Dhu l-Hijja]] that the pilgrims return from [[Mina]], he fed the pilgrims in Mecca, Mina, [[Mash'ar al-Haram]], and [['Arafat]]. | From the seventh of [[Dhu l-Hijja]] that the pilgrims return from [[Mina]], he fed the pilgrims in Mecca, Mina, [[Mash'ar al-Haram]], and [['Arafat]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 78; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 242; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 210-211.</ref> | ||
He gilt the door of Ka'ba. | He gilt the door of Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 211.</ref> | ||
===Formation of Trade Agreements=== | ===Formation of Trade Agreements=== | ||
Hashim was the first to form the trade caravans of Quraysh in winter to [[Yemen]] and/or [[Abyssinia]], and in summer to [[Syria]]. Before it, the trade of Quraysh didn't exceed from Mecca, and Mecca was only a market for the non-Arab merchants. He was traveling for trade to Syria and Yemen, he formed the trade of Quraysh<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 75; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 242; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 143.</ref> and with his encouragement, Quraysh started to trade. | |||
He, in a letter to the ruler of Abyssinia, requested his permission for Quraysh to enter his territory for trade. Also he signed contracts with the tribes in the way of Mecca to Syria, so that the Quraysh caravan could pass their territories safely and in return the caravan of Quraysh would ship their goods for free.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 243; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 78.</ref> | |||
Hashim was the founder of the tradition that every merchant of Quraysh share his benefits with one of the poor of the tribe. With this manner, all of the poor became rich, so among the Arab tribes no tribe was as powerful and respectable as Quraysh.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Mafātīḥ al-ghayb'', vol. 32, p. 100; Haqqī, ''Tafsīr rūḥ al-bayān'', vol. 10, p. 519.</ref> | |||
Hashim was the | Hashim was the main element of greatness of [[Quraysh]] and they were very dependent to him; this was to the extent that after his demise they were afraid that other tribes will defeat them.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 244.</ref> | ||
==Demise== | |||
Hashim, in his last travel among 40 merchants of Quraysh to Syria, when reached [[Gaza]], became ill and demised. After his burial, his companions brought his belongings for his children.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 146-147; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 210; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 79.</ref> Most of the history sources didn't mention his age in the time of demise. | |||
Hashim, | Hashim, made his brother, [[Muttalib b. 'Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], as his successor; and [[Banu Hashim]] and [[Banu Muttalib]] were always united.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 79.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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* Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH-1936. | * Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH-1936. | ||
* Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: 1407 AH-1986. | * Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: 1407 AH-1986. | ||
* Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd | * Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. [n.p]. [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. Beirut: 1412 AH. | * Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. Beirut: 1412 AH. | ||
* Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munmiq fī akhbār Quraysh''. Beirut: 1405 AH-1985. | * Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munmiq fī akhbār Quraysh''. Beirut: 1405 AH-1985. | ||
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