Hajjat al-Wada': Difference between revisions

'''Ḥajjat al-Wadāʿ''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|حَجَّة الوَداع}}; meaning: farewell hajj) was the only [[hajj]] journey of the [[Prophet (s)]] after [[Hijra]] that occurred in [[10]]/632. After Hijra, the Prophet (s) went to [[Mecca]] for [['umra]] three times;<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1088</ref> but, according to historians and [[hadith]] scholars, he (s) only once attended hajj rituals and it was few months before he (s) passed away.<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1088-1089; al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 244</ref> Since, this hajj took place in the last year of his life, the Prophet (s) made farewell to people and it became known as Hajjat al-Wada' (Hajj of Farewell). According to [[Shi'a]] beliefs, on return from this hajj, the Prophet (s) publicly announced the [[imamate]] and guardianship of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] in [[Ghadir Khumm]], following the order of [[God]] and requested people's allegiance with Imam 'Ali (a); therefore, this hajj is very important for Shi'a.

Another name of this hajj is '''Hajjat al-Balagh''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|حَجَّة البَلاغ}}), since the [[al-Tabligh Verse]] was revealed to the Prophet (s) on return from that journey.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol. 4 p. 253; al-Mas'udi, ''Tanbih'', p. 275-276</ref> Another name of that hajj of the Prophet (s) is '''Hajjat al-Islam''',<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', vol. 2 p. 172; al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248</ref> since it is the only hajj of the Prophet (s) during the rule of [[Islam]] and its rituals were practiced according to [[Islamic law]].

According to a detailed [[hadith]] narrated by [[Mu'awiya b. 'Ammar]] from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], the [[Prophet (s)]] lived in [[Medina]] for ten years and did not go to [[hajj]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245-248</ref> When the verse "And proclaim the ḥajj to people:…" (22:27) was revealed to the Prophet (s), he (s) announced that he (s) would go to hajj that year. People of [[Medina]], villages and dessert gathered in Medina to accompany the Prophet (s) during hajj rituals. Four nights before the end of [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] [[10]]/632 the Prophet (s) moved from Medina to [[Mecca]].<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1089; al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib'', vol. 5 p. 454</ref>

In [[Sunni]] sources, it is mentioned that the Prophet (s) spent one night in [[Miqat of Dhu l-Hulayfa]] and then moved towards Mecca.<ref>al-Bukhari, ''Sahih'', vol. 2 p. 147; Abu Dawud, ''Sunan'', vol. 2 p. 375; al-Biyhaqqi, ''al-Sunan al-kubra'', vol. 7 p. 83</ref> However, according to the hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Prophet (s) put on [[ihram]] as soon as he (s) arrived in the miqat and did not stay there that night.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248-249</ref>

At the miqat, the Prophet (s) taught people the manners of wearing ihram. He (s) made [[ghusl]] (ritual bath) and then put on ihram for the [[hajj al-qiran]];<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245; Majlisi, ''Mir'at al-'uqul'', vol. 17 p. 111</ref> His ihram clothing was two pieces of Yemeni unsewed cotton that later on became his [[kafan]] (shroud);<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 339</ref> and moved on so that he (s) did his noon prayers in the [[al-Shajara Mosque]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248-249</ref>

Later, Muslims built some mosques at the places the Prophet (s) stayed or did prayers.<ref>Marjani, ''Bahjat al-nufus'', p. 280-290; Samhudi, ''Wafa' al-wafa'', vol. 3 p. 1001-1020</ref>

 

== Rituals ==

On [[Dhu l-Hijja 5]], the [[Prophet (s)]] and his [[Sahaba|Companion]]s entered [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] from the gate of [[Banu Shayba]],<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1097; al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 250</ref> went to the [[Ka'ba]] and touched [[al-Hajar al-Aswad]] (the black stone) and proceeded to circumambulation of the Ka'ba ([[tawaf]]).<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245</ref> The [[Prophet (s)]] riding a camel circumambulated the Ka'ba<ref>Wathiqi, ''Hajjat al-Wada' '', p. 106-110</ref> and finally once again touched al-Hajar al-Aswad,<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245</ref> kissed it and cried long near it.<ref>Ibn Maja, ''Sunan'', vol. 2 p. 982</ref> Then, he did two rak'as of prayer behind the [[Maqam Ibrahim (a)]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245, 249-250; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 887</ref>

After he (s) did the prayers, drank from the [[Zamzam Well]] and prayed and then went to [[Mount al-Safa]]<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 250</ref> and said that he (s) would begin [[sa'y]] from there since God mentioned it first.<ref>Qur'an 2:158; al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 245; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 888</ref> When he (s) arrived there, turned toward [[al-Rukn al-Yamani]] of the Ka'ba and long prayed to God<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246</ref> and jog-trotted part of the way.<ref>Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 888</ref> When he (s) arrived at [[Mount al-Marwa]], stopped and prayed.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246</ref> Apparently, he (s) rode the way.<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1099; Wathiqi, ''Hajjat al-Wada' '', p. 133-135</ref>

Upon the sunset of the [[Dhu l-Hijja 8|8th of Dhu l-Hijja]], the noble [[Prophet (s)]] and Muslims moved towards [[Mina]] and stayed there for the night and moved towards [['Arafat]] the next morning after the sunrise. When the caravan arrived in Namira (land of Urana) beside 'Arafat, stopped and the Prophet (s) and others erected tent there and the Prophet (s) made a speech there. Then he (s) went to 'Arafat and stayed there and prayed until the sunset.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246-247; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 889-890</ref>

According to a narration from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], [[Eid al-Ghadir]] (18 of Dhu l-Hijja) was Friday.<ref>al-Saduq, ''Khisal'', vol. 2, p. 394</ref> According to this narration, the day of staying in 'Arafat was Wednesday, 9th of [[Dhu l-Hijja]]; but according to [[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti|al-Suyuti]], the Sunni historian, the [[Second Caliph]] is said to have reported that staying in 'Arafat was made on [[Friday]].

=== Staying at al-Mash'ar ===

Upon the sunset, the [[Prophet (s)]] got on the camel and rode towards [[Muzdalifa]] (al-Mash'ar al-Haram)<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 247; al-Biyhaqqi, ''al-Sunan al-kubra'', vol. 7 p. 260; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 890-891</ref> and advised Muslims that slowly pass the way.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 247; al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib'', vol. 5 p. 187</ref> The Prophet (s) did his [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]] and [['Isha' Prayer|'Isha']] prayers together in al-Mash'ar al-Haram<ref>al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib'', vol. 5 p. 188</ref> and made a rest. At the down, he prayed and supplicated before [[God]], which is so much recommended in [[hajj]].<ref>Wathiqi, ''Hajjat al-Wada' '', p. 211-216</ref>

Upon the sunrise, he (s) went towards [[Mina]] and straightly to [[al-Jamara al-'Aqaba]] and threw seven stones at it.<ref>Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 891-892; Qadi al-Nu'man, ''Da'a'im al-Islam'', vol. 1 p. 322-323; al-Nuri, ''Mustadrak'', vol. 10 p. 67</ref>

He (s) then went to place of sacrifice and from a hundred camels he (s) had brought with himself from [[Medina]],<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248</ref> he (s) gave thirty some camels to [['Ali (a)]] to sacrifice for himself and he (s) sacrificed the other sixty some camels. They ate little from what they sacrificed and gave the rest for charity.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 247; al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib'', vol. 5 p. 227; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 892</ref>

Then, Mu'ammar b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Haratha (or al-Haritha) shaved the hair of the Prophet's (s) head following his order<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 250; al-Tusi, ''Tahdhib'', vol. 5 p. 458</ref> and after the [[Prophet (s)]] did his personal obligations and answered some of people's questions regarding [[hajj]] rituals,<ref>Qadi al-Nu'man, ''Da'a'im al-islam'', vol. 1 p. 330 </ref> he (s) went to [[Mecca]], circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] and did [[noon prayer]] in [[al-Masjid al-Haram]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 892</ref> He (s) then returned to [[Mina]] and spend 3 days of [[al-Tashriq days]] there, did [[Ramy al-Jamara]] and exited Mina.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 248</ref>

At the end of Sa'y, the Prophet (s) taught Muslims the rituals of [[hajj al-tamattu']] which includes the ritual for umra and hajj. Until then, people only knew [[hajj al-ifrad]] and [[hajj al-qiran|qiran]] and considered doing umra during the special time of hajj [Dhu l-Hijja] inappropriate and wrong, therefore some Muslims accepted this new rule unwillingly.<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 888-889</ref>

* Since his entering to [[Mecca]] until [[Dhu l-Hijja 8|8th of Dhu l-Hijja]], the [[Prophet (s)]] did not stay in any house but in a tent outside [[Mecca]] in [[Abtah]] (Batha').<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1099; Al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246</ref>

* In this journey, the Prophet (s) covered the [[Ka'ba]] with clothes woven in [[Yemen]].<ref>al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 3 p. 1100; al-Mas'udi, ''Tanbih'', p. 276; al-Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makka'', vol. 1 p. 253; al-Fasi, ''Shifa' al-gharam'', vol. 1 p. 230</ref>

* The Prophet (s) advised the people of Mecca and its neighbors to leave [[al-Mataf]], [[al-Hajar al-Aswad]], [[Maqam Ibrahim (a)]] and the first line of congregational prayer to the pilgrims of [[hajj]] from [[10th of Dhu l-Qa'da|Dhu l-Qa'da 10]].<ref>Muttaqi, ''Kanz al-'ummal'', vol. 3 p. 22</ref>

* He (s) gave food to hajj pilgrims like his ancestors.<ref>Ibn Fahd, ''Ithaf al-wara'', vol. 1 p. 567</ref>

* A short speech is narrated from the Prophet (s) made in the [[al-Khayf Mosque]] in [[Mina]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 1 p. 403-404; al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol. 2 p. 102; Ibn Maja, ''Sunan'', vol. 1 p. 84-85</ref>

* [['Ali (a)]] who had come with a group of people from [[Yemen]], joined the Prophet (s) in [[Mecca]].<ref>al-Kulayni, ''al-Kafi'', vol. 4 p. 246; Muslim, ''Sahih'', vol. 1 p. 888</ref>

* The announcement of [[wilaya]] [guardianship] of 'Ali (a) in [[Ghadir Khumm]] in the way back from this journey and securing allegiance of the Companions also took place in this journey.

== Anouncement of Wilaya ==

[[File:غدیر خم فرشچیان.jpeg|thumbnail|250px|"Ghadir" painted by [[Mahmud Farshchiyan]]]]  

On [[18th of Dhu l-Hijja]], the caravan of the [[Prophet (s)]] arrived in [[Ghadir Khumm]] near [[Juhfa]]. There, following the order from [[God]],<ref>Qur'an 5:67</ref> the Prophet (s) appointed [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] as his successor.<ref>Ibn al-Maghazili, ''Manaqib'', p. 16-18; al-Amini, ''al-Ghadir'', vol. 1 p. 508-541</ref> Afterward, the caravan moved towards [[Medina]] and apparently arrived there on [[24th of Dhu l-Hijja]].<ref>Wathiqi, ''Hajjat al-Wada' '', p. 335</ref> Last days of Dhu l-Hijja, the Prophet (s) was in Medina.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol. 4 p. 253</ref>

 

== Number of Hajj Pilgrims ==

The prevalent statement in the sources is that forty thousands people were present in Mecca during Hajjat al-Wada'. There are also other statements, like 70,000, 90,000, 100,000, 114,000, 120,000 and at most 130,000 people. But it seems that these numbers are exaggerated and not more than 50,000 people were present. Considering that most reports mentions that 40,000 were in Mecca in that time, it seems that this number is more acceptable.

* [[Al-Ikmal Verse]]

* [[Al-Tabligh Verse]]

* Qadi al-Nu'man b. Muhammad, ''Da'a'im al-islam''. Cairo: Asif b. 'Ali Asghar Faydi, 1963-1965

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