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Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a): Difference between revisions
Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) (view source)
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Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, 'Umawiyyun, then 'Abbasiyun and also political and religious-political groups falsified this document, and any other document in favor of themselves as much as possible. Thus, to apprise this issue, we need to disregard the outer analogies. | Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, 'Umawiyyun, then 'Abbasiyun and also political and religious-political groups falsified this document, and any other document in favor of themselves as much as possible. Thus, to apprise this issue, we need to disregard the outer analogies. | ||
Tabari states: "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he had sent his provisions to Mu'awiya in advance, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." Ibn Athir has brought this story as well. | Tabari states: "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he had sent his provisions to Mu'awiya in advance, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." [[Ibn Athir]] has brought this story as well. | ||
Shahidi has written: "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to 'Umawi age, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. 'Ali's life know he, regardless of his position as Imam in which shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a merchandise, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is mostly probable that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting." | [[Shahidi]] has written: "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to 'Umawi age, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. 'Ali's life know he, regardless of his position as Imam in which shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a merchandise, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is mostly probable that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting." | ||
"More surprising is that what Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality." Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes about Tabari's remark. | "More surprising is that what Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality." Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes about Tabari's remark. | ||
Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would grant to him | Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would grant to him five billion dirhams from Kufa treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]) and the tax of [[Darabgard]] in [[Fars]], and prohibit people from insulting Imam 'Ali (a) on pulpits. Mu'awiya did not accept the last condition. Therefore, it was determined not to insult Imam 'Ali (a) just in front of Imam Hasan (a); however, Basra people confiscated the tax of Darabgard. They stated this is our [[fay']] (means the property or money obtained by Muslims through a war without bloodshed). | ||
"These credulous historians have failed to heed that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why Tabari has not mentioned the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?" states Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi in analyzing these historical narrations. | "These credulous historians have failed to heed that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why Tabari has not mentioned the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?" states Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi in analyzing these historical narrations. | ||
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=== The Content of the Peace Treaty === | === The Content of the Peace Treaty === | ||
There are some other documents revealing the reality, representing the fact that the historians belonging to 'Umawi and 'Abbasi era have falsified any event which was in favor of prophet's family. | There are some other documents revealing the reality, representing the fact that the historians belonging to 'Umawi and 'Abbasi era have falsified any event which was in favor of prophet's family. [[Baladhuri]]'s remark, which is earlier, sounds more authentic than Tabari's. | ||
Baladhuri writes: "Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Hasan (a) so that he would write in it whatever he wishes. Thus, he wrote: | |||
This is the peace treaty between Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that: | This is the peace treaty between Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that: | ||
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Imam al-Hasan (a): If I did not establish peace, no one of our shi'a would remain on earth, and they would kill all of them. | Imam al-Hasan (a): If I did not establish peace, no one of our shi'a would remain on earth, and they would kill all of them. | ||
# He would act according to God's book and prophet's | # He would act according to God's book and prophet's [[sunna]], and the method of good caliphs. | ||
# He would not determine anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims. | # He would not determine anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims. | ||
# People everywhere should feel safe about their lives, their properties, and their offspring. | # People everywhere should feel safe about their lives, their properties, and their offspring. | ||
# Mu'awiya should not hold any riot against Hasan or frighten any of his friends. | # Mu'awiya should not hold any riot against Hasan or frighten any of his friends. | ||
[[Abd Allah b. Harith]] and [[Amr b. Salama]] are witnesses to this treaty. | |||
Ibn | [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] also has brought the peace treaty: | ||
This is a peace treaty between Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that: | This is a peace treaty between Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that: | ||
# He would act based on God's book, | # He would act based on God's book, sunna, and method ([[sira]]) of [[rashidun]] (guided) caliphs. | ||
# He does not have the right to determine a successor after him. This should be dealt with Muslims' council. | # He does not have the right to determine a successor after him. This should be dealt with Muslims' council. | ||
# People in any land, Sham, Hijaz, or Yemen would be secure. | # People in any land, Sham, Hijaz, or [[Yemen]] would be secure. | ||
# Ali's friends and followers, wherever they are, should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring. | # Ali's friends and followers, wherever they are, should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring. | ||
# Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan should promise God not to hold any riot against Hasan b. 'Ali, or his brother, or anyone from prophet's family, openly or secretly, and not to frighten anyone of them in any spot. | # Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan should promise God not to hold any riot against Hasan b. 'Ali, or his brother, or anyone from prophet's family, openly or secretly, and not to frighten anyone of them in any spot. | ||
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=== The Place and Time of Peace Treaty === | === The Place and Time of Peace Treaty === | ||
The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of Sham people. Baqir Sharif Qurashi states in Hayat al-Hasan | The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of Sham people. [[Baqir Sharif Qurashi]] states in ''[[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]]'' : There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be on [[Rabi' al-awwal 1|the first of Rabi' al-Awwal]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' al-thani]], or [[Jamada l-'Ula]]. | ||
== Opponents of Peace == | == Opponents of Peace == | ||
Hujr b. Adi, Adi b. Hatam, | [[Hujr b. Adi]], [[Adi b. Hatam]], [[Musayyib b. Najba]], [[Malik b. Dumra]], [[Sufyan b. Abi Layla]], [[Bashir Hamidani]], [[Sulayman b. Surad]], [[Abd Allah b. Zubayr]], [[Abu Sa'id]], and [[Qays b. Sa'd]] were Imam al-Hasan's friends who were disagreed with the peace. Their conversations with Imam al-Hasan (a) are mentioned in history books. | ||
== The Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace == | == The Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace == | ||
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=== Protection of His Shi'a and His Life === | === Protection of His Shi'a and His Life === | ||
The special shi'a of Imam 'Ali (a) were mostly martyrs in Jamal, | The special shi'a of Imam 'Ali (a) were mostly martyrs in [[the Battle of Jamal]], [[the Battle of Siffin]], and [[the Battle of Nahrawan]]. Just a few number of them remained. In case of war, regarding Iraq people's negligence, Imam al-Hasan (a) and his shi'as would undergo irreparable losses. [[Abi Sa'id 'Aqisa]] narrates: "I visited Imam al-Hasan (a) and said: You son of the prophet! Why did you accept peace with cruel astray Mu'awiya despite the fact that you had learned you were right? He replied: If I did not do so, no one of our followers would remain on earth and they all would be killed." | ||
Imam al-Hasan (a) replied to the one who addressed him as the humiliator of pious men: | Imam al-Hasan (a) replied to the one who addressed him as the humiliator of pious men: | ||
I am not the humiliator of pious men, rather I've risen their honor. Since when I realized you (shi'as) did not have the power to resist and confront Sham army, I handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya in order to save our lives. Just as the tactful person who establishes a defect in a ship to save its owners' and passengers' lives (pointing to the Quranic story of Moses and Khidr in Kahf | I am not the humiliator of pious men, rather I've risen their honor. Since when I realized you (shi'as) did not have the power to resist and confront Sham army, I handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya in order to save our lives. Just as the tactful person who establishes a defect in a ship to save its owners' and passengers' lives (pointing to the Quranic story of [[Moses (a)]] and [[Khidr (a)]] in [[sura al-Kahf]]). Our story is similar to this. This is because we could remain among our enemies and opponents. | ||
He states in another hadith: "I took oath to God that what I did is better and more beneficial for my shi'as than sunset and sunrise." It is also narrated that after peace, Hujr b. Adi came to Imam al-Hasan, protesting and said: You humiliated the pious men. Imam al-Hasan (a) replied: "It is not like all the people demand what you wish, or think as you do. What I did was just for your protection and survival." | He states in another hadith: "I took oath to God that what I did is better and more beneficial for my shi'as than sunset and sunrise." It is also narrated that after peace, Hujr b. Adi came to Imam al-Hasan, protesting and said: You humiliated the pious men. Imam al-Hasan (a) replied: "It is not like all the people demand what you wish, or think as you do. What I did was just for your protection and survival." | ||