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Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a): Difference between revisions
Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) (view source)
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{{infobox | |||
| bodyclass = vcard | |||
| bodystyle = border-radius: 5px;background-color:#dbf2cf | |||
| labelstyle = background-color:#a9d791; padding-left:5px; vertical-align:middle; | |||
| above = Hasan b. 'Ali<br /> <small>[[List of Imams|2nd]] [[Shi'a]] [[Imam]]</small>{{-}}<small>5th [[Caliph]] of [[Rashidun Caliphate]]</small>{{-}}al-Mujtaba | |||
| image = [[file:Jannat al-Baqi'.JPG|280px|frameless|center]] | |||
|caption= [[Jannat al-Baqi']], grave of Imam al-Hasan (a) | |||
| header2 = | |||
| header3 = | |||
|label4= Imamte | |||
|data4= 661 - 670 | |||
|label5= Reign | |||
|data5= 661 – 661 (6 Months) | |||
|label6= Born | |||
|data6= {{Birth date|625|3|4|df=yes}}<br> ([[Ramadan 15]], 3 [[Hijri year|AH]]) | |||
|label7= Birthplace | |||
|data7= [[Medina]] | |||
|label8= Died | |||
|data8= {{Death date and age|670|3|30|625|3|4|df=yes}} <br> ([[Safar 28]], 50 AH) | |||
|label9= Deathplace | |||
|data9= [[Medina]], [[Arabia]] | |||
|label10 = Cause of Death | |||
|data10 = death by poisoning | |||
|label11= Place of Burial | |||
|data11= [[Jannat al-Baqi']], [[Arabia]], {{Coord|24|28|1|N|39|36|50.21|E|type:landmark|display=inline}} | |||
|label12 = Predecessor | |||
|data12 = [['Ali b. Abi Talib]] | |||
|label12 = Successor | |||
|data12 = [[Husayn b. 'Ali]] | |||
|label13 = Father | |||
|data13 = [['Ali b. Abi Talib]] | |||
|label14= Mother | |||
|data14= [[Fatima]] | |||
|label15= Brother(s) | |||
|data15= [[Husayn b. 'Ali (a)|Husayn]], [['Abbas b. 'Ali (a)|'Abbas]], [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya|Muhammad]],... | |||
|label16= Sister(s) | |||
|data16= | |||
|label17= Spouse(s) | |||
|data17= Khawla, Umm Bashir, Umm Ishaq, [[Ja'da bt. Ash'ath b. Qays|Ja'da]] | |||
|label18= Son(s) | |||
|data18= [[Qasim b. Hasan|Qasim]], Zayd, 'Abd Allah, Talha, [[al-Hasan al-Muthana|Hasan]], ... | |||
|label19= Daughter(s) | |||
|data19= [[Fatima bt. al-Hasan|Fatima]],... | |||
|label20= | |||
|data20= | |||
|label21= Other Titles | |||
|data21= al-Mujtaba <small>(the chosen)</small>,<br> Sibt <small>(grandson)</small>,<br> Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna <small>(master of the youth of paradise)</small>,<br> al-Zaki <small>(the pure)</small>,<br> at-Taqi <small>(the pious)</small>,<br> al-Sayyid <small>(the master)</small> | |||
|below = <center>'''The Twelve Imams'''<br>[['Ali]], [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|al-Hasan]], [[Imam Husayn (a)|al-Husayn]], [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)|al-Sajjad]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)|al-Baqir]], [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)|al-Sadiq]], [[Imam al-Kazim (a)|al-Kazim]], [[Imam al-Rida (a)|al-Rida]], [[Imam al-Jawad (a)|al-Jawad]], [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|al-Hadi]], [[Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)|al-'Askari]], [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|al-Mahdi]]</center> | |||
}} | |||
'''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: صلح الإمام الحسن عليه السلام) refers to a peace treaty between Imam [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mua'wiya]] (Abu Sufyan's offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[shi'as]], and the hazard of [[khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for Bani 'Umayya." | '''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: صلح الإمام الحسن عليه السلام) refers to a peace treaty between Imam [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mua'wiya]] (Abu Sufyan's offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[shi'as]], and the hazard of [[khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for Bani 'Umayya." | ||
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Qays became ready to go to Sham. Meanwhile, Imam Hasan (a) went to [[Mada'in]]. But, almost every day, the camp could not live without new incidents since its establishment. In one incident, it was said that Qays had been killed. After this rumor was spread, uproar broke out. The soldiers attacked their Imam's tent and took whatever existed in there with them. They even took the rug on which their Imam sat. | Qays became ready to go to Sham. Meanwhile, Imam Hasan (a) went to [[Mada'in]]. But, almost every day, the camp could not live without new incidents since its establishment. In one incident, it was said that Qays had been killed. After this rumor was spread, uproar broke out. The soldiers attacked their Imam's tent and took whatever existed in there with them. They even took the rug on which their Imam sat. | ||
They cut their (Imam’s) thigh with a hack when he was trying to escape to find a shelter amid the attacks on his tent. According to [[Muhammad b. Jarir Tabari]], when Imam al-Hasan (a)'s tent was plundered, he went to Sa'd b. Mas'ud Thaqafi ([[Mukhtar]]'s uncle). Sa'd had been elected as the ruler of Mada'in by Imam (a). Mukhtar, who was young at that time, asked Sa'd: | They cut their (Imam’s) thigh with a hack when he was trying to escape to find a shelter amid the attacks on his tent. According to [[Muhammad b. Jarir b. Rustam al-Tabari|Muhammad b. Jarir Tabari]], when Imam al-Hasan (a)'s tent was plundered, he went to Sa'd b. Mas'ud Thaqafi ([[Mukhtar]]'s uncle). Sa'd had been elected as the ruler of Mada'in by Imam (a). Mukhtar, who was young at that time, asked Sa'd: | ||
:- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor? | :- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor? | ||
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:- God damn you! What an evil man you are! How could I hand son of prophet's daughter to his enemy? | :- God damn you! What an evil man you are! How could I hand son of prophet's daughter to his enemy? | ||
[[Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] is the one who took the leadership of [[Uprising of Mukhtar|shi'a’s uprising]] against 'Umawiyyun 25 years later. Perhaps | [[Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] is the one who took the leadership of [[Uprising of Mukhtar|shi'a’s uprising]] against 'Umawiyyun 25 years later. Perhaps 'Abd Allah b. Zubayr's supporters had made up these stories to accuse Mukhtar, however, it is also possible to be an authentic one. Anyhow, fact says that there was a group of people in Kufa who prioritized their personal benefit to Muslim's goodness. This is a reality behind every revolution or movement. | ||
Imam al-Hasan (a) thought resistance is pointless due to the disobedience and rebelliousness of the people claiming to be his friends. He was certain, that in case of resistance, his army (if there was any army) would run away before passing Mada'in, and would even make Mukhtar's thought practical and hand him to Mu'awiya. Ultimately, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to sign a peace treaty with Mu'awiya. | Imam al-Hasan (a) thought resistance is pointless due to the disobedience and rebelliousness of the people claiming to be his friends. He was certain, that in case of resistance, his army (if there was any army) would run away before passing Mada'in, and would even make Mukhtar's thought practical and hand him to Mu'awiya. Ultimately, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to sign a peace treaty with Mu'awiya. | ||
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=== Place and Time of Peace Treaty === | === Place and Time of Peace Treaty === | ||
The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Sham. [[Baqir Sharif Qurashi]] in [[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]] writes : “ There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be on [[Rabi' al-awwal 1|the first of Rabi' al-Awwal]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' al-thani]], or [[Jamada l-'Ula]]. | The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Sham. [[Baqir Sharif Qurashi]] in ''[[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]]'' writes : “ There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be on [[Rabi' al-awwal 1|the first of Rabi' al-Awwal]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' al-thani]], or [[Jamada l-'Ula]]. | ||
== Opponents of Peace == | == Opponents of Peace == | ||
[[Hujr b. Adi]], [[Adi b. Hatam]], [[Musayyib b. Najba]], [[Malik b. Dumra]], [[Sufyan b. Abi Layla]], [[Bashir Hamidani]], [[Sulayman b. Surad]], [[Abd Allah b. Zubayr]], [[Abu Sa'id]], and [[Qays b. Sa'd]] were Imam al-Hasan's friends who disagreed with the peace. Their conversations with Imam al-Hasan (a) are mentioned in history books. | [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], [[Adi b. Hatam]], [[Musayyib b. Najba]], [[Malik b. Dumra]], [[Sufyan b. Abi Layla]], [[Bashir Hamidani]], [[Sulayman b. Surad]], [[Abd Allah b. Zubayr]], [[Abu Sa'id]], and [[Qays b. Sa'd]] were Imam al-Hasan's friends who disagreed with the peace. Their conversations with Imam al-Hasan (a) are mentioned in history books. | ||
== Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace == | == Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace == | ||
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*His Excellency says in another hadith: | *His Excellency says in another hadith: | ||
:"I swear to God that what I did is better and more beneficial for my shi'as than sunset and sunrise." | :"I swear to God that what I did is better and more beneficial for my shi'as than sunset and sunrise." | ||
*It is also narrated that after peace, Hujr b. Adi came to Imam al-Hasan, protesting by saying: You humiliated the pious men. Imam al-Hasan (a) replied: | *It is also narrated that after peace, Hujr b. 'Adi came to Imam al-Hasan, protesting by saying: You humiliated the pious men. Imam al-Hasan (a) replied: | ||
:"It is not like this that all the people want what you wish, or think as you do. What I did was just for your protection and survival and no more." | :"It is not like this that all the people want what you wish, or think as you do. What I did was just for your protection and survival and no more." | ||
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To evaluate people's readiness to fight, Imam al-Hasan (a) told them: "If you are ready to take arms against Mu'awiya, we will reject the peace and will take his life; however, if you would like to stay put, we will accept the peace and will demand safety for you." At this point, people repeated vehemently the phrase "al-baqiyyah, al-baqiyya" (which means staying still), signing the peace treaty. | To evaluate people's readiness to fight, Imam al-Hasan (a) told them: "If you are ready to take arms against Mu'awiya, we will reject the peace and will take his life; however, if you would like to stay put, we will accept the peace and will demand safety for you." At this point, people repeated vehemently the phrase "al-baqiyyah, al-baqiyya" (which means staying still), signing the peace treaty. | ||
*[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] states in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' that: | *[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] states in ''[[Al-Irshad fi ma'rifat hujaj Allah 'ala al-'ibad|al-Irshad]]'' that: | ||
:"It became obvious for Imam al-Hasan (a) that people had abandoned him. [[Khawarij]] insulted him, regarded him a [[kafir]], were suspicious of him, thought it was [[mubah]] to take his life, and plundered his properties. Apart from these people, no one was Imam's supporter who would be free from negative thoughts towards him. It was not except from some of his relatives, either they were his father's shi'a or his, a few who could not confront the large army of Sham". | :"It became obvious for Imam al-Hasan (a) that people had abandoned him. [[Khawarij]] insulted him, regarded him a [[kafir]], were suspicious of him, thought it was [[mubah]] to take his life, and plundered his properties. Apart from these people, no one was Imam's supporter who would be free from negative thoughts towards him. It was not except from some of his relatives, either they were his father's shi'a or his, a few who could not confront the large army of Sham". | ||
*[[Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali]] states: | *[[Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali]] states: | ||
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=== Tired of Fighting === | === Tired of Fighting === | ||
Due to 40 years of fighting in different wars, there had not remained any spirit of fighting among Muslims except for a handful of pure shi'as and brave youths. After establishing Islamic government, Muslims participated in [[ghazwa]] and [[ | Due to 40 years of fighting in different wars, there had not remained any spirit of fighting among Muslims except for a handful of pure shi'as and brave youths. After establishing Islamic government, Muslims participated in [[ghazwa]] and [[sariyya]] at prophet's presence. Then they had to fight with soldiers of Rome, [[Iran]], and some neighboring nations of [[Jazirat al-Arab]] during the caliphate of the three caliphs. And after that, they suffered from three great civil wars imposed on the then ruler, Imam Ali (a): | ||
{{col-begin|3}} | {{col-begin|3}} | ||
#[[The Battle of Jamal]] | #[[The Battle of Jamal]] | ||
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#[[The Battle of Nahrawan]] | #[[The Battle of Nahrawan]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
Considering all these factors, a few volunteered to take part in war when Imam al-Hasan (a) and his close friends such as [[Hujr b. Adi]] and [[Qays b. Sa'd Ansari]] invited people to unite against Mu'awiya. | Considering all these factors, a few volunteered to take part in war when Imam al-Hasan (a) and his close friends such as [[Hujr b. 'Adi]] and [[Qays b. Sa'd Ansari]] invited people to unite against Mu'awiya. | ||
Imam al-Hasan (a) told the people who had pledged allegiance to him and promised to give him a hand in fighting against Mu'awiya that: | Imam al-Hasan (a) told the people who had pledged allegiance to him and promised to give him a hand in fighting against Mu'awiya that: | ||
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:"I saw you have been slow towards war ([[jihad]]), and I do not enforce you to do something you are unwilling to do." | :"I saw you have been slow towards war ([[jihad]]), and I do not enforce you to do something you are unwilling to do." | ||
=== | === Threat of Khawarij === | ||
*Abu Bakr Muhammad b. | *Abu Bakr Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. Arabi, the author of ''[[Ahkam al-Qur'an]]'' says: | ||
:"One of the main reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted peace was that he was aware that khawarij had surrounded him. So, if he kept on fighting with Mu'awiya, khawarij would take the control of Islamic lands. On the other hand, if he fought with khawarij, Mu'awiya (indulged in the fantasy of domination) would take over the Islamic regions under Imam Hasan (a)'s control." | :"One of the main reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted peace was that he was aware that khawarij had surrounded him. So, if he kept on fighting with Mu'awiya, khawarij would take the control of Islamic lands. On the other hand, if he fought with khawarij, Mu'awiya (indulged in the fantasy of domination) would take over the Islamic regions under Imam Hasan (a)'s control." | ||
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After that, some groups of people in the mosque said: “Amen, Amen” | After that, some groups of people in the mosque said: “Amen, Amen” | ||
*Second stipulation: | *Second stipulation: | ||
:Although Imam al-Hasan (a) was under his friends' pressure for the first clause of the treaty, he remained loyal to his promise, but if he wanted, he was free to alter or transform his provisions. Because caliphate was conditional, yet Mu'awiya was not loyal to any of the provisions he was provided to fulfill. Ilhaq zina ila al-nasab (means when a woman gets pregnant by adultery, and the baby is regarded as his husband's offspring. So, the orders and principles between a father and an offspring come true in this situation. It is against Islamic ahkam), saying [[Friday Prayer]] on Wednesday, suspending divine limits, declaring [[riba]] as jayiz, announcing [[adhan]] for Eid prayer, making [[khutba]] before Eid prayer, declaring the obligation of paying [[zakat]] for gifts, debauchery and impudence, and forging [[hadiths]] were Mu'awiya's innovatory traditions (a regime of religious heresy) which was completely against [[sunna]] of [[ | :Although Imam al-Hasan (a) was under his friends' pressure for the first clause of the treaty, he remained loyal to his promise, but if he wanted, he was free to alter or transform his provisions. Because caliphate was conditional, yet Mu'awiya was not loyal to any of the provisions he was provided to fulfill. Ilhaq zina ila al-nasab (means when a woman gets pregnant by adultery, and the baby is regarded as his husband's offspring. So, the orders and principles between a father and an offspring come true in this situation. It is against Islamic ahkam), saying [[Friday Prayer]] on Wednesday, suspending divine limits, declaring [[riba]] as jayiz, announcing [[adhan]] for Eid prayer, making [[khutba]] before Eid prayer, declaring the obligation of paying [[zakat]] for gifts, debauchery and impudence, and forging [[hadiths]] were Mu'awiya's innovatory traditions (a regime of religious heresy) which was completely against [[sunna]] of the [[holy Prophet (s)]]. Mu'awiya violated the second clause of the treaty by passing his son [[Yazid]] as his successor. | ||
*Third stipulation: | *Third stipulation: | ||
:Mu'awiya always thought that his government would be stronger by insulting Imam 'Ali (a), so he violated the third clause as well. His people insisted so much on this odious action that regarded it as a part of Friday Prayer and anyone refusing to do it would have been thrown away from his position. | :Mu'awiya always thought that his government would be stronger by insulting Imam 'Ali (a), so he violated the third clause as well. His people insisted so much on this odious action that regarded it as a part of Friday Prayer and anyone refusing to do it would have been thrown away from his position. | ||
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[[Category:Imam al-Hasan (a)]] | [[Category:Imam al-Hasan (a)]] | ||