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Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a): Difference between revisions
Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) (view source)
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|title = Excerpt from Ziyarah of Imam Al-hasan | |title = Excerpt from Ziyarah of Imam Al-hasan | ||
|quote = | |quote = | ||
...Peace be upon you: O the choicest people. Peace be upon you: O the Household of Allah's Messenger. Peace be upon you: O the people of confidence. I bear witness that you did convey, offer advice,endure for the sake of Allah, and forgive when you were belied and maltreated. I also bear witness that you are the orthodox, the well-guided Imams,and that the obedience to you is obligatory,and that your words are true,and that you called (to Allah) but you were not answered, and that you enjoined (the right) but you were not obeyed,and that you are the supports of the religion and the poses of the earth. You were always under the sight of Allah Who moved you from the loins of purified men to the wombs of purified women.The benighted ignorance could not stain you and the whimsical sedition could not attract you. Pleased be you as your origin has been pleasant... | ...Peace be upon you: O the choicest people. Peace be upon you: O the Household of Allah's Messenger. Peace be upon you: O the people of confidence. I bear witness that you did convey, offer advice, endure for the sake of Allah, and forgive when you were belied and maltreated. I also bear witness that you are the orthodox, the well-guided Imams, and that the obedience to you is obligatory, and that your words are true, and that you called (to Allah) but you were not answered, and that you enjoined (the right) but you were not obeyed, and that you are the supports of the religion and the poses of the earth. You were always under the sight of Allah Who moved you from the loins of purified men to the wombs of purified women. The benighted ignorance could not stain you and the whimsical sedition could not attract you. Pleased be you as your origin has been pleasant... | ||
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=== History === | === History === | ||
Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, Umayyads, then | Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, [[Umayyads]], then [[Abbasids]] and also political and religious-political groups falsified this document, and any other document in favor of themselves as much as possible. Thus, to analyze this issue at present, we must not disregard other analogies. | ||
Al-Tabari quotes, "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he (Imam) had written his conditions and sent it to Mu'awiya, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." [[Ibn Athir]] has brought this story as well." | Al-Tabari quotes, "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he (Imam) had written his conditions and sent it to Mu'awiya, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." [[Ibn Athir]] has brought this story as well." | ||
[[Shahidi]] writes, "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to Banu 'Umayya, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. 'Ali's life, know that he, regardless of his position as Imam in which Shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity codes. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a commodity, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of the blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is likely that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting. More surprisingly, what Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality." | [[Shahidi]] writes, "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to Banu 'Umayya, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. 'Ali's life, know that he, regardless of his position as Imam in which Shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity codes. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a commodity, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of the blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is likely that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting. More surprisingly, what al-Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality." | ||
Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would give him five billion dirhams from Kufa treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]) and the tax of [[Darabgard]] in [[Fars]], and prohibit people from insulting Imam 'Ali (a) on pulpits. Mu'awiya did not accept the last condition though. Therefore, it was determined not to insult Imam 'Ali (a) just in front of Imam al-Hasan (a), however, Basra people confiscated the tax of Darabgard. They stated this is our [[fay']] (meaning the property or money obtained by Muslims through a war without bloodshed). | Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would give him five billion dirhams from Kufa treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]) and the tax of [[Darabgard]] in [[Fars]], and prohibit people from insulting Imam 'Ali (a) on pulpits. Mu'awiya did not accept the last condition though. Therefore, it was determined not to insult Imam 'Ali (a) just in front of Imam al-Hasan (a), however, Basra people confiscated the tax of Darabgard. They stated this is our [[fay']] (meaning the property or money obtained by Muslims through a war without bloodshed). | ||
In analyzing these historical outlooks, Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes, "These credulous historians have failed to observe that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why Tabari has not referred to the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?" | In analyzing these historical outlooks, Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes, "These credulous historians have failed to observe that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why al-Tabari has not referred to the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?" | ||
=== Content === | === Content === | ||
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Al-Baladhuri writes, "Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to al-Hasan (a) so that he would write in it whatever he wishes. Thus, he wrote: This is the peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that: | Al-Baladhuri writes, "Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to al-Hasan (a) so that he would write in it whatever he wishes. Thus, he wrote: This is the peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that: | ||
* He (Mu'awiya) would act according to God's book and prophet's [[sunna]], and the method of | * He (Mu'awiya) would act according to God's book and prophet's [[sunna]], and the method of four first caliphs. | ||
* He would not pass anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims. | * He would not pass anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims. | ||
* People living everywhere should feel safe about their lives, their properties, and their offspring. | * People living everywhere should feel safe about their lives, their properties, and their offspring. | ||
* Mu'awiya should not conspire any riots against Hasan or threaten any of his friends. | * Mu'awiya should not conspire any riots against al-Hasan or threaten any of his friends. | ||
[[Abd Allah b. al-Harith]] and [['Amr b. Salama]] are witnesses to this treaty. | [['Abd Allah b. al-Harith]] and [['Amr b. Salama]] are witnesses to this treaty. | ||
[[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] has remarked on the peace treaty as well. He writes, "This is a peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Al-Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that: | [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] has remarked on the peace treaty as well. He writes, "This is a peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Al-Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that: | ||
* He would act based on God's book, sunna, and method ([[sira]]) of [[ | * He would act based on God's book, sunna, and method ([[sira]]) of [[Rashidun Caliphs]]. | ||
* He does not have the right to pass a successor after his death. This should be dealt in Muslims' council. | * He does not have the right to pass a successor after his death. This should be dealt in Muslims' council. | ||
* People in any land, Syria, Hijaz, or [[Yemen]] would be secure. | * People in any land, Syria, Hijaz, or [[Yemen]] would be secure. | ||
* Ali's friends and followers should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring wherever they reside. | * Ali's friends and followers should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring wherever they reside. | ||
* Mu'awiya b. | * Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan undertakes God's commitment not to hold any riot against al-Hasan b. 'Ali, or his brother, or anyone from prophet's family, openly or secretly, and not to threaten anyone of them in any spot. | ||
Such and such a person are witnesses to this treaty, and Allah is sufficient as a witness." | Such and such a person are witnesses to this treaty, and Allah is sufficient as a witness." | ||
=== Place and Time === | === Place and Time === | ||
The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Syria. [[Baqir Sharif al- | The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Syria. [[Baqir Sharif al-Qarshi]] in ''[[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]]'' writes : "There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be in [[Rabi' I]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' II]], or [[Jumada I]]". | ||
== Opponents == | == Opponents == | ||