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'''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|صلح الإمام الحسن (ع)}}) refers to a peace treaty between Imam [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mua'wiya]] ([[Abu Sufyan]]'s offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[Shi'as]], and the hazard of [[Khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for [[Banu Umayya]]."
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'''The peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)''' (Arabic: {{ia|صلح الإمام الحسن (ع)}}) refers to a peace treaty between [[Imam Hasan b. Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] with [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Mua'wiya]] ([[Abu Sufyan]]'s offspring) in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam Ali]]'s (a) demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), who had become [[caliph]] of Muslims. This war remained unfinished due to people not supporting Imam al-Hasan (a), the disloyalty of some commanders, protection of [[Shi'as]], and the hazard of [[Khawarij]]. Consequently, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to accept a peace treaty according to which the [[caliphate]] was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions. Imam al-Hasan (a): "If I had had a supporter, I would not have handed the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, for the caliphate is prohibited for [[Banu Umayya]]."


== Bases ==
== Bases ==
 
=== Situation in Kufa and Other Regions After Imam Ali (a) ===
=== Situation in Kufa and Other Regions After Imam 'Ali (a) ===
After [[Imam Ali (a)]], his followers ([[Shi'as]]) pledged allegiance to his son [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], however, it was clearly revealed, by the first day of his caliphate, that he had to face many difficulties of his time. Some of them are:
 
After [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], his followers ([[Shi'as]]) pledged allegiance to his son [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], however, it was clearly revealed, by the first day of his caliphate, that he had to face many difficulties of his time. Some of them are:
* The fate of Kufa was challenged by outbursts and commotions.
* The fate of Kufa was challenged by outbursts and commotions.
* The absence of an efficient and effective governor.
* The absence of an efficient and effective governor.
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=== Mu'awiya and His Agents ===
=== Mu'awiya and His Agents ===
Mu'awiya's agents devised schemes and attempted to stir up people against [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] in those days. The agents of the ruler of [[Damascus]] in [[Hijaz]], [[Yemen]], [[Egypt]] and even in Iraq were engaged in plotting numerous conspiracies against their governments. This was Mu'awiya's hidden plot to crawl his way to power. The agents had to:
Mu'awiya's agents devised schemes and attempted to stir up people against [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] in those days. The agents of the ruler of [[Damascus]] in [[Hijaz]], [[Yemen]], [[Egypt]] and even in Iraq were engaged in plotting numerous conspiracies against their governments. This was Mu'awiya's hidden plot to crawl his way to power. The agents had to:
* Conciliate the top men in tribes.
* Conciliate the top men in tribes.
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=== Negligence in War and Attacks on Imam's Tent ===
=== Negligence in War and Attacks on Imam's Tent ===
Mu'awiya arrived in Iraq along with his army and settled in Maskin. Imam Ali (a) had prepared an army in the last days of his lifetime to attack Syria (but this went unfinished due to his martyrdom). This army had to carry on with its unfinished mission despite the fact that it could not be without an appropriate commander. There were [[Qays b. Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] and [['Ubayd Allah b. 'Abbas]], but it was unclear who was going to be the next commander in chief.


Mu'awiya arrived in Iraq along with his army and settled in Maskin. Imam 'Ali (a) had prepared an army in the last days of his lifetime to attack Syria (but this went unfinished due to his martyrdom). This army had to carry on with its unfinished mission despite the fact that it could not be without an appropriate commander. There were [[Qays b. Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] and [['Ubayd Allah b. 'Abbas]], but it was unclear who was going to be the next commander in chief.
Qays became ready to go to Syria. Meanwhile, Imam al-Hasan (a) went to [[al-Mada'in]]. But, almost every day, the camp could not live without new incidents since its establishment. In one incident, it was said that Qays had been killed. After this rumor was spread, uproar broke out. The soldiers attacked their Imam's tent and took whatever existed in there with them. They even took the rug on which their Imam sat. They cut their (Imam's) thigh with a hack when he was trying to escape to find a shelter amid the attacks on his tent. According to [[Muhammad b. Jarir b. Rustam al-Tabari|Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari]], when Imam al-Hasan (a)'s tent was plundered, he went to Sa'd b. Mas'ud al-Thaqafi ([[al-Mukhtar]]'s uncle). Sa'd had been elected as the ruler of al-Mada'in by Imam (a). Al-Mukhtar, who was young at that time, asked Sa'd:
 
Qays became ready to go to Syria. Meanwhile, Imam al-Hasan (a) went to [[Madain]]. But, almost every day, the camp could not live without new incidents since its establishment. In one incident, it was said that Qays had been killed. After this rumor was spread, uproar broke out. The soldiers attacked their Imam's tent and took whatever existed in there with them. They even took the rug on which their Imam sat. They cut their (Imam's) thigh with a hack when he was trying to escape to find a shelter amid the attacks on his tent. According to [[Muhammad b. Jarir b. Rustam al-Tabari|Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari]], when Imam al-Hasan (a)'s tent was plundered, he went to Sa'd b. Mas'ud al-Thaqafi ([[al-Mukhtar]]'s uncle). Sa'd had been elected as the ruler of Madain by Imam (a). Al-Mukhtar, who was young at that time, asked Sa'd:


:- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor?
:- Do you wish to gain opulence and honor?
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[[Al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] is the one who took the leadership of [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|Shi'a's uprising]] against Umayyads 25 years later. Perhaps [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]'s supporters had made up these stories to accuse al-Mukhtar, however, it is also possible to be an authentic one. Anyhow, fact says that there was a group of people in Kufa who prioritized their personal benefit to Muslim's goodness. This is a reality behind every revolution or movement.
[[Al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] is the one who took the leadership of [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|Shi'a's uprising]] against Umayyads 25 years later. Perhaps [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]'s supporters had made up these stories to accuse al-Mukhtar, however, it is also possible to be an authentic one. Anyhow, fact says that there was a group of people in Kufa who prioritized their personal benefit to Muslim's goodness. This is a reality behind every revolution or movement.


Imam al-Hasan (a) thought resistance is pointless due to the disobedience and rebelliousness of the people claiming to be his friends. He was certain, that in case of resistance, his army (if there was any army) would run away before passing Madain, and would even make al-Mukhtar's thought practical and hand him to Mu'awiya. Ultimately, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to sign a peace treaty with Mu'awiya.
Imam al-Hasan (a) thought resistance is pointless due to the disobedience and rebelliousness of the people claiming to be his friends. He was certain, that in case of resistance, his army (if there was any army) would run away before passing al-Mada'in, and would even make al-Mukhtar's thought practical and hand him to Mu'awiya. Ultimately, Imam al-Hasan (a) had to sign a peace treaty with Mu'awiya.


== Peace Treaty ==
== Peace Treaty ==
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=== History ===
=== History ===
Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, [[Umayyads]], then [[Abbasids]] and also political and religious-political groups falsified this document, and any other document in favor of themselves as much as possible. Thus, to analyze this issue at present, we must not disregard other analogies.
Two hundred years passed until the treaty was recorded in books. During this time, [[Umayyads]], then [[Abbasids]] and also political and religious-political groups falsified this document, and any other document in favor of themselves as much as possible. Thus, to analyze this issue at present, we must not disregard other analogies.


Al-Tabari quotes, "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he (Imam) had written his conditions and sent it to Mu'awiya, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." [[Ibn Athir]] has brought this story as well."
Al-Tabari quotes, "Initially, Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to Imam al-Hasan (a) so that he would write whatever he wished and Mu'awiya would accept it. But he (Imam) had written his conditions and sent it to Mu'awiya, before the paper reached him. After the paper arrived, Imam al-Hasan (a) demanded more privileges than what was written in the first letter. But Mu'awiya did not accept." [[Ibn Athir]] has brought this story as well."


[[Shahidi]] writes, "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to Banu 'Umayya, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. 'Ali's life, know that he, regardless of his position as Imam in which Shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity codes. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a commodity, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of the blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is likely that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting. More surprisingly, what al-Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality."
[[Shahidi]] writes, "Undoubtedly, this story was made up by the historians belonging to Banu 'Umayya, or they have reversed the reality and added false information to it. Those who have pondered about Hasan b. Ali's life, know that he, regardless of his position as Imam in which Shi'a believe, was a person with high civility and humanity codes. He signed the peace treaty when he was convinced resistance would bring about no benefit or fortune except bloodshed and final victory for Mu'awiya. He was not a trader to negotiate with a purchaser over a commodity, or increase the price when noticing the market is in favor of him. He was so kind and civil that even his enemy could not resist concealing it. If the story of the blank paper was real, so when Imam al-Hasan (a) authored his conditions in it and brought it back to Mu'awiya, it is likely that Mu'awiya forged this story and spread it in order to refuse to conform to the conditions, having achieved his ultimate wish and not fighting. More surprisingly, what al-Tabari has mentioned is much more similar to a legend or humor rather than a historical narration, let alone representing a reality."


Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would give him five billion dirhams from Kufa treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]) and the tax of [[Darabgard]] in [[Fars]], and prohibit people from insulting Imam 'Ali (a) on pulpits. Mu'awiya did not accept the last condition though. Therefore, it was determined not to insult Imam 'Ali (a) just in front of Imam al-Hasan (a), however, Basra people confiscated the tax of Darabgard. They stated this is our [[fay']] (meaning the property or money obtained by Muslims through a war without bloodshed).
Some historians believe that Imam al-Hasan (a) pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya on condition that he would give him five billion dirhams from Kufa treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]) and the tax of Darabgard in [[Fars]], and prohibit people from insulting Imam Ali (a) on pulpits. Mu'awiya did not accept the last condition though. Therefore, it was determined not to insult Imam Ali (a) just in front of Imam al-Hasan (a), however, Basra people confiscated the tax of Darabgard. They stated this is our [[fay']] (meaning the property or money obtained by Muslims through a war without bloodshed).


In analyzing these historical outlooks, Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes, "These credulous historians have failed to observe that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why al-Tabari has not referred to the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?"
In analyzing these historical outlooks, Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi writes, "These credulous historians have failed to observe that if Imam al-Hasan (a)'s satisfaction for establishing peace was to gain money, his followers would definitely take his life, or would behave towards him so badly that he could not commute easily among Muslims. Imam al-Hasan (a) was able to demand this amount of money and Mu'awiya was willing to pay it, but Imam did not do so. Why al-Tabari has not referred to the major provisions based on which the peace treaty was written?"


=== Content ===
=== Content ===
There are some other documents revealing the reality, representing the fact that the historians belonging to Umayyad and 'Abbasid era have falsified any event which was in favor of prophet's family. [[Al-Baladhuri]]'s remark, which is earlier, sounds more authentic than al-Tabari's.
There are some other documents revealing the reality, representing the fact that the historians belonging to Umayyad and 'Abbasid era have falsified any event which was in favor of prophet's family. [[Al-Baladhuri]]'s remark, which is earlier, sounds more authentic than al-Tabari's.


Al-Baladhuri writes, "Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to al-Hasan (a) so that he would write in it whatever he wishes. Thus, he wrote: This is the peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that:
Al-Baladhuri writes, "Mu'awiya sent a sealed blank paper to al-Hasan (a) so that he would write in it whatever he wishes. Thus, he wrote: This is the peace treaty between al-Hasan b. Ali and Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan. I declare peace between us and hand the caliphate on to him on condition that:
* He (Mu'awiya) would act according to God's book and prophet's [[sunna]], and the method of four first caliphs.
* He (Mu'awiya) would act according to God's book and prophet's [[sunna]], and the method of four first caliphs.
* He would not pass anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims.
* He would not pass anyone as his successor, and after his death the caliphate should be dealt with by a council of Muslims.
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[['Abd Allah b. al-Harith]] and [['Amr b. Salama]] are witnesses to this treaty.
[['Abd Allah b. al-Harith]] and [['Amr b. Salama]] are witnesses to this treaty.


[[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] has remarked on the peace treaty as well. He writes, "This is a peace treaty between al-Hasan b. 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Al-Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that:
[[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] has remarked on the peace treaty as well. He writes, "This is a peace treaty between al-Hasan b. Ali and Mu'awiya. Al-Hasan agrees to establish peace and to hand Muslims' caliphate on to him on condition that:
* He would act based on God's book, sunna, and method ([[sira]]) of [[Rashidun Caliphs]].
* He would act based on God's book, sunna, and method ([[sira]]) of [[Rashidun Caliphs]].
* He does not have the right to pass a successor after his death. This should be dealt in Muslims' council.
* He does not have the right to pass a successor after his death. This should be dealt in Muslims' council.
* People in any land, Syria, Hijaz, or [[Yemen]] would be secure.
* People in any land, Syria, Hijaz, or [[Yemen]] would be secure.
* Ali's friends and followers should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring wherever they reside.
* Ali's friends and followers should feel safe about their lives, their properties, their wives, and their offspring wherever they reside.
* Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan undertakes God's commitment not to hold any riot against al-Hasan b. 'Ali, or his brother, or anyone from prophet's family, openly or secretly, and not to threaten anyone of them in any spot.
* Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan undertakes God's commitment not to hold any riot against al-Hasan b. Ali, or his brother, or anyone from prophet's family, openly or secretly, and not to threaten anyone of them in any spot.


Such and such a person are witnesses to this treaty, and Allah is sufficient as a witness."
Such and such a person are witnesses to this treaty, and Allah is sufficient as a witness."


=== Place and Time ===
=== Place and Time ===
The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Syria. [[Baqir Sharif al-Qarshi]] in ''[[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]]'' writes : "There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be in [[Rabi' I]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' II]], or [[Jumada I]]".
The peace treaty was signed in Maskin region, and the provisions of peace were carried out before a large number of people from Syria. [[Baqir Sharif al-Qarshi]] in ''[[Hayat al-Hasan (a)]]'' writes : "There is no unanimous idea about the time of the peace. It is said to be in [[Rabi' I]] in [[41]]/661, or [[Rabi' II]], or [[Jumada I]]".


== Opponents ==
== Opponents ==
[[Hujr b. 'Adi]], [['Adi b. Hatam]], [[Musayyib b. Najba]], [[Malik b. Dumra]], [[Sufyan b. Abi Layla]], [[Bashir al-Hamdani]], [[Sulayman b. Surad]], [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]], [[Abu Sa'id]], and [[Qays b. Sa'd]] were Imam al-Hasan's friends who disagreed with the peace. Their conversations with Imam al-Hasan (a) are mentioned in history books.
[[Hujr b. 'Adi]], [['Adi b. Hatam]], [[Musayyib b. Najba]], [[Malik b. Dumra]], [[Sufyan b. Abi Layla]], [[Bashir al-Hamdani]], [[Sulayman b. Surad]], [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]], [[Abu Sa'id]], and [[Qays b. Sa'd]] were Imam al-Hasan's friends who disagreed with the peace. Their conversations with Imam al-Hasan (a) are mentioned in history books.


== Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace ==
== Reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) Consented to Peace ==
=== Protection of Shi'a and His Life ===
=== Protection of Shi'a and His Life ===
Imam 'Ali (a)'s best men were mostly martyred in the Battles of [[Battle of Jamal|Jamal]], [[Siffin]], and [[Battle of Nahrawan|Nahrawan]]. Only a few of them were left. In case of war, regarding Iraqi people's negligence, Imam al-Hasan (a) and his Shi'as would undergo irrecoverable losses.
Imam Ali's (a) best men were mostly martyred in the Battles of [[Battle of Jamal|Jamal]], [[Siffin]], and [[Battle of Nahrawan|Nahrawan]]. Only a few of them were left. In case of war, regarding Iraqi people's negligence, Imam al-Hasan (a) and his Shi'as would undergo irrecoverable losses.


Abu Sa'id al-'Aqisa narrates, "I visited Imam al-Hasan (a) and said to him: 'You son of the prophet! Why did you accept peace with the cruel and corrupt Mu'awiya despite the fact that you already knew you were right?' He (Imam) replied: 'If I had not done so, no one of our followers would have remained on earth and they all would have been slaughtered.'"
Abu Sa'id al-'Aqisa narrates, "I visited Imam al-Hasan (a) and said to him: 'You son of the prophet! Why did you accept peace with the cruel and corrupt Mu'awiya despite the fact that you already knew you were right?' He (Imam) replied: 'If I had not done so, no one of our followers would have remained on earth and they all would have been slaughtered.'"
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=== People Refused to Support Imam al-Hasan (a) ===
=== People Refused to Support Imam al-Hasan (a) ===
To evaluate people's readiness to fight, Imam al-Hasan (a) told them: "If you are ready to take arms against Mu'awiya, we will reject the peace and will take his life; however, if you would like to stay put, we will accept the peace and will demand safety for you." At this point, people repeated vehemently the phrase "al-baqiyyah, al-baqiyya" (which means staying still), signing the peace treaty.
To evaluate people's readiness to fight, Imam al-Hasan (a) told them: "If you are ready to take arms against Mu'awiya, we will reject the peace and will take his life; however, if you would like to stay put, we will accept the peace and will demand safety for you." At this point, people repeated vehemently the phrase "al-baqiyyah, al-baqiyya" (which means staying still), signing the peace treaty.


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=== Protecting Religion ===
=== Protecting Religion ===
One of the main reasons why Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted the peace treaty is protecting the religion, since fighting with Muslims would have exposed the Islamic territories to the danger of the religion becoming extinct. To go on war against Mu'awiya, was not a beneficial decision to make, neither for [[Kufa]] nor [[Syria]]. It only paved Rome Empire's path to attack Islamic territories.
One of the main reasons why Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted the peace treaty is protecting the religion, since fighting with Muslims would have exposed the Islamic territories to the danger of the religion becoming extinct. To go on war against Mu'awiya, was not a beneficial decision to make, neither for [[Kufa]] nor [[Syria]]. It only paved Rome Empire's path to attack Islamic territories.


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Considering all these factors, a few volunteered to take part in war when Imam al-Hasan (a) and his close friends such as [[Hujr b. 'Adi]] and [[Qays b. Sa'd al-Ansari]] invited people to unite against Mu'awiya.
Considering all these factors, a few volunteered to take part in war when Imam al-Hasan (a) and his close friends such as [[Hujr b. 'Adi]] and [[Qays b. Sa'd al-Ansari]] invited people to unite against Mu'awiya.


Imam al-Hasan (a) told the people who had pledged allegiance to him and promised to give him a hand in fighting against Mu'awiya, "If you are honest in what you have said, join me at the camp in [[Madain]]." Then, Imam (a) set out for Madain. Those who had really decided to fight went along with Imam, yet a large number of them, turned out to be unfaithful to Imam and did not fulfill their promises. They deceived Imam al-Hasan (a) as they had deceived his father Imam 'Ali (a). Imam al-Hasan (a) expressed his anger and criticism by saying, "I'm surprised of a nation who has neither any sense of embarrassment nor any rank of faith in religion. If I hand the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, I take oath to God you will not live easily and Banu Umayya will torment you with the most severe behaviors and tortures." He reiterated, "I saw you have been slow towards war ([[jihad]]), and I do not enforce you to do something you are unwilling to do."
Imam al-Hasan (a) told the people who had pledged allegiance to him and promised to give him a hand in fighting against Mu'awiya, "If you are honest in what you have said, join me at the camp in al-Mada'in." Then, Imam (a) set out for al-Mada'in. Those who had really decided to fight went along with Imam, yet a large number of them, turned out to be unfaithful to Imam and did not fulfill their promises. They deceived Imam al-Hasan (a) as they had deceived his father Imam Ali (a). Imam al-Hasan (a) expressed his anger and criticism by saying, "I'm surprised of a nation who has neither any sense of embarrassment nor any rank of faith in religion. If I hand the caliphate on to Mu'awiya, I take oath to God you will not live easily and Banu Umayya will torment you with the most severe behaviors and tortures." He reiterated, "I saw you have been slow towards war ([[jihad]]), and I do not enforce you to do something you are unwilling to do."


=== Threat of Khawarij ===
=== Threat of Khawarij ===
Abu Bakr Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. 'Arabi, the author of ''Ahkam al-Qur'an'' says, :"One of the main reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted peace was that he was aware that Khawarij had surrounded him. So, if he kept on fighting with Mu'awiya, Khawarij would take the control of Islamic lands. On the other hand, if he fought with Khawarij, Mu'awiya (indulged in the fantasy of domination) would take over the Islamic regions under Imam al-Hasan (a)'s control."
Abu Bakr Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. 'Arabi, the author of ''Ahkam al-Qur'an'' says, :"One of the main reasons Imam al-Hasan (a) accepted peace was that he was aware that Khawarij had surrounded him. So, if he kept on fighting with Mu'awiya, Khawarij would take the control of Islamic lands. On the other hand, if he fought with Khawarij, Mu'awiya (indulged in the fantasy of domination) would take over the Islamic regions under Imam al-Hasan (a)'s control."


=== Inconsistent Army ===
=== Inconsistent Army ===
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''al-Irshad'' writes, "The people accompanying Imam al-Hasan (a) were from different groups and different interests; a number of them were his or his father's Shi'a, a group of them were supporters of [[Hakamiyya]] (Khawarij) that were influenced (by the desire of) fighting with Mu'awiya by means possible. Some of them were men who loved discords and were anxious for booties of war, some of them were doubters, others were tribal supporters who followed the leaders of their tribes without reference to religion."
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''al-Irshad'' writes, "The people accompanying Imam al-Hasan (a) were from different groups and different interests; a number of them were his or his father's Shi'a, a group of them were supporters of [[Hakamiyya]] (Khawarij) that were influenced (by the desire of) fighting with Mu'awiya by means possible. Some of them were men who loved discords and were anxious for booties of war, some of them were doubters, others were tribal supporters who followed the leaders of their tribes without reference to religion."


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Al-Shaykh al-Mufid believes, "Imam al-Hasan (a) had no alternative but to accept peace and abandon war, since his followers had weak beliefs and were discouraged to fight due to Mu'awiya's worldly promises. They no longer had much faith in Imam al-Hasan (a) so as to fight Mu'awiya. According to what happened, they disagreed with him and merited taking his life as halal. They wanted to turn him over to his enemy. His cousin [['Ubayd Allah b. al-'Abbas]] gave up assisting him and joined his enemy and generally people turned their faces to the worldly desires and disregarded blesses of [[Akhira]]."
Al-Shaykh al-Mufid believes, "Imam al-Hasan (a) had no alternative but to accept peace and abandon war, since his followers had weak beliefs and were discouraged to fight due to Mu'awiya's worldly promises. They no longer had much faith in Imam al-Hasan (a) so as to fight Mu'awiya. According to what happened, they disagreed with him and merited taking his life as halal. They wanted to turn him over to his enemy. His cousin [['Ubayd Allah b. al-'Abbas]] gave up assisting him and joined his enemy and generally people turned their faces to the worldly desires and disregarded blesses of [[Akhira]]."


Among Imam al-Hasan (a)'s army, there were those who seemingly were obedient of Imam's orders. A group of Kufa great men wrote a letter to Mu'awiya secretly saying: we are totally obedient of you". Then, they encouraged him to travel to them, promising to turn al-Hasan over to him when his army approached, or kill him surprisingly off-guard. [[Zayd b. Wahb al-Juhani]] explains, "When Imam al-Hasan (a) was injured and was resting in bed in Madain, I visited him and said to him: What is your decision? People are confused. He replied: "I take oath to God that I see Mu'awiya better for me than these people who, supposedly, are my Shi'as and at the same time make schemes to kill me. They plunder my furniture, and steal my property."
Among Imam al-Hasan (a)'s army, there were those who seemingly were obedient of Imam's orders. A group of Kufa great men wrote a letter to Mu'awiya secretly saying: we are totally obedient of you". Then, they encouraged him to travel to them, promising to turn al-Hasan over to him when his army approached, or kill him surprisingly off-guard. [[Zayd b. Wahb al-Juhani]] explains, "When Imam al-Hasan (a) was injured and was resting in bed in al-Mada'in, I visited him and said to him: What is your decision? People are confused. He replied: "I take oath to God that I see Mu'awiya better for me than these people who, supposedly, are my Shi'as and at the same time make schemes to kill me. They plunder my furniture, and steal my property."


== No Stipulations Fulfilled ==
== No Stipulations Fulfilled ==
After peace, Mu'awiya made a speech at the [[Mosque of Kufa]]. He started by vilifying [[Imam Ali (a)]] and went on to insult [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]. Later he continued by proclaiming: "I am trampling on everything I promised to al-Hasan." After all his disparaging comments, Imam al-Hasan (a) stood up and made a long resonating speech:
After peace, Mu'awiya made a speech at the [[Mosque of Kufa]]. He started by vilifying [[Imam Ali (a)]] and went on to insult [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]. Later he continued by proclaiming: "I am trampling on everything I promised to al-Hasan." After all his disparaging comments, Imam al-Hasan (a) stood up and made a long resonating speech:


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Although Imam al-Hasan (a) was under his friends' pressure for the first clause of the treaty, he remained loyal to his promise, but if he wanted, he was free to alter or transform his provisions. Because caliphate was conditional, yet Mu'awiya was not loyal to any of the provisions he was provided to fulfill. Saying [[Friday Prayer]] on Wednesday, suspending divine limits, declaring [[riba]] as permissible, announcing [[adhan]] for Eid prayer, making [[khutba]] before Eid prayer, declaring the obligation of paying [[zakat]] for gifts, debauchery and impudence, and forging [[hadiths]] were Mu'awiya's innovatory traditions (a regime of religious heresy) which was completely against [[sunna]] of the [[holy Prophet (s)]]. Mu'awiya violated the second clause of the treaty by passing his son [[Yazid]] as his successor.
Although Imam al-Hasan (a) was under his friends' pressure for the first clause of the treaty, he remained loyal to his promise, but if he wanted, he was free to alter or transform his provisions. Because caliphate was conditional, yet Mu'awiya was not loyal to any of the provisions he was provided to fulfill. Saying [[Friday Prayer]] on Wednesday, suspending divine limits, declaring [[riba]] as permissible, announcing [[adhan]] for Eid prayer, making [[khutba]] before Eid prayer, declaring the obligation of paying [[zakat]] for gifts, debauchery and impudence, and forging [[hadiths]] were Mu'awiya's innovatory traditions (a regime of religious heresy) which was completely against [[sunna]] of the [[holy Prophet (s)]]. Mu'awiya violated the second clause of the treaty by passing his son [[Yazid]] as his successor.


Mu'awiya always thought that his government would be stronger by insulting Imam 'Ali (a), so he violated the third clause as well. His people insisted so much on this odious action that regarded it as a part of Friday Prayer and anyone refusing to do it would have been thrown away from his position.
Mu'awiya always thought that his government would be stronger by insulting Imam Ali (a), so he violated the third clause as well. His people insisted so much on this odious action that regarded it as a part of Friday Prayer and anyone refusing to do it would have been thrown away from his position.


Those who believed paying [[Darabgard]] taxes to Imam al-Hasan (a) was one of the clauses of the peace treaty, have written, "People of [[Basra]] prevented transferring the taxes of Darabgard to Imam al-Hasan (a). They said: This booty is ours. And this was done through Mu'awiya's order.
Those who believed paying [[Darabgard]] taxes to Imam al-Hasan (a) was one of the clauses of the peace treaty, have written, "People of [[Basra]] prevented transferring the taxes of Darabgard to Imam al-Hasan (a). They said: This booty is ours. And this was done through Mu'awiya's order.


Even though Mu'awiya had promised to secure Shi'as, he sent a letter to all of his governors and rulers in Islamic regions by stating that, "Be aware to omit anyone's salary and pension who is in favor of 'Ali". He also attached another letter to it and ordered: "Anyone accused of loving this family must be imprisoned and his house has to be destroyed." He even, Mu'awiya, intended to poison Imam al-Hasan (a) several times, but no success was achieved. Ultimately, he deceived [[Ja'da]], Imam al-Hasan (a)'s wife, by cunningly putting forth some worldly promises. Ja'da poisoned Imam al-Hasan (a), making him martyr.
Even though Mu'awiya had promised to secure Shi'as, he sent a letter to all of his governors and rulers in Islamic regions by stating that, "Be aware to omit anyone's salary and pension who is in favor of Ali". He also attached another letter to it and ordered: "Anyone accused of loving this family must be imprisoned and his house has to be destroyed." He even, Mu'awiya, intended to poison Imam al-Hasan (a) several times, but no success was achieved. Ultimately, he deceived [[Ja'da]], Imam al-Hasan (a)'s wife, by cunningly putting forth some worldly promises. Ja'da poisoned Imam al-Hasan (a), making him martyr.


== Works Concerning the Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) ==
== Works Concerning the Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) ==
Lots of books have been authored about the peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a). Only names of some of them have been remained in indexes:
Lots of books have been authored about the peace treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a). Only names of some of them have been remained in indexes:
* ''Sulh al-Hasan wa Mu'awiya'', written by Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Sa'id b. Abd al-Rahman al-Sabi'i al-Hamadani, passed away in [[323]]/934-5.
* ''Sulh al-Hasan wa Mu'awiya'', written by Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Sa'id b. Abd al-Rahman al-Sabi'i al-Hamadani, passed away in [[323]]/934-5.
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* A book from Abd al-'Aziz b. Yahya al-Juludi al-Basri about Imam al-Hasan's peace.
* A book from Abd al-'Aziz b. Yahya al-Juludi al-Basri about Imam al-Hasan's peace.
* ''Akhbar al-Hasan (a) wa wafatih'' , written by Haytham b. 'Adi al-Tha'labi, passed away in [[207]]/822-3.
* ''Akhbar al-Hasan (a) wa wafatih'' , written by Haytham b. 'Adi al-Tha'labi, passed away in [[207]]/822-3.
* ''Akhbar al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a)'' , written by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Isfahani al-Thaqafi.
* ''Akhbar al-Hasan b. Ali (a)'' , written by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Isfahani al-Thaqafi.


==References==
==References==
{{references}}
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [[:fa:صلح امام حسن علیه السلام|{{ia|صلح امام حسن علیه السلام}}]] in Farsi WikiShia.
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [[:fa:صلح امام حسن علیه السلام|{{ia|صلح امام حسن علیه السلام}}]] in Farsi WikiShia.
 
{{end}}
== External Links ==
== External Links ==
* [http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=5008%20 ''The Life and Times of Imam Hasan(A.S.)'', by: Syed-Mohsin Naquvi]
* [http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=5008%20 ''The Life and Times of Imam Hasan(A.S.)'', by: Syed-Mohsin Naquvi]
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