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Hujr b. 'Adi: Difference between revisions
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== Caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a) == | == Caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a) == | ||
After his presence in the conquests, he stayed in [[Kufa]].<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.145</ref> After the beginning of the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], he wanted to replace [[Ash'ath b. Qays]] with Hujr, as the head of the Kinda tribe; but Hujr apologized for he would not accept the leadership till Ash'ath b. Qays is alive.<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.224</ref> | After his presence in the conquests, he stayed in [[Kufa]].<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.145</ref> After the beginning of the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], he wanted to replace [[Ash'ath b. Qays]] with Hujr, as the head of the Kinda tribe; but Hujr apologized for he would not accept the leadership till Ash'ath b. Qays is alive.<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.224</ref> | ||
: '''Battle of Jamal''' | : '''Battle of Jamal''' | ||
{{main|Battle of Jamal}} | {{main|Battle of Jamal}} | ||
Before the [[Battle of Jamal]], when [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]], the governor of [[Kufa]], was preventing people from supporting [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]; [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] with Hujr b. 'Adi and [['Ammar b. Yasir]], went to the [[Mosque of Kufa]], and forced Abu Musa al-Ash'ari out of the mosque and encouraged people to support Imam 'Ali (a). Imam 'Ali (a) assigned Hujr as the commander of [[Kinda]], [[Hadramut]], [[Quda'a]], and [[Mahra]] tribes in the battle.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.4 p.485; Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.145-146; Mufid, ''Al-Jamal wa al-nusra'', p.255-256,320</ref> | Before the [[Battle of Jamal]], when [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]], the governor of [[Kufa]], was preventing people from supporting [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]; [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] with Hujr b. 'Adi and [['Ammar b. Yasir]], went to the [[Mosque of Kufa]], and forced Abu Musa al-Ash'ari out of the mosque and encouraged people to support Imam 'Ali (a). Imam 'Ali (a) assigned Hujr as the commander of [[Kinda]], [[Hadramut]], [[Quda'a]], and [[Mahra]] tribes in the battle.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.4 p.485; Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.145-146; Mufid, ''Al-Jamal wa al-nusra'', p.255-256,320</ref> | ||
: '''Battle of Siffin''' | : '''Battle of Siffin''' | ||
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: '''Arbitration''' | : '''Arbitration''' | ||
{{main|Arbitration}} | {{main|Arbitration}} | ||
In the arbitration in the Battle of Siffin, Hujr was one of the witnesses of the agreement between [['Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] and [['Amr b. al-'As]].<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.54; Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.195-196; Ibn Muzahim, ''Waq'a siffin'', p.506-507</ref> | In the arbitration in the Battle of Siffin, Hujr was one of the witnesses of the agreement between [['Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] and [['Amr b. al-'As]].<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.54; Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.195-196; Ibn Muzahim, ''Waq'a siffin'', p.506-507</ref> | ||
: '''Battle of Nahrawan''' | : '''Battle of Nahrawan''' | ||
{{main|Battle of Nahrawan}} | {{main|Battle of Nahrawan}} | ||
In the Battle of Nahrawan ([[38]]/658) he was the commander of the right wing of the army of Imam 'Ali (a) against [[Khawarij]].<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.85; Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.210</ref> | In the Battle of Nahrawan ([[38]]/658) he was the commander of the right wing of the army of Imam 'Ali (a) against [[Khawarij]].<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.85; Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.210</ref> | ||
When [[Mu'awiya]] sent [[Dahhak b. Qays]] to attack the nomads of [[Iraq]] and make insecurity; [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] sent Hujr with 4000 combatants to confront them. Hujr chased them to Tadmur, and defeated them.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.135; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.195-196</ref> | When [[Mu'awiya]] sent [[Dahhak b. Qays]] to attack the nomads of [[Iraq]] and make insecurity; [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] sent Hujr with 4000 combatants to confront them. Hujr chased them to Tadmur, and defeated them.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.135; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.195-196</ref> | ||
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After the martyrdom of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and beginning of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|Imam al-Hasan's (a)]] caliphate, and his war with [[Mu'awiya]], the circumstances made Imam al-Hasan (a) to accept the peace with Mu'awiya; Hujr was one of the first that met with Imam al-Hasan (a) and objected the decision on peace with Mu'awiya, and tried to persuade Imam al-Hasan (a) to continue the fight; Imam al-Hasan (a) answered: "the tendency of the people of [[Iraq]] is to the peace", so he had acceded to the peace to protect the life of [[Shi'a]]s. | After the martyrdom of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and beginning of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|Imam al-Hasan's (a)]] caliphate, and his war with [[Mu'awiya]], the circumstances made Imam al-Hasan (a) to accept the peace with Mu'awiya; Hujr was one of the first that met with Imam al-Hasan (a) and objected the decision on peace with Mu'awiya, and tried to persuade Imam al-Hasan (a) to continue the fight; Imam al-Hasan (a) answered: "the tendency of the people of [[Iraq]] is to the peace", so he had acceded to the peace to protect the life of [[Shi'a]]s. | ||
After that, Hujr met with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and proposed his view about continuing the war with Mu'awiya, and Imam al-Husayn (a) told him to follow Imam al-Hasan (a).<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.220</ref> | After that, Hujr met with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and proposed his view about continuing the war with Mu'awiya, and Imam al-Husayn (a) told him to follow Imam al-Hasan (a).<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.220</ref> | ||
== Rule of Mu'awiya == | == Rule of Mu'awiya == | ||
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: '''Opposition to the Cursing of Imam 'Ali (a)''' | : '''Opposition to the Cursing of Imam 'Ali (a)''' | ||
When [[Mughayra b. Shu'ba]] (the governor of [[Kufa]] in the rule of Mu'awiya) started to curse [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] over the pulpit by the order of Mu'awiya, Hujr and [['Amr b. Hamiq]] with a number of their men opposed and stoned him.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.254; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230</ref> Mughayra tried to bring Hujr near to him by sending him money.<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223</ref> | When [[Mughayra b. Shu'ba]] (the governor of [[Kufa]] in the rule of Mu'awiya) started to curse [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] over the pulpit by the order of Mu'awiya, Hujr and [['Amr b. Hamiq]] with a number of their men opposed and stoned him.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.254; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230</ref> Mughayra tried to bring Hujr near to him by sending him money.<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223</ref> | ||
: '''Capture''' | : '''Capture''' | ||
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In year [[50]]/670 [[Ziyad b. Abih]], gained the rule of Kufa, in addition to the rule of [[Basra]], by the order of [[Mu'awiya]]. He, warned Hujr about supporting [[Imam 'Ali|'Ali (a)]] and criticizing Mu'awiya, but he still was calling people against Mu'awiya.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.218; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230</ref> | In year [[50]]/670 [[Ziyad b. Abih]], gained the rule of Kufa, in addition to the rule of [[Basra]], by the order of [[Mu'awiya]]. He, warned Hujr about supporting [[Imam 'Ali|'Ali (a)]] and criticizing Mu'awiya, but he still was calling people against Mu'awiya.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.218; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230</ref> | ||
When Ziyad was in Basra, Hujr and his men stoned [['Amr b. Hurayth]], the deputy of Ziyad in Kufa, because he was cursing Imam 'Ali (a). When Ziyad was informed about the event came to Kufa immediately and captured Hujr and his men.<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223; cf. Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.218</ref> | When Ziyad was in Basra, Hujr and his men stoned [['Amr b. Hurayth]], the deputy of Ziyad in Kufa, because he was cursing Imam 'Ali (a). When Ziyad was informed about the event came to Kufa immediately and captured Hujr and his men.<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223; cf. Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.218</ref> | ||
: '''In the Way to Syria''' | : '''In the Way to Syria''' | ||
Ziyad sent the captured with 100 men of his army to Mu'awiya, and in his letter to Mu'awiya wrote that Hujr and his men have defied the ijma' about [[cursing 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|cursing]] [[|Imam 'Ali (a)|Abu Turab]] [Imam 'Ali (a)] and refused the order of the caliph. He also attached the testifying of some of the elite of Kufa about the explicit opposition of Hujr to cursing Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230; Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.219; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.269-270</ref> | Ziyad sent the captured with 100 men of his army to Mu'awiya, and in his letter to Mu'awiya wrote that Hujr and his men have defied the ijma' about [[cursing 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|cursing]] [[|Imam 'Ali (a)|Abu Turab]] [Imam 'Ali (a)] and refused the order of the caliph. He also attached the testifying of some of the elite of Kufa about the explicit opposition of Hujr to cursing Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.230; Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.219; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.269-270</ref> | ||
== Martyrdom == | == Martyrdom == | ||
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Hujr and his men spent the night before their martyrdom in [[prayer]] and [[supplication]], also he prayed two rak'as before his martyrdom.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.275</ref> | Hujr and his men spent the night before their martyrdom in [[prayer]] and [[supplication]], also he prayed two rak'as before his martyrdom.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.275</ref> | ||
[['A'isha]] sent someone to prevent [[Mu'awiya]] from killing Hujr but her courier reached Mu'awiya after the martyrdom of Hujr.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.219-220; Ibn Athir, ''Asad al-ghaba'', vol.1 p.462; Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224</ref> | [['A'isha]] sent someone to prevent [[Mu'awiya]] from killing Hujr but her courier reached Mu'awiya after the martyrdom of Hujr.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.219-220; Ibn Athir, ''Asad al-ghaba'', vol.1 p.462; Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224</ref> | ||
According to al-Mas'udi,<ref>Mas'udi, ''Murawwij'', vol.3 p.188</ref> Hujr was the first Muslim to be killed with handcuff and in captivity. He was the first Muslim who entered [['Adhra']], in the time of Islamic conquests, and was the first Muslim to be killed there.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.217; Ibn Athir, ''Asad al-ghaba'', vol.1 p.462; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.231</ref> | According to al-Mas'udi,<ref>Mas'udi, ''Murawwij'', vol.3 p.188</ref> Hujr was the first Muslim to be killed with handcuff and in captivity. He was the first Muslim who entered [['Adhra']], in the time of Islamic conquests, and was the first Muslim to be killed there.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol.6 p.217; Ibn Athir, ''Asad al-ghaba'', vol.1 p.462; Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh'', vol.2 p.231</ref> | ||
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: '''Reaction of Imam al-Husayn (a)''' | : '''Reaction of Imam al-Husayn (a)''' | ||
Hearing the report about the martyrdom of Hujr was very hard for [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], and in a letter to Mu'awiya, he considered the killing of Hujr as one of the evil deeds of Mu'awiya.<ref>Dinawari, ''Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.279; Kashshi, ''Ikhtiyar ma'rifa al-rijal'', p.99</ref> | Hearing the report about the martyrdom of Hujr was very hard for [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], and in a letter to Mu'awiya, he considered the killing of Hujr as one of the evil deeds of Mu'awiya.<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.223-224; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.5 p.279; Kashshi, ''Ikhtiyar ma'rifa al-rijal'', p.99</ref> | ||
: '''Reaction of 'A'isha''' | : '''Reaction of 'A'isha''' | ||
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* Baladhari, Ahmad b. Yahya al-, ''Futuh al-Buldan''. Leiden: Leiden | * Baladhari, Ahmad b. Yahya al-, ''Futuh al-Buldan''. Leiden: Leiden | ||
* Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir al-, ''Tarikh al-umam wa al-Muluk ''. Beirut | * Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir al-, ''Tarikh al-umam wa al-Muluk ''. Beirut | ||
* Dinawari, Ahmad b. Dawud, ''Akhbar al-tiwal''. Cairo: 'Abd al-Mun'im 'Amir, 1960 | * Dinawari, Ahmad b. Dawud, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal''. Cairo: 'Abd al-Mun'im 'Amir, 1960 | ||
* Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-, ''Al-Jamal wa al-nusra li sayyid al-'itra fi harb al-Basra''. Qom: 'Ali Mir Sharifi, 1374 | * Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-, ''Al-Jamal wa al-nusra li sayyid al-'itra fi harb al-Basra''. Qom: 'Ali Mir Sharifi, 1374 | ||
* Ibn Muzahim, Nasr, ''Waq'a siffin''. Cairo: 'Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun, 1382 | * Ibn Muzahim, Nasr, ''Waq'a siffin''. Cairo: 'Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun, 1382 | ||