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Imams of the Shi'a: Difference between revisions
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Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad (al-Sadiq), son of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)|the fifth Imam (a)]] was born in 83/702 and was poisoned and [[martyr]]ed by the inducement of Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] at the age of 65.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 218</ref> Except for [[Imam al-Mahdi (aj)]] who is in [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (aj)|occultation]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) was the oldest [[imam]]. | Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad (al-Sadiq), son of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)|the fifth Imam (a)]] was born in 83/702 and was poisoned and [[martyr]]ed by the inducement of Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] at the age of 65.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 218</ref> Except for [[Imam al-Mahdi (aj)]] who is in [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (aj)|occultation]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) was the oldest [[imam]]. | ||
During his imamate, due to revolutions in Islamic countries and especially the uprising of [[al-Musawwida]] (people in black | During his imamate, due to revolutions in Islamic countries and especially the uprising of [[al-Musawwida]] (people in black clothing) made to overthrow the Umayyad caliphate, and bloody wars took place which led to the fall of the caliphate of Umayyads. Therefore, the good grounds that the fifth Imam (a) had prepared by distribution of Islamic teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) during the 20 years of his imamate, brought up more opportunities and better atmosphere to spread religious teachings.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 218-219</ref> | ||
During his 34 years of imamate, Imam al-Sadiq (a) distributed religious teachings and educated many scholars in different traditional and rational sciences such as [[Zurara b. A'yan|Zurara]], [[Muhammad b. Muslim]], [[Mu'min al-Taq]], [[Hisham b. Hakam]], [[Aban b. Taghlib]], [[Hisham b. Salim]], [[Hariz]], [[Hisham Kalbi Nasaba]], [[Jabir b. Hayyan]] and others and even some [[Sunni]] scholars were honored to benefit from his classes such as [[Sufyan al-Thawri]], [[Abu Hanifa]] (leader of Hanafi school), [[Qadi Sakuni]], [[Qadi Abu l-Bakhtari]] and others. It is famously reported that 4000 [[hadith]] narrators and scholars were educated in his (a) classes. The hadiths narrated from [[al-Sadiqayn]] (the fifth and the sixth Imams (a)) are more than all hadiths narrated from the [[Prophet (s)]] and the other 10 Imams (a).<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 219</ref> | During his 34 years of imamate, Imam al-Sadiq (a) distributed religious teachings and educated many scholars in different traditional and rational sciences such as [[Zurara b. A'yan|Zurara]], [[Muhammad b. Muslim]], [[Mu'min al-Taq]], [[Hisham b. Hakam]], [[Aban b. Taghlib]], [[Hisham b. Salim]], [[Hariz]], [[Hisham Kalbi Nasaba]], [[Jabir b. Hayyan]] and others and even some [[Sunni]] scholars were honored to benefit from his classes such as [[Sufyan al-Thawri]], [[Abu Hanifa]] (leader of Hanafi school), [[Qadi Sakuni]], [[Qadi Abu l-Bakhtari]] and others. It is famously reported that 4000 [[hadith]] narrators and scholars were educated in his (a) classes. The hadiths narrated from [[al-Sadiqayn]] (the fifth and the sixth Imams (a)) are more than all hadiths narrated from the [[Prophet (s)]] and the other 10 Imams (a).<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 219</ref> | ||
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===Imam al-Kazim (a)=== | ===Imam al-Kazim (a)=== | ||
{{main|Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | {{main|Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | ||
The seventh Imam (a) lived contemporarily with [[al-Mansur]], [[al-Hadi]], [[al-Mahdi]] and [[Harun]], in a very dark and difficult time and practiced Taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation). When Harun went to [[Medina]] during the time of [[hajj]], ordered to arrest and chain Imam al-Kazim (a) when he (a) was praying in the [[mosque of the Prophet (s)]] and prison him. Then he took him (a) from Medina to [[Basra]] and from Basra to [[Baghdad]]. He (a) was taken from one prison to another for many. He (a) was finally poisoned and [[martyr]]ed in the prison of [[ | The seventh Imam (a) lived contemporarily with [[al-Mansur]], [[al-Hadi]], [[al-Mahdi]] and [[Harun]], in a very dark and difficult time and practiced Taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation). When Harun went to [[Medina]] during the time of [[hajj]], ordered to arrest and chain Imam al-Kazim (a) when he (a) was praying in the [[mosque of the Prophet (s)]] and prison him. Then he took him (a) from Medina to [[Basra]] and from Basra to [[Baghdad]]. He (a) was taken from one prison to another for many. He (a) was finally poisoned and [[martyr]]ed in the prison of [[al-Sindi b. Shahak]] and was buried in a place called "[[Maqabir Quraysh]]" which is now located in the city of [[Kadhimiya]].<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 221</ref> | ||
===Imam al-Rida (a)=== | ===Imam al-Rida (a)=== | ||
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After his father, al-Ma'mun had challenges with his brother al-Amin which led to bloody wars and al-Amin was finally killed. Until then, the policy of the Abbasid caliphate towards supporters of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] was aggressive and every once in a while one of the [['Alawi movements]] made an uprising and it was a trouble for the government. Even though the leaders of [[Shi'a]] did not cooperate with such uprisings, Shi'a who had a great population always regarded the Imams (a) as their religious leaders and considered the caliphate an impure system far away from the holiness of their leaders.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 222-223</ref> | After his father, al-Ma'mun had challenges with his brother al-Amin which led to bloody wars and al-Amin was finally killed. Until then, the policy of the Abbasid caliphate towards supporters of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] was aggressive and every once in a while one of the [['Alawi movements]] made an uprising and it was a trouble for the government. Even though the leaders of [[Shi'a]] did not cooperate with such uprisings, Shi'a who had a great population always regarded the Imams (a) as their religious leaders and considered the caliphate an impure system far away from the holiness of their leaders.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 222-223</ref> | ||
Continuity of such a condition was dangerous for the caliphate, therefore al-Ma'mun thought to put an end to these troubles that his forefathers could not solve in 70 years. He decided to announce Imam al-Rida (a) as his heir apparent, because when ' | Continuity of such a condition was dangerous for the caliphate, therefore al-Ma'mun thought to put an end to these troubles that his forefathers could not solve in 70 years. He decided to announce Imam al-Rida (a) as his heir apparent, because when 'Alids found a link to the caliphate, they would not make any uprising against it anymore. On the other hand, when Shi'a saw their Imam's (a) connection with the caliphate and its rulers that he (a) had regarded as impure before, they will lose their belief and spiritual love for Imams (a) and thus their religious organization would fall and there would be no more threats from their side for the caliphate.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 223</ref> After such an achievement, killing Imam (a) would not be difficult for al-Ma'mun. | ||
To actualize this plot, he summoned Imam (a) in 200/816 from [[Medina]] to Merv. He first offered caliphate and then succession to power to the Imam (a), but for both, the Imam (a) brought excuses and refused his offer. However, al-Ma'mun forced the Imam (a) to accept the latter, thus the Imam (a) accepted it provided that he (a) would not interfere in appointing or dismissing anyone. Soon afterwards, when al-Ma'mun saw the swift progress of Shi'a, he realized his mistake and poisoned and [[martyr]]ed the Imam (a). Imam al-Rida (a) was buried in [[Tus]] which is now located in the suburb of [[Mashhad]], in North-east of [[Iran]].<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 223-224</ref> | To actualize this plot, he summoned Imam (a) in 200/816 from [[Medina]] to Merv. He first offered caliphate and then succession to power to the Imam (a), but for both, the Imam (a) brought excuses and refused his offer. However, al-Ma'mun forced the Imam (a) to accept the latter, thus the Imam (a) accepted it provided that he (a) would not interfere in appointing or dismissing anyone. Soon afterwards, when al-Ma'mun saw the swift progress of Shi'a, he realized his mistake and poisoned and [[martyr]]ed the Imam (a). Imam al-Rida (a) was buried in [[Tus]] which is now located in the suburb of [[Mashhad]], in North-east of [[Iran]].<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 223-224</ref> | ||
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In 243/857 and following the gossips they made about the Imam (a), al-Mutawakkil summoned the Imam (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Samarra]] where was the capital at the time. When the Imam (a) entered Samarra, al-Mutawakkil apparently did not do anything against him, but he prepared the ground for all means of annoying and disrespecting the Imam (a). He summoned the Imam (a) to his palace many times to disrespect or to kill him (a). He also searched the Imam's (a) house many times.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 226</ref> | In 243/857 and following the gossips they made about the Imam (a), al-Mutawakkil summoned the Imam (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Samarra]] where was the capital at the time. When the Imam (a) entered Samarra, al-Mutawakkil apparently did not do anything against him, but he prepared the ground for all means of annoying and disrespecting the Imam (a). He summoned the Imam (a) to his palace many times to disrespect or to kill him (a). He also searched the Imam's (a) house many times.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 226</ref> | ||
Al-Mutawakkil had no peer among the Abbasid caliphs in enmity with the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and especially a serious enemy of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and publicly cursed him. He even had hired a clown to mimic Imam 'Ali (a) in his parties. In 237/851, he ordered to destroy the [[Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in [[Karbala]] and many houses built around it and to level them to ground. At his time, the living condition of [[' | Al-Mutawakkil had no peer among the Abbasid caliphs in enmity with the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and especially a serious enemy of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and publicly cursed him. He even had hired a clown to mimic Imam 'Ali (a) in his parties. In 237/851, he ordered to destroy the [[Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in [[Karbala]] and many houses built around it and to level them to ground. At his time, the living condition of [['Alids]] in [[Hijaz]] became very wretched in a way that their women did not have enough clothes to wear, and some of them had only one old chador they wore in turn at the time of [[prayer]]. Al-Mutawakkil would make the same pressure upon [[Alids]] of [[Egypt]] as well. Imam al-Hadi (a) tolerated under tortures of al-Mutawakkil, then after he died, al-Muntasir, al-Musta'in and then al-Mu'tazz came to power until finally Imam (a) was poisoned and [[martyr]]ed by the plot of al-Mu'tazz.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 226-227</ref> | ||
===Imam al-'Askari (a)=== | ===Imam al-'Askari (a)=== | ||
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=== Imam al-Mahdi (a) === | === Imam al-Mahdi (a) === | ||
{{main|Imam al-Mahdi (a)}} | {{main|Imam al-Mahdi (a)}} | ||
The Promised Mahdi (a) (usually titled as "Imam al-'Asr" and "Sahib al-Zaman") is son of the [[Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a)|Eleventh Imam (a)]] whose name and [[ | The Promised Mahdi (a) (usually titled as "Imam al-'Asr" and "Sahib al-Zaman") is son of the [[Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a)|Eleventh Imam (a)]] whose name and [[teknonym]] was the same as the [[Prophet's (s)]]. He (a) was born in Samarra in 256/870 and lived with his father hidden from people until 260/874 when his father was martyred and just few elites of [[Shi'a]] met him. After his father's (a) martyrdom, when he (a) became the Imam (a), he (a) became hidden from people. | ||
[[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)|Imam al-Mahdi'a (a) occultation]] is divided in two periods: | [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)|Imam al-Mahdi'a (a) occultation]] is divided in two periods: | ||