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Bihar al-anwar (book): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox book | {{Infobox book | ||
| name = | | name = | ||
| image =Bihar al-anwar Beirut.jpg | | image =Bihar al-anwar Beirut.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption ='''Bibliographical Information''' | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| author = [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]] | | author = [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]] | ||
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| language = Arabic | | language = Arabic | ||
| series = 110 vol. | | series = 110 vol. | ||
| subject = Hadith | | subject = [[Hadith]]s from [[Infallibles (a)]] | ||
| genre = Hadith | | genre = Hadith | ||
| published = | | published = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''''Biḥār al-ʾanwār al-jāmiʿat li-durar ʾakhbār al-ʾAʾimmat al-ʾAṫhār''''' (Arabic: {{ | '''''Biḥār al-ʾanwār al-jāmiʿat li-durar ʾakhbār al-ʾAʾimmat al-ʾAṫhār''''' (Arabic: {{ia|بِحارُالأَنوار الجامِعَةُ لِدُرَرِ أَخبارِ الأَئِمَّةِ الأَطهار}}, literally: Seas of lights: the collection of pearls of the reports of the pure Imams) known as '''''Bihar al-anwar''''', is the most comprehensive Shi'a [[hadith]] collection written under supervision of [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]]. This book is also commonly called ''al-Bihar'' in brief. Writing of this book which is a collection of Shi'a teachings, lasted more than 30 years and a group of al-'Allama al-Majlisi's students helped him in this task. | ||
The author has organized the book based on 25 general topics and thus in 25 volumes. However, nowadays it is published in 110 volumes. In every volume, the author has collected related subtopics in different chapters. In every chapter then, he first has mentioned [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] related with that issue together with their interpretations and then has mentioned hadiths related to that chapter. | The author has organized the book based on 25 general topics and thus in 25 volumes. However, nowadays it is published in 110 volumes. In every volume, the author has collected related subtopics in different chapters. In every chapter then, he first has mentioned [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] related with that issue together with their interpretations and then has mentioned hadiths related to that chapter. | ||
Al-Majlisi has tried to cover all common topics and issues in ''Bihar al-anwar''; for example, this collection begins with the book of "al-'Aql wa l-jahl" (wisdom and ignorance) and continues with topics about [[theology]], | Al-Majlisi has tried to cover all common topics and issues in ''Bihar al-anwar''; for example, this collection begins with the book of "al-'Aql wa l-jahl" (wisdom and ignorance) and continues with topics about [[theology]], [[Oneness of God]] (tawhid), [[divine justice]] and the history of the [[prophets]]. From volume 15 to volume 53 (of the 110 volume set) is dedicated to the life and merits of the [[Prophet (s)]], [[Lady Fatima (s)]], and [[Shi'a Imams (a)]]. | ||
Due to its maximum number of hadiths narrated from Shi'a Imams (a), chaptering of topics, explanation of hadiths, various theological, historical, [[jurisprudential]], [[exegetical]], [[ethical]], hadith, and lexical researches, ''Bihar al-anwar'' has a great position among researchers; so that regardless of its many volumes, since its first publication, many manuscript copies of that were written and with later development of printing industry, all or parts of it have been frequently printed. | Due to its maximum number of hadiths narrated from Shi'a Imams (a), chaptering of topics, explanation of hadiths, various theological, historical, [[fiqh|jurisprudential]], [[Tafsir|exegetical]], [[ethics|ethical]], hadith, and lexical researches, ''Bihar al-anwar'' has a great position among researchers; so that regardless of its many volumes, since its first publication, many manuscript copies of that were written and with later development of printing industry, all or parts of it have been frequently printed. | ||
== Author == | == Author == | ||
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{{Main|Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi}} | {{Main|Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi}} | ||
Muhammad Baqir b. Muhammad Taqi b. al-Maqsud 'Ali al-Majlisi known as al-'Allama al-Majlisi or the Second Majlisi (b. [[1037]]/1627 – d. [[1110]]/1698) and one of the most famous scholars in [[fiqh]] and [[hadith]] in the world of Islam. He was among the nobilities of Shi'a at the time of [[Safavids]]. He was an expert in different Islamic sciences such as [[exegesis]], [[hadith]], [[fiqh]], [[usul]], history, [[rijal]], [[diraya]], [[philosophy]], logic, mathematics, literature, lexicon, geography, medicine, astronomy, and [[occult sciences]]. | Muhammad Baqir b. Muhammad Taqi b. al-Maqsud 'Ali al-Majlisi known as al-'Allama al-Majlisi or the Second Majlisi (b. [[1037]]/1627 – d. [[1110]]/1698) and one of the most famous scholars in [[fiqh|jurisprudence]] and [[hadith]] in the world of Islam. He was among the nobilities of Shi'a at the time of [[Safavids]]. He was an expert in different Islamic sciences such as [[exegesis]], [[hadith]], [[fiqh|jurisprudence]], [[usul]], history, [[rijal]], [[diraya]], [[philosophy]], logic, mathematics, literature, lexicon, geography, medicine, astronomy, and [[occult sciences]]. | ||
==Goal== | ==Goal== | ||
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In the introduction of ''Bihar al-anwar'', al-Majlisi explained his goal of writing the book as, | In the introduction of ''Bihar al-anwar'', al-Majlisi explained his goal of writing the book as, | ||
:"The reason for writing this book is that I was enthusiastic in learning different types of knowledge, and after spending a part of my life on learning different sciences and thinking about the fruits and goals of these sciences I found that knowledge is achieved only through the revelation and the hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and in the hereafter, only this type of knowledge is helpful. Therefore, I studied the narrations and hadiths of the Infallibles (a)."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 2</ref> | :"The reason for writing this book is that I was enthusiastic in learning different types of knowledge, and after spending a part of my life on learning different sciences and thinking about the fruits and goals of these sciences I found that knowledge is achieved only through the [[revelation]] and the hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and in the [[hereafter]], only this type of knowledge is helpful. Therefore, I studied the narrations and hadiths of the Infallibles (a)."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 2</ref> | ||
He also tried to collect those references which were about to be lost and thus referred to those books which were abandoned due to excessive attention to [[ | He also tried to collect those references which were about to be lost and thus referred to those books which were abandoned due to excessive attention to the [[Four Books]], the corrupt intentions, lack of attention of the ignorant and the enemies of the Ahl al-Bayt (a).<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, pp. 3-4</ref> | ||
He also said that, "No book like this has ever been written and no one has superseded me in this and I hope this book will be the reference of scholars and seekers of knowledge for all those who seek the knowledge of Imams (a) until the rise of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|the Upriser (a)]] of the Ahl al-Bayt (a)."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 6</ref> | He also said that, "No book like this has ever been written and no one has superseded me in this and I hope this book will be the reference of scholars and seekers of knowledge for all those who seek the knowledge of Imams (a) until the rise of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|the Upriser (a)]] of the Ahl al-Bayt (a)."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 6</ref> | ||
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Al-Majlisi could well manage all the works needed, so he only sent his students to collect and write [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] and hadiths under the titles he organized. The rest of selections from text and writing the final draft was done by Allama himself.<ref>''Al-Mu'jam al-mufahras'', vol. 1, pp. 7-8</ref> However, the whole book was finished by his students after he passed away.<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 9, p. 183; Al-Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahrayn'', p. 57</ref> | Al-Majlisi could well manage all the works needed, so he only sent his students to collect and write [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] and hadiths under the titles he organized. The rest of selections from text and writing the final draft was done by Allama himself.<ref>''Al-Mu'jam al-mufahras'', vol. 1, pp. 7-8</ref> However, the whole book was finished by his students after he passed away.<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 9, p. 183; Al-Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahrayn'', p. 57</ref> | ||
Al-Majlisi chose titles for the front cover of every book and organized titles in every book. He began every chapter with verses of the glorious Qur'an which were either directly related or through different historical, hadith and | Al-Majlisi chose titles for the front cover of every book and organized titles in every book. He began every chapter with verses of the glorious Qur'an which were either directly related or through different historical, hadith and exegetical evidences they were related with the title; then he brought quotations from different [[exegetes]] (usually [[Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi]] and [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]]) and then he mentioned hadiths related with any title together with their references. He sometimes narrated a part of a hadith and brought it in full elsewhere more appropriate (he sometimes mentioned where he had brought the hadith in full) and also, if necessary, he explained the meaning of hadiths. His explanations are not found in the volumes copied by his students. | ||
Although al-Majlisi benefited from the assistance of some scholars, financial help of [[Safavid]] government, and different privileges and facilities for gathering sources for the process of writing ''Bihar al-anwar'', according to available manuscripts and other evidences, he-after achieving scientific degrees and writing most of his books-did the main job himself. | Although al-Majlisi benefited from the assistance of some scholars, financial help of [[Safavid]] government, and different privileges and facilities for gathering sources for the process of writing ''Bihar al-anwar'', according to available manuscripts and other evidences, he-after achieving scientific degrees and writing most of his books-did the main job himself. | ||
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[[Imam Khomeini]] wrote, "''Bihar al-anwar'' is the work of the great scholar of hadith, Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi which contains nearly 400 books and treatises; ''Bihar al-anwar'' is itself a library and its author wrote it when he saw that many hadiths books are about to be lost and wasted due to their small size and being less accessed."<ref>Khomeini, ''Kashf al-asrar'', p. 319</ref> | [[Imam Khomeini]] wrote, "''Bihar al-anwar'' is the work of the great scholar of hadith, Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi which contains nearly 400 books and treatises; ''Bihar al-anwar'' is itself a library and its author wrote it when he saw that many hadiths books are about to be lost and wasted due to their small size and being less accessed."<ref>Khomeini, ''Kashf al-asrar'', p. 319</ref> | ||
The important point about writing of ''Bihar al-anwar'' is that the author's limited usage of [[ | The important point about writing of ''Bihar al-anwar'' is that the author's limited usage of the [[Four Books]] made it a less important [[jurisprudential]] reference and even though it has a great coverage of other fields in Shi'a culture, it is not used in jurisprudential discussions as a common reference. | ||
Also, the type of analyses al-'Allama al-Majlisi gives about hadiths have been made in moderate [[Akhbari]] atmosphere and even where he faces rational issues, he criticizes that with a [[theological]] approach based on the apparent meaning, not with a rational and philosophical approach; therefore, some Shi'a scholars believe that al-'Allama al-Majlisi's explanations and comments are not accurate enough.<ref>Sayyid Muhammad Khamene'i, '' 'Allami Tabataba'i wa Majlisi wa hadith-i 'aql wa jahl''</ref> Thus, some commentaries and comments al-Allama al-Majlisi gives under some titles such as [[soul]], [[self]], [[intellect]], etc. have been criticized by scholars; for example, in his gloss about some parts of ''Bihar al-anwar'', [['Allama Tabataba'i]] wrote, "… and the safe approach for someone who is not competent enough in deep rational discussions is that he follows the apparent meaning of the Qur'an and hadiths and leave understanding the truth of them to God and avoids entering deep rational discussions either approving or disapproving anything."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 104, footnote</ref> Also in ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'', [[al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]] wrote, "Many of the statements, explanations and comments of al-'Allama al-Majlisi for hadiths, etc. have been written in hurry and this has led to less beneficial and more erroneous discussions."<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 9, p. 183</ref> | Also, the type of analyses al-'Allama al-Majlisi gives about hadiths have been made in moderate [[Akhbari]] atmosphere and even where he faces rational issues, he criticizes that with a [[theological]] approach based on the apparent meaning, not with a rational and philosophical approach; therefore, some Shi'a scholars believe that al-'Allama al-Majlisi's explanations and comments are not accurate enough.<ref>Sayyid Muhammad Khamene'i, '' 'Allami Tabataba'i wa Majlisi wa hadith-i 'aql wa jahl''</ref> Thus, some commentaries and comments al-Allama al-Majlisi gives under some titles such as [[soul]], [[self]], [[intellect]], etc. have been criticized by scholars; for example, in his gloss about some parts of ''Bihar al-anwar'', [['Allama Tabataba'i]] wrote, "… and the safe approach for someone who is not competent enough in deep rational discussions is that he follows the apparent meaning of the Qur'an and hadiths and leave understanding the truth of them to God and avoids entering deep rational discussions either approving or disapproving anything."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 1, p. 104, footnote</ref> Also in ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'', [[al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]] wrote, "Many of the statements, explanations and comments of al-'Allama al-Majlisi for hadiths, etc. have been written in hurry and this has led to less beneficial and more erroneous discussions."<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 9, p. 183</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* The material for writing of this article is mainly taken from [ | * The material for writing of this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:بحار الأنوار|بحار الأنوار]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
* ''Al-Mu'jam al-mufahras li alfaz ahdith bihar al-anwar'', Qom, 1413 AH. | * ''Al-Mu'jam al-mufahras li alfaz ahdith bihar al-anwar'', Qom, 1413 AH. | ||
* Amin al-'Amili, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1406 AH. | * Amin al-'Amili, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1406 AH. | ||
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[[id:Bihar al-Anwar (buku)]] | [[id:Bihar al-Anwar (buku)]] | ||
[[de:Bihar al-Anwar]] | [[de:Bihar al-Anwar]] | ||
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[[Category:Hadith literature]] | [[Category:Hadith literature]] | ||
[[Category:Works of al-Allama al-Majlisi]] | [[Category:Works of al-Allama al-Majlisi]] | ||
[[Category:Written sources of 17th century]] | [[Category:Written sources of 17th century]] | ||