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Miqdad b. Amr: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox sahaba | {{Infobox sahaba | ||
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| Place of Birth = | | Place of Birth = | ||
| Muhajir/Ansar = [[Muhajir]] | | Muhajir/Ansar = [[Muhajir]] | ||
| Place of Residence = [[Hadramut]] | | Place of Residence = [[Hadramut]] • [[Mecca]] • [[Medina]] | ||
|Death/Martyrdom = [[33]]/653- | |Death/Martyrdom = [[33]]/653-54 | ||
|Cause of death/martyrdom = | |Cause of death/martyrdom = | ||
|Burial place = Medina | |Burial place = Medina | ||
|Converting to Islam = Among the first Muslims | |Converting to Islam = Among the first Muslims | ||
|Cause of converting to Islam = | |Cause of converting to Islam = | ||
|Presence at [[ghazwas]] = Presented in All of the | |Presence at [[ghazwas]] = Presented in All of the [[ghazwa]]s | ||
|Migration to = [[Abyssinia]], Medina | |Migration to = [[Abyssinia]], Medina | ||
|Known for = One of the first Shi'as of [[Imam Ali (a)]] | |Known for = One of the first Shi'as of [[Imam Ali (a)]] | ||
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|Works = | |Works = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Miqdād b. ʿAmr''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|مقداد بن عمرو}}), known as '''Miqdad b. al-Aswad''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|مقداد بن الأسود}}), is one of the noble [[:category:Sahabas|companions of the Prophet (s)]], and one of the first Shi'as of [[Imam Ali (a)]]. Miqdad converted to Islam early after [[Bi'that]] and was one of the first people who revealed his conversion to Islam. He attended all battles in the early years of Islam. Miqdad, [[Salman al-Farsi]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Abu Dhar]] are referred to as the first Shi'as (followers) of [[Imam Ali (a)]]; they were known as Shi'as even in the period of the [[Prophet (s)]]. After the demise of the Prophet (s), Miqdad supported Imam Ali's (a) immediate succession of the Prophet (s), and did not pledge his allegiance to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]]. He was one of the few people who were present at the funeral of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]]. Miqdad is considered as a serious opponent of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]. According to some sources, he was a member of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]]. Miqdad is praised in [[hadiths]] from [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] in which he is said to return in [[Raj'a]] after the [[Reappearance]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. He transmitted hadiths from the Prophet (s). | |||
'''Miqdād b. ʿAmr''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|مقداد بن عمرو}}), known as '''Miqdad b. al-Aswad''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|مقداد بن الأسود}}), is one of the noble [[:category:Sahabas|companions of the Prophet (s)]], and one of the first Shi'as of [[Imam Ali (a)]]. Miqdad converted to Islam early after [[Bi'that]] and was one of the first people who revealed his conversion to Islam. He attended all battles in the early years of Islam. Miqdad, [[Salman al-Farsi]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Abu Dhar]] are referred to as the first Shi'as (followers) of [[Imam | |||
== Lineage, Birth, and Demise == | == Lineage, Birth, and Demise == | ||
Miqdad b. 'Amr b. Tha'laba, known as Miqdad b. al-Aswad was born in [[ | Miqdad b. 'Amr b. Tha'laba, known as Miqdad b. al-Aswad was born in [[Hadhramaut]], [[Yemen]] on 16 years after [['Am al-fil]] (b. 24 BH/586-7 - d. [[33]]/653-54). Biographers and historians have mentioned up to 20 of his ancestors. | ||
It is said that Miqdad had a quarrel with a person called | It is said that Miqdad had a quarrel with a person called "Abu Shimr b. Hajar" in Hadhramaut which led to that person's injury. After that, Miqdad went to [[Mecca]] and allied with [[Aswad b. 'Abd Yaghuth al-Zuhri]]. Thus, Aswad became Miqdad's father, and he came to be known as Miqdad b. Aswad and sometimes Miqdad al-Zuhri. | ||
===Family=== | ===Family=== | ||
'''Wife''': Miqdad's wife was [[Duba'a bt. Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Duba'a]], the [[Prophet]]'s (s) cousin and [[Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]'s daughter. The Prophet (s) married Duba'a to Miqdad although he considered her as having a great prestige and lineage, saying: "I married my cousin, Duba'a, to Miqdad, so that people can take marriage easy, be encouraged to marry their daughters to every believer, regardless of what lineage and prestige they have" | '''Wife''': Miqdad's wife was [[Duba'a bt. Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Duba'a]], the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet]]'s (s) cousin and [[Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]'s daughter. The Prophet (s) married Duba'a to Miqdad although he considered her as having a great prestige and lineage, saying: "I married my cousin, Duba'a, to Miqdad, so that people can take marriage easy, be encouraged to marry their daughters to every believer, regardless of what lineage and prestige they have." | ||
'''Children''': Miqdad had two children called 'Abd Allah and Karima. 'Abd Allah was a supporter of [[Aisha]] in the [[Battle of Jamal]], fought against [[Imam | '''Children''': Miqdad had two children called 'Abd Allah and Karima. 'Abd Allah was a supporter of [[Aisha]] in the [[Battle of Jamal]], fought against [[Imam Ali (a)]], and was killed in that battle. At the end of the battle when Imam Ali (a) looked at 'Abd Allah's corpse, he told him: "how bad a nephew you have been!" On some accounts, the name of Miqdad's son was "Ma'bad", not "'Abd Allah." | ||
==In the Period of the Prophet (s)== | ==In the Period of the Prophet (s)== | ||
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Miqdad attended all the battles of the Prophet (s) and was a champion among the [[Sahaba]]. In the [[Battle of Badr]], Miqdad was a member of the cavalry and his horse was known as "Sabha" (floating), perhaps because Miqdad fought with courage and valor. | Miqdad attended all the battles of the Prophet (s) and was a champion among the [[Sahaba]]. In the [[Battle of Badr]], Miqdad was a member of the cavalry and his horse was known as "Sabha" (floating), perhaps because Miqdad fought with courage and valor. | ||
Miqdad played a crucial role in the [[Battle of Uhud]] as well. According to historical sources, at the end of the battle when everyone fled, few people stayed with the Prophet (s), including | Miqdad played a crucial role in the [[Battle of Uhud]] as well. According to historical sources, at the end of the battle when everyone fled, few people stayed with the Prophet (s), including Ali (a), [[Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah]], [[Zubayr b. al-'Awam]], [[Abu Dujana]], [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]], and Miqdad. In this battle, Miqdad was an archer in the Muslim army. | ||
Along with Salman, 'Ammar, and Abu Dhar, Miqdad was one of the first followers of | Along with [[Salman al-Farsi]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Abu Dhar]], Miqdad was one of the first followers of Ali (a). They were known as the Shi'as of Ali (a) even in the period of the Prophet (s). | ||
==Supporting the Succession of Imam | ==Supporting the Succession of Imam Ali (a)== | ||
After the demise of the Prophet (s) and the election of [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] as the [[caliph]] and successor of the Prophet (s), a few Muslims stayed loyal to | After the demise of the Prophet (s) and the election of [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] as the [[caliph]] and successor of the Prophet (s), a few Muslims stayed loyal to Ali (a) and did not pledge their [[allegiance]] to Abu Bakr, including Salman, Abu Dhar, and Miqdad. Miqdad was not present in the [[Event of Saqifa]]. According to [[hadith]]s, he was one of the few people who were present in the funeral of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and performed [[Funeral Prayer]] on her corpse. According to some sources, he was a member of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]]. | ||
On different occasions, Miqdad reminded Abu Bakr and his companions of the issues of Imam | On different occasions, Miqdad reminded Abu Bakr and his companions of the issues of Imam Ali's (a) succession of the Prophet (s) and took actions to clarify the matter. Here are some examples of Miqdad's activities in defense of Ali's (a) right to the caliphate: | ||
When people pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, a group of [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]], including Miqdad, refused to pledge their allegiance to him and joined | When people pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, a group of [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]], including Miqdad, refused to pledge their allegiance to him and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a). | ||
40 men went to Imam | 40 men went to Imam Ali (a) and said: "we are ready to defend and support you." The Imam (a) told them: "if you are steadfast in your pledge, then shave your heads and come back to me tomorrow." The next day it was only Salman, Miqdad, and Abu Dhar who had shaved their heads and gone to Imam Ali (a). | ||
In the story of the [[Six-Member Council]] for the selection of the caliph after [['Umar b. Khattab]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. ' | In the story of the [[Six-Member Council]] for the selection of the caliph after [['Umar b. Khattab]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]] told Ali (a): "I will pledge my allegiance to you if you follow the Book of God [i.e. the [[Qur'an]]], the Prophet's (s) tradition, and the practice of Abu Bakr" but Ali (a) accepted only the first two conditions. Miqdad objected to 'Abd al-Rahman: "I swear to God, you have left Ali (a) who adjudicated on the basis of truth and justice". He went on: "I saw no household so oppressed as [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are after the demise of the Prophet (s)". | ||
Miqdad opposed [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate. He expressed his opposition by delivering a speech in the Mosque of Medina. | Miqdad opposed [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate. He expressed his opposition by delivering a speech in the Mosque of Medina. | ||
Al-Ya'qubi has reported (through some people) that in the night in which people pledged their allegiance to 'Uthman, he went out for the [['Isha' prayer]] while a candle was lit ahead of him. Miqdad b. 'Amr told him: "what is this heresy?" According to al-Ya'qubi, Miqdad was among people who criticized 'Uthman and joined | Al-Ya'qubi has reported (through some people) that in the night in which people pledged their allegiance to 'Uthman, he went out for the [['Isha' prayer]] while a candle was lit ahead of him. Miqdad b. 'Amr told him: "what is this heresy?" According to al-Ya'qubi, Miqdad was among people who criticized 'Uthman and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a). | ||
==In the Hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ==In the Hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ||
There are numerous [[hadiths]] from the [[Infallibles (a)]] concerning the virtues, the moral character, and the faith of Miqdad. Here are some of these hadiths: | There are numerous [[hadiths]] from the [[Infallibles (a)]] concerning the virtues, the moral character, and the faith of Miqdad. Here are some of these hadiths: | ||
The Prophet's (s) affection for Miqdad: the Prophet (s) said: "God has ordered me to love 4 people" | '''The Prophet's (s) affection for Miqdad:''' the Prophet (s) said: "God has ordered me to love 4 people." A person asked him to introduce those people. The Prophet (s) replied: "Ali, Salman, Miqdad, and Abu Dhar". | ||
Miqdad in the | '''Miqdad in the Heaven:''' according to a hadith from [[Anas b. Malik]], one day the Prophet (s) said: "the [[Heaven]] aspires to four of my people. When Ali (a) asked him about those people, the Prophet said: "I swear to God that you are the first of those people. The rest are Miqdad, Salman, and Abu Dhar." Also in an exegesis of the Quranic verse, "Surely (as for) those who believe and do good deeds, their place of entertainment shall be the gardens of paradise" ([[Sura al-Kahf]]: 107), [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said: "this verse was revealed about Abu Dhar, Miqdad, Salman, and 'Ammar". | ||
Miqdad's faith: according to a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a): "the faith (iman) has 10 degrees: Miqdad is at the 8th degree, Abu Dhar is at the 9th, and Salman is at the 10th". | '''Miqdad's faith:''' according to a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a): "the faith (iman) has 10 degrees: Miqdad is at the 8th degree, Abu Dhar is at the 9th, and Salman is at the 10th". | ||
Acting upon | '''Acting upon al-Mawadda Verse:''' Imam al-Sadiq said about [[al-Mawadda Verse]] ("I ask of you no wage except the love of near relatives"): "I swear to God that nobody acted upon the verse except 7 people, including Miqdad." | ||
Miqdad is from Ahl al-Bayt (a): one day [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] asked the Prophet (s) about Salman, Miqdad, and Abu Dhar. The Prophet (s) talked about them individually. He said about Miqdad: "Miqdad is from us. God is the enemy of his enemies and friends with his friends. O Jabir! Whenever you pray for something and you want God to answer your prayer, ask Him with their names, because these are the best names for God". | '''Miqdad is from Ahl al-Bayt (a):''' one day [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] asked the Prophet (s) about Salman, Miqdad, and Abu Dhar. The Prophet (s) talked about them individually. He said about Miqdad: "Miqdad is from us. God is the enemy of his enemies and friends with his friends. O Jabir! Whenever you pray for something and you want God to answer your prayer, ask Him with their names, because these are the best names for God". | ||
Loyalty to Imam | '''Loyalty to Imam Ali (a):''' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said: "after the demise of the Prophet (s) people deviated from the Prophet's (s) path except three people: Salman, Abu Dhar, and Miqdad. According to some hadiths, Miqdad was the most obedient companion of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]]. | ||
Miqdad's [[Raj'a]]: according to some hadiths, Miqdad will return to the world after the [[Reappearance]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] and will be a companion and commander of the Imam's (a) government" | '''Miqdad's [[Raj'a]]:''' according to some hadiths, Miqdad will return to the world after the [[Reappearance]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] and will be a companion and commander of the Imam's (a) government." | ||
Obligation to love Miqdad: Imam al-Sadiq (a) said: "it is an obligation to love people who did not deviate from the right path after the Prophet (s)" | '''Obligation to love Miqdad:''' Imam al-Sadiq (a) said: "it is an obligation to love people who did not deviate from the right path after the Prophet (s)." These people include Salman, Abu Dhar, and Miqdad. | ||
==Transmission of Hadiths== | ==Transmission of Hadiths== | ||
Miqdad transmitted [[ | Miqdad transmitted [[hadith]]s from the Prophet (s). Some people have transmitted his hadiths; for example: [[Sulaym b. Qays]], [[Anas b. Malik]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Layla]], [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], [[Duba'a bt. Zubar b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] (his wife]], and his daughter Karima. | ||
==Death and Burial Place== | ==Death and Burial Place== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
* The material for writing this article is mainly taken from [ | * The material for writing this article is mainly taken from [[:fa:مقداد بن عمرو|{{ia|مقداد بن عمرو}}]] from Farsi WikiShia. | ||
{{Sahabas}} | {{Sahabas}} | ||