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Miqdad b. Amr: Difference between revisions
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==In the Period of the Prophet (s)== | ==In the Period of the Prophet (s)== | ||
===Conversion to Islam=== | ===Conversion to Islam=== | ||
Miqdad converted to Islam early after [[Bi'that]] (the first revelation of the Prophet (s)) and went under the tortures of [[Quraysh]] [[polytheists]]. Historians have mentioned him among early Muslims, but there is no discussion of how he converted to Islam. [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] reported that there were 7 people who revealed their conversion to Islam before anybody else. One of these people was Miqdad. | Miqdad converted to Islam early after [[Bi'that]] (the first revelation of the Prophet (s)) and went under the tortures of [[Quraysh]] [[polytheists]]. Historians have mentioned him among early Muslims, but there is no discussion of how he converted to Islam. [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] reported that there were 7 people who revealed their conversion to Islam before anybody else. One of these people was Miqdad.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 5, p. 242.</ref> | ||
===Immigration=== | ===Immigration=== | ||
Miqdad emigrated two times: once to [[Abyssinia]] among the third group of Muslim immigrants, and once again to Medina. It is not exactly known when he moved to Medina, but as shown by some evidence, he joined Muslims in [[1]] AH/623 in [[Shawwal]] in the [[Sariyya]] of Abu 'Ubayda, and then they all moved to Medina. | Miqdad emigrated two times: once to [[Abyssinia]] among the third group of Muslim immigrants, and once again to Medina. It is not exactly known when he moved to Medina, but as shown by some evidence, he joined Muslims in [[1]] AH/623 in [[Shawwal]] in the [[Sariyya]] of Abu 'Ubayda, and then they all moved to Medina.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 205; Māmaqānī, ''Qāmūs al-Rijāl'', vol. 9, p. 114.</ref> | ||
===Presence in Battles=== | ===Presence in Battles=== | ||
Miqdad attended all the battles of the Prophet (s) and was a champion among the [[Sahaba]]. In the [[Battle of Badr]], Miqdad was a member of the cavalry and his horse was known as "Sabha" (floating), perhaps because Miqdad fought with courage and valor. | Miqdad attended all the battles of the Prophet (s) and was a champion among the [[Sahaba]].<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 282.</ref> In the [[Battle of Badr]], Miqdad was a member of the cavalry and his horse was known as "Sabha" (floating), perhaps because Miqdad fought with courage and valor.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 120.</ref> | ||
Miqdad played a crucial role in the [[Battle of Uhud]] as well. According to historical sources, at the end of the battle when everyone fled, few people stayed with the Prophet (s), including Ali (a), [[Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah]], [[Zubayr b. al-'Awam]], [[Abu Dujana]], [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]], and Miqdad. In this battle, Miqdad was an archer in the Muslim army. | Miqdad played a crucial role in the [[Battle of Uhud]] as well. According to historical sources, at the end of the battle when everyone fled, few people stayed with the Prophet (s), including [[Imam 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Ali (a)]], [[Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah]], [[Zubayr b. al-'Awam]], [[Abu Dujana]], [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]], and Miqdad.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 114.</ref> In this battle, Miqdad was an archer in the Muslim army.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 152.</ref> | ||
Along with [[Salman al-Farsi]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Abu Dhar]], Miqdad was one of the first followers of Ali (a). They were known as the Shi'as of Ali (a) even in the period of the Prophet (s). | Along with [[Salman al-Farsi]], [['Ammar b. Yasir]], and [[Abu Dhar]], Miqdad was one of the first followers of Ali (a). They were known as the Shi'as of Ali (a) even in the period of the Prophet (s).<ref>See: Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 18.</ref> | ||
==Supporting the Succession of Imam Ali (a)== | ==Supporting the Succession of Imam Ali (a)== | ||
After the demise of the Prophet (s) and the election of [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] as the [[caliph]] and successor of the Prophet (s), a few Muslims stayed loyal to Ali (a) and did not pledge their [[allegiance]] to Abu Bakr, including Salman, Abu Dhar, and Miqdad. Miqdad was not present in the [[Event of Saqifa]]. According to [[hadith]]s, he was one of the few people who were present in the funeral of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and performed [[Funeral Prayer]] on her corpse. According to some sources, he was a member of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]]. | After the demise of the Prophet (s) and the election of [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] as the [[caliph]] and successor of the Prophet (s), a few Muslims stayed loyal to Ali (a) and did not pledge their [[allegiance]] to Abu Bakr, including Salman, Abu Dhar, and Miqdad. Miqdad was not present in the [[Event of Saqifa]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 22, p. 328.</ref> According to [[hadith]]s, he was one of the few people who were present in the funeral of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and performed [[Funeral Prayer]] on her corpse.<ref>Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', vol. 1, p. 34.</ref> According to some sources, he was a member of [[Shurtat al-Khamis]].<ref>Khoei, ''Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth'', vol. 6, p. 188.</ref> | ||
On different occasions, Miqdad reminded Abu Bakr and his companions of the issues of Imam Ali's (a) succession of the Prophet (s) and took actions to clarify the matter. Here are some examples of Miqdad's activities in defense of Ali's (a) right to the caliphate: | On different occasions, Miqdad reminded Abu Bakr and his companions of the issues of Imam Ali's (a) succession of the Prophet (s) and took actions to clarify the matter. Here are some examples of Miqdad's activities in defense of Ali's (a) right to the caliphate: | ||
When people pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, a group of [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]], including Miqdad, refused to pledge their allegiance to him and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a). | #When people pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, a group of [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]], including Miqdad, refused to pledge their allegiance to him and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 137-138; Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 461-465. </ref> | ||
#40 men went to Imam Ali (a) and said: "we are ready to defend and support you." The Imam (a) told them: "if you are steadfast in your pledge, then shave your heads and come back to me tomorrow." The next day it was only Salman, Miqdad, and Abu Dhar who had shaved their heads and gone to Imam Ali (a).<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 126.</ref> | |||
#In the story of the [[Six-Member Council]] for the selection of the caliph after [['Umar b. Khattab]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]] told Ali (a): "I will pledge my allegiance to you if you follow the Book of God [i.e. the [[Qur'an]]], the Prophet's (s) tradition, and the practice of Abu Bakr" but Ali (a) accepted only the first two conditions. Miqdad objected to 'Abd al-Rahman: "I swear to God, you have left Ali (a) who adjudicated on the basis of truth and justice". He went on: "I saw no household so oppressed as [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are after the demise of the Prophet (s)".<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 233.</ref> | |||
Miqdad opposed [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate. He expressed his opposition by delivering a speech in the Mosque of Medina.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 233.</ref> | |||
Al-Ya'qubi has reported (through some people) that in the night in which people pledged their allegiance to 'Uthman, he went out for the [['Isha' prayer]] while a candle was lit ahead of him. Miqdad b. 'Amr told him: "what is this heresy?"<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 54.</ref> According to al-Ya'qubi, Miqdad was among people who criticized 'Uthman and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a).<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 54-55.</ref> | |||
Al-Ya'qubi has reported (through some people) that in the night in which people pledged their allegiance to 'Uthman, he went out for the [['Isha' prayer]] while a candle was lit ahead of him. Miqdad b. 'Amr told him: "what is this heresy?" According to al-Ya'qubi, Miqdad was among people who criticized 'Uthman and joined Ali b. Abi Talib (a). | |||
==In the Hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ==In the Hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a)== | ||