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Muslim b. Aqil: Difference between revisions
quick review; full transliteration of references done (notes still with no FT)
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| image = Shrine of Muslim b. Aqil.JPG | | image = Shrine of Muslim b. Aqil.JPG | ||
| image size = | | image size = | ||
| caption = The Tomb of Muslim b. | | caption = The Tomb of Muslim b. Aqil next to the [[Mosque of Kufa]] | ||
| Full name = Muslim b. | | Full name = Muslim b. Aqil b. Abi Talib | ||
| Companion of = [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] | | Companion of = [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] • [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] | ||
| Kunya = | | Kunya = | ||
| Epithet = | | Epithet = | ||
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| Religious Affiliation = | | Religious Affiliation = | ||
| Lineage = [[Banu Hashim]] | | Lineage = [[Banu Hashim]] | ||
| Well known relatives = [[The Prophet (s)]] | | Well known relatives = [[The Prophet (s)]] • [[Imam Ali (a)]] • [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] • [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] • [[Aqil b. Abi Talib]] | ||
| Birth = | | Birth = | ||
| Place of Birth = [[Medina]] | | Place of Birth = [[Medina]] | ||
| Place of Residence = Medina | | Place of Residence = Medina | ||
| Death/martyrdom = [[60]]/680 | | Death/martyrdom = [[60]]/680 | ||
| Cause of Death/martyrdom = Martyred by [[ | | Cause of Death/martyrdom = Martyred by [[Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] | ||
| Burial place = Kufa | | Burial place = Kufa | ||
| Professors = | | Professors = | ||
| Students = | | Students = | ||
| Works = | | Works = | ||
| Activities = Imam al-Husayn's (a) representative in Kufa | | Activities = Imam al-Husayn's (a) representative in Kufa • participating in the [[battle of Siffin]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Mourning of Muharram-vertical}} | {{Mourning of Muharram-vertical}} | ||
'''Muslim b. ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib''' (Arabic: {{ia|مسلم بن عقیل بن ابي طالب}}), cousin of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his representative in the [[Kufa]] before [[Battle of Karbala]] and was from [[Al Abi Talib]]. Muslim was present in some conquest of Muslims as well as the [[Battle of Siffin]]. He went to Kufa as a representative of Imam al-Husayn (a) to provide the Imam with a status report of the city and make sure that people of Kufa are persistent and truthful in their invitation of the Imam. In a report to the Imam, he wrote that Kufans were prepared for the Imam's arrival. | |||
However, after that [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] was appointed as the governor of Kufa, and because people were afraid of him, they suddenly left Muslim alone. Thus, he was arrested and martyred on the day of [['Arafa]] ([[Dhu l-Hijja 9]]), 60 ([[September 10]], 680).<ref>Amin, ''A'yan al-shi'a'', vol.1 p.593</ref> The story of Muslim being left alone and his martyrdom in Kufa is the theme of a [[Lament for Muslim b. 'Aqil|well-known lament]] recited by the Shi'as. The lament is recited on the [[day of 'Arafa]] and sometimes on [[Muharram 1]]. | |||
However, after that [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] was appointed as the governor of Kufa and because people were afraid of him, they suddenly left Muslim alone. Thus, he was arrested and martyred on the day of [['Arafa]] ([[Dhu l-Hijja 9]]), 60 ([[September 10]], 680).<ref>Amin, ''A'yan al-shi'a'', vol.1 p.593</ref> The story of Muslim being left alone and his martyrdom in Kufa is the theme of a [[Lament for Muslim b. 'Aqil|well-known lament]] recited by the Shi'as. The lament is recited on the [[day of 'Arafa]] and sometimes on [[Muharram 1]]. | |||
==Birth, Lineage and Martyrdom== | ==Birth, Lineage and Martyrdom== | ||
His birthday is unknown. He was martyred on [[Dhu l-Hijja 9th]] 60 in [[Kufa]] (September 10, 680). On some accounts, Muslim was 28 years old when he was martyred. | His birthday is unknown. He was martyred on [[Dhu l-Hijja 9th]] 60 in [[Kufa]] (September 10, 680). On some accounts, Muslim was 28 years old when he was martyred. However, the account is objectionable because it is inconsistent with accounts according to which Muslim's sons, who were martyred in the [[Event of Ashura]], were 26 and 27. Given that he was reportedly present in conquests as well as the Battle of Siffin, some people believe that he was over 50 when he was martyred. Muslim's grave is located in Kufa on the eastern side of the [[Mosque of Kufa]]. | ||
His father [[ | His father [[Aqil b. Abi Talib]] ([[Imam Ali (a)]]'s brother) was a genealogist<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol.3 p.1079</ref> and an eloquent speaker.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Istidhkar'', vol.8 p.249</ref> | ||
His mother was a slave woman, | His mother was a slave woman, Aqil had bought from [[Syria]], called 'Alliyya<ref>Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-talibiyyin'', p.52</ref> (or according to al-Baladhuri's report Hilliyya)<ref>Baladhari, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.3 p.224</ref>. | ||
Ibn Habban (d. 354/965), a [[Sunni]] scholar, writes, "Muslim b. 'Aqil al-Hashimi. His [[teknonym]] was Abu Dawud. He was the most similar person to [[the Prophet (s)]] among the sons of [['Abd al-Muttalib]]. He was contemporaneous with some of [[sahaba|the companions of the Prophet]] (s)."<ref>Ibn Habban, ''al-Thiqat'', vol.5 p.391</ref> | Ibn Habban (d. 354/965), a [[Sunni]] scholar, writes, "Muslim b. 'Aqil al-Hashimi. His [[teknonym]] was Abu Dawud. He was the most similar person to [[the Prophet (s)]] among the sons of [['Abd al-Muttalib]]. He was contemporaneous with some of [[sahaba|the companions of the Prophet]] (s)."<ref>Ibn Habban, ''al-Thiqat'', vol.5 p.391</ref> | ||
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===Wife and Children=== | ===Wife and Children=== | ||
Muslim married [[Ruqayya bint 'Ali|Ruqayya]], the daughter of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. So he was Imam | Muslim married [[Ruqayya bint 'Ali|Ruqayya]], the daughter of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. So he was Imam Ali's son-in-law. According to some sources, he also had a wife from the clan of Banu 'Amir b. Sa'sa'a. | ||
Muslim's children are mentioned in accounts of the Battle of Karbala. For example, when they gave the news of their father's martyrdom to Imam al-Husayn (a) on his way from [[Mecca]] to Kufa, [['Ali al-Akbar (a)]] suggested that they return, noting the disloyalty of the people of Kufa. Muslim's children disagreed, however, and encouraged the Imam to go on his way to Kufa. Moreover, some of Muslim's children are mentioned in old sources as martyrs of Karbala, including [['Abd Allah b. Muslim]] and [[Muhammad b. Muslim]]. | Muslim's children are mentioned in accounts of the Battle of Karbala. For example, when they gave the news of their father's martyrdom to Imam al-Husayn (a) on his way from [[Mecca]] to Kufa, [['Ali al-Akbar (a)]] suggested that they return, noting the disloyalty of the people of Kufa. Muslim's children disagreed, however, and encouraged the Imam to go on his way to Kufa. Moreover, some of Muslim's children are mentioned in old sources as martyrs of Karbala, including [['Abd Allah b. Muslim]] and [[Muhammad b. Muslim]]. | ||
There are disagreements in historical sources regarding the names and the number of Muslim's children. In less reliable accounts in later sources, other children of Muslim b. | There are disagreements in historical sources regarding the names and the number of Muslim's children. In less reliable accounts in later sources, other children of Muslim b. Aqil are mentioned as [[martyrs of Karbala]], such as 'Awn, Muslim, 'Ubayad Allah, Ja'far, and Ahmad. Some sources refer to [[Two Sons of Muslim b. 'Aqil|two young children of Muslim]] (Muhammad and Ibrahim) who were captured after Imam al-Husayn's martyrdom, imprisoned in Kufa at the command of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, and were martyred after they escaped from the prison. However, some other sources believe that these two boys were not Muslim's children. The names of Muslim's children are differently mentioned in other sources, such as Ibrahim, 'Abd al-'Aziz, 'Ali, Muslim, and a daughter called Hamida or Umm Hamida. | ||
Allegedly | Allegedly Abd Allah b. Muslim, and on some other accounts, both 'Abd Allah and 'Ali, were children of Ruqayya the daughter of Imam 'Ali (a). | ||
{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
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==Imam Husayn's Representative in Kufa== | ==Imam Husayn's Representative in Kufa== | ||
Muslim accompanied [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] when Imam departed [[Medina]] toward Mecca. But when Imam received [[Letters of the Kufians to Imam al-Husayn|numerous invitation letters | Muslim accompanied [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] when Imam departed [[Medina]] toward Mecca. But when Imam received [[Letters of the Kufians to Imam al-Husayn|numerous invitation letters from people of Kufa]], he sent Muslim to Kufa to check if they are honest in their letters and also if the conditions are ready for his presence.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Akhbar al-tiwal'', p.230</ref> | ||
According to another report Imam (a) sent [[Qays b. Mushir al-Saydawi]], [['Amarat b. 'Abd al-Saluli]] and [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Abd Allah al-Arhabi]] along with Muslim and ordered him to be wary of [[God]], hide his mission and tolerate people and get along with them; then if he sees that people are united and have unanimous opinion, inform the Imam immediately.<ref>Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p.295-297</ref> | According to another report, Imam (a) sent [[Qays b. Mushir al-Saydawi]], [['Amarat b. 'Abd al-Saluli]] and [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Abd Allah al-Arhabi]] along with Muslim and ordered him to be wary of [[God]], hide his mission and tolerate people and get along with them; then if he sees that people are united and have a unanimous opinion, inform the Imam immediately.<ref>Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', p.295-297</ref> | ||
===Beginning of the Journey and Problems on the Way=== | ===Beginning of the Journey and Problems on the Way=== | ||
Muslim b. 'Aqil left Mecca on [[Ramadan 15]], 60/June 19, 680. He first went to Medina where he deployed two guides and then departed to Kufa. The journey to Medina was apparently intended to hide his intentions of going to Kufa. However, they were lost in the desert and were hungry and thirsty. The two guides died, but Muslim survived and arrived in an oasis, where he sent a messenger to Imam al-Husayn, told him the story, and asked him to cancel his mission because he took the story of his loss as a forewarning. However, the Imam commanded him to go on his way. | Muslim b. 'Aqil left Mecca on [[Ramadan 15]], 60/June 19, 680. He first went to Medina where he deployed two guides and then departed to Kufa. The journey to Medina was apparently intended to hide his intentions of going to Kufa. However, they were lost in the desert and were hungry and thirsty. The two guides died, but Muslim survived and arrived in an oasis, where he sent a messenger to Imam al-Husayn, told him the story, and asked him to cancel his mission because he took the story of his loss as a forewarning. However, the Imam commanded him to go on his way. | ||
When Imam al-Husayn (a) left Medina to Mecca, he was accompanied by Muslim b. | When Imam al-Husayn (a) left Medina to Mecca, he was accompanied by Muslim b. Aqil. When the Imam received letters from the people of Kufa, he sent Muslim to Kufa so that he evaluates the conditions of the city and makes sure about the claims made by Kufis to the effect that the Imam had many followers in the city, and then sends a report to the Imam. According to some hadiths, Imam al-Husayn sent [[Qays b. Mushir al-Saydawi]], [[Umara b. 'Abd al-Saluli]], and [[Abd al-Rahman b. Abd Allah al-Arhabi]] along with Muslim b. 'Aqil to Kufa. | ||
===Muslim in Kufa=== | ===Muslim in Kufa=== | ||
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===Allegiance of Kufans to Muslim=== | ===Allegiance of Kufans to Muslim=== | ||
After his stay in Kufa, Muslim began to get people to pledge their allegiance to Imam al-Husayn (a). The conditions of the allegiance included the call to the [[Book of God]], the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]], | After his stay in Kufa, Muslim began to get people to pledge their allegiance to Imam al-Husayn (a). The conditions of the allegiance included the call to the [[Book of God]], the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]], fighting against unjust people, defense of the oppressed, helping the impoverished, assisting [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], peace with people with whom Ahl al-Bayt (a) are in peace and fighting those with whom Ahl al-Bayt (a) fight, listening to words and practices of Ahl al-Bayt (a), and never disobeying them. | ||
In Kufa, 12000 people pledged their allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil on behalf of Imam al-Husayn (a) and announced their preparation to help the Imam. On other accounts, the number of those who pledged their allegiance amounted to 18000 or 30,000. Having analyzed some events that took place after Muslim's stay in Kufa (including [[ | In Kufa, 12000 people pledged their allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil on behalf of Imam al-Husayn (a) and announced their preparation to help the Imam. On other accounts, the number of those who pledged their allegiance amounted to 18000 or 30,000. Having analyzed some events that took place after Muslim's stay in Kufa (including [[Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]]'s easy defeat of the Uprising of Muslim and his takeover of the city), some researchers believe that the real number of those who pledged their allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil is much smaller than is cited in sources. Others have estimated the population of Kufa at the time based on historical accounts, concluding that male warriors in Kufa were over 60,000. Thus, those who pledged their allegiance to Muslim constituted only one-third of the warriors in Kufa. Thus, in an analysis of the conditions in which Imam moved to Kufa, it should be noted that people who did not pledge their allegiance to Muslim were not the Imam's opponents or advocates of the Umayyad dynasty. Many of them only remained neutral and stayed out of the conflict. Thus, the number of people who pledged their allegiance to Muslim was sufficient for an uprising in Kufa. This was why Imam al-Husayn (a) departed to Kufa upon the reception of Muslim's letter. | ||
On [[Dhu l-Qa'da 11]], Muslim wrote a letter to Imam al-Husayn (a) in which he confirmed the large number of those who pledged their allegiance and invited the Imam to Kufa. The letter has been quoted differently in different sources. Thus, on different accounts, his letters | On [[Dhu l-Qa'da 11]], Muslim wrote a letter to Imam al-Husayn (a) in which he confirmed the large number of those who pledged their allegiance and invited the Imam to Kufa. The letter has been quoted differently in different sources. Thus, on different accounts, his letters refer to 12000, 18000, or, on some version, all people in Kufa. | ||
=== | ===Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's Entrance in Kufa=== | ||
Upon Muslim's arrival in Kufa, [[Nu'man b. Bashir]] was the ruler of the city. According to historical sources, he was pacifist and gentle. According to some narrations, Nu'man was not in good terms with [[Yazid]]. When the news of people's allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil was circulated in Kufa, Nu'man b. Bashir gathered people and recommended them to avoid divisions. However, he said, "as long as people do not fight with me, I will not fight with them." When advocates of the [[Umayyad]] dynasty objected to Nu'man and called him "weak", he replied, "this is more pleasant to me than being strong and disobeying God." Yazid's advocates and agents, including [['Umar b. Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath al-Kindi]], wrote a letter to Yazid and told him that if he wanted to retain Kufa, he had to act quickly because Nu'man b. Bashir, the present ruler of Kufa, was weak or pretended that he was weak. Thus, Yazid appointed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, who was the ruler of Basra at the time, as the ruler of Kufa as well. According to historians, in his will to Yazid (which was kept by his servant and was then delivered to Yazid), Mu'awiya recommended Ibn Ziyad as a person who can suppress possible riots. | Upon Muslim's arrival in Kufa, [[Nu'man b. Bashir]] was the ruler of the city. According to historical sources, he was pacifist and gentle. According to some narrations, Nu'man was not in good terms with [[Yazid]]. When the news of people's allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil was circulated in Kufa, Nu'man b. Bashir gathered people and recommended them to avoid divisions. However, he said, "as long as people do not fight with me, I will not fight with them." When advocates of the [[Umayyad]] dynasty objected to Nu'man and called him "weak", he replied, "this is more pleasant to me than being strong and disobeying God." Yazid's advocates and agents, including [['Umar b. Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath al-Kindi]], wrote a letter to Yazid and told him that if he wanted to retain Kufa, he had to act quickly because Nu'man b. Bashir, the present ruler of Kufa, was weak or pretended that he was weak. Thus, Yazid appointed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, who was the ruler of Basra at the time, as the ruler of Kufa as well. According to historians, in his will to Yazid (which was kept by his servant and was then delivered to Yazid), Mu'awiya recommended Ibn Ziyad as a person who can suppress possible riots. | ||
Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad and his father, [[Ziyad b. Abih]], were widely known by people as violent and cruel. Earlier caliphs usually deployed the family to suppress riots. For example, 'Ubayd Allah had violently suppressed the riots of [[Khawarij]] in Basra. Once he arrived in Kufa, things turned against Muslim b. 'Aqil all of a sudden, and many people of Kufa who intended to participate in an uprising against Yazid's government were scattered around to stay out of danger. | |||
When he arrived in Kufa, | When he arrived in Kufa, Ubayd Allah tracked down the associates of Muslim b. 'Aqil. He threatened the heads of tribes and told them to provide him with names and whereabouts of people in their tribes who pledged allegiance to Muslim or promise that no person from their tribe will oppose the Umayyad; otherwise, their bloods would be shed and their property would be confiscated. | ||
After 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's arrival in Kufa and his threats and actions, Kufa was no longer safe. Thus, to protect his life, Muslim b. 'Aqil left Mukhtar's house and went to [[Hani b. 'Urwa]], a prominent figure in Kufa at the time, asking him to give him refuge. Although Hani b. 'Urwa was worried about the risks, he gave refuge to Muslim. Thereafter, Shi'as went to Hani's house to meet Muslim. | After 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's arrival in Kufa and his threats and actions, Kufa was no longer safe. Thus, to protect his life, Muslim b. 'Aqil left Mukhtar's house and went to [[Hani b. 'Urwa]], a prominent figure in Kufa at the time, asking him to give him refuge. Although Hani b. 'Urwa was worried about the risks, he gave refuge to Muslim. Thereafter, Shi'as went to Hani's house to meet Muslim. | ||
===The Plan to Murder | ===The Plan to Murder Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad=== | ||
According to a report cited in many historical sources, one day 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad wanted to give a visit to [[Sharik b. al-A'war al-Harithi]], who was a Shi'a of Imam 'Ali, a friend of 'Ubayd Allah, and was taking a rest in Hani's house because of his sickness. Before 'Ubayd Allah's arrival in the house, Sharik b. al-A'war suggested that Muslim hide somewhere in the house, and then at the right time, murder 'Ubayd Allah. When Ibn Ziyad arrived in Hani's house, Muslim b. 'Aqil refused to kill him, because Hani b. 'Urwa did not want Ibn Ziyad to be killed in his own house, and because of a [[hadith]] from the [[Prophet (s)]] in which surprise killing was prohibited. | According to a report cited in many historical sources, one day 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad wanted to give a visit to [[Sharik b. al-A'war al-Harithi]], who was a Shi'a of Imam 'Ali, a friend of 'Ubayd Allah, and was taking a rest in Hani's house because of his sickness. Before 'Ubayd Allah's arrival in the house, Sharik b. al-A'war suggested that Muslim hide somewhere in the house, and then at the right time, murder 'Ubayd Allah. When Ibn Ziyad arrived in Hani's house, Muslim b. 'Aqil refused to kill him, because Hani b. 'Urwa did not want Ibn Ziyad to be killed in his own house, and because of a [[hadith]] from the [[Prophet (s)]] in which surprise killing was prohibited. | ||
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===The Arrest of Hani and Muslim's Uprising=== | ===The Arrest of Hani and Muslim's Uprising=== | ||
Muslim's connections to Shi'as were secret. However, 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad sent a spy called "Ma'qil" who pretended to be an advocate of Muslim b. 'Aqil and interested in meeting him, and through the spy, Ibn Ziyad learned about Muslim's place. He then summoned Hani b. 'Urwa to his palace and asked him to surrender Muslim to him. Since Hani refused to do so, he was arrested. When Muslim heard about Hani's arrest, he asked his followers to start an uprising. According to | Muslim's connections to Shi'as were secret. However, 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad sent a spy called "Ma'qil" who pretended to be an advocate of Muslim b. 'Aqil and interested in meeting him, and through the spy, Ibn Ziyad learned about Muslim's place. He then summoned Hani b. 'Urwa to his palace and asked him to surrender Muslim to him. Since Hani refused to do so, he was arrested. When Muslim heard about Hani's arrest, he asked his followers to start an uprising. According to historical sources, about 4000 people gathered together with the motto, "Ya Mansur, Amit" (Oh the victorious! Bring death). Muslim's forces included Abd al-Rahman b. Kariz the commander of Kindis, Muslim b. Awsaja, the commander of the [[tribe of midhhaj|Midhhajis]], Abu Thumama al-Saydawi, the commander of Tamim and [[tribe of Hamdan |Hamdan]], and 'Abbas b. Ja'da b. Hubayra, the commander of the [[Quraysh]] and [[Ansar]]. They advanced towards and surrounded the palace. Inside the palace were only 50 people including 'Ubayd Allah's guards and close associates. | ||
'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad asked some prominent figures of Kufa who were inside the palace with him, such as [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath al-Kindi|Muhammad b. Ash'ath]], Kathir b. Shihab, [[Shabath b. Rib'i]], Qa'qa' b. Shur, [[Hajjar b. Abjar]], and [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]] to go to the crowd, give them promises, and threaten them against the army of al-Sham in order to deter them from helping Muslim and Imam al-Husayn (a). The trick worked. According to historical reports, people were scared after propagations of | 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad asked some prominent figures of Kufa who were inside the palace with him, such as [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath al-Kindi|Muhammad b. Ash'ath]], Kathir b. Shihab, [[Shabath b. Rib'i]], Qa'qa' b. Shur, [[Hajjar b. Abjar]], and [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]] to go to the crowd, give them promises, and threaten them against the army of al-Sham in order to deter them from helping Muslim and Imam al-Husayn (a). The trick worked. According to historical reports, people were scared after the propagations of Ubayd Allah's companions. They ran away quickly until Muslim was left alone at night without a place to go to. | ||
==Muslim's Arrest and Martyrdom== | ==Muslim's Arrest and Martyrdom== | ||
When Muslim was left alone and without | When Muslim was left alone and without shelter, he took refuge to the house of a woman called Taw'a. However, in the morning, Taw'a's son informed governmental agents about Muslim's hideout. Ibn Ziyad sent Muhammad b. Ash'ath with seventy other people to arrest Muslim and take him to the palace. | ||
After skirmishes between Muslim and governmental forces, Muhammad b. Ash'ath told Muslim that he would be safe if he surrenders himself. Thus, Muslim surrendered himself and was taken to the palace. However, Ibn Ziyad rejected Ibn Ash'ath's safe conduct, and after arguments between him and Muslim, he commanded Bukayr b. Hamran (who was injured in a skirmish with Muslim) to take Muslim to the roof of the palace and then decapitate him. When Muslim was beheaded, his torso was thrown down of the palace. | After skirmishes between Muslim and governmental forces, Muhammad b. Ash'ath told Muslim that he would be safe if he surrenders himself. Thus, Muslim surrendered himself and was taken to the palace. However, Ibn Ziyad rejected Ibn Ash'ath's safe conduct, and after arguments between him and Muslim, he commanded Bukayr b. Hamran (who was injured in a skirmish with Muslim) to take Muslim to the roof of the palace and then decapitate him. When Muslim was beheaded, his torso was thrown down of the palace. | ||
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==The Reason for the Failure of the Uprising of Kufa and Muslim's Mission== | ==The Reason for the Failure of the Uprising of Kufa and Muslim's Mission== | ||
Given information in relevant sources, | Given information in relevant sources, most authors believe that the uprising of the people of Kufa when Muslim was in the city failed because of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's policies of terrifying people, the social structure of Kufa that prevented any union or solidarity among its people, as well as the psychology of these people as they were emotional, unable to be organized, and were attached to the material world. Recently, an author has added another reason for the uprising's failure: the weak commandership of the uprising, although he did not provide clear grounds for the claim. It seems that remarks and speeches by Imam al-Husayn's associates after the Event of Ashura, including [[Zaynab]]'s speech after her arrival in Kufa when she was captured by the army of 'Umar b. Sa'd, are evidence for the former account of the grounds of the failure of the uprising. | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | * Amīn, al-Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Aʿyān al-shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf li l-Maṭbuʿāt, [n.d.]. | ||
* Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlamī li l-Maṭbuʿāt, 1394 AH. | |||
* | * Burāqī al-Najafī, Sayyid Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Kūfa''. Najaf: Manshūrat al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1424 AH. | ||
* | * Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn al-. ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Risāla, 1413 AH. | ||
* Ibn | * Dīnawarī, Ibn Qutayba al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Cairo: Dār Ihyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d.]. | ||
* Ibn | * Dīnawarī, Ibn Qutayba al-. ''Al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa''. Qom: Intishārt al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā, 1371 Sh. | ||
* Ibn | * Dīnawarī, Ibn Qutayba al-. ''Al-Maʿārif''. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1969. | ||
* Ibn | * Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'ʿIlmīyya, 1412/1992 | ||
* Ibn | * Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī. ''Al-Futūḥ''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1411 AH. | ||
* Ibn | * Ibn Ḥabban. ''Al-Thiqat''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Kutub al-Thiqafiyya, 1393 AH. | ||
* Ibn | * Ibn Mākūla, ʿAlī b. Hibat Allāh. ''Ikmāl al-kamāl''. Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d.]. | ||
* Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istidhkār''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 2000. | |||
* Ibn | * Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb''. Beirut: Dār al-Jabal, 1412 AH. | ||
* Ibn | * Ibn ʿAsakir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh madīna Dimashq''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li l-Ṭibaʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1415 AH. | ||
* | * Iṣfahānī, Abu l-Faraj al-. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Najaf: Manshūrāt al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1385 AH. | ||
* | * Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar''. Qom: Manshūrat Dār al-Ḥijra, 1404 AH. | ||
* | * Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Irshād''. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH. | ||
* | * Qāḍī al-Nu'mān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, [n.d.]. | ||
* | * Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Markaz al-Tibāʿa wa l-Nashr fī Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 | ||
* | * Shahīdī, Sayyid Jaʿfar. ''Pazhūhishī tāza pīrāmūn qiyām Iāam Ḥusayn''. Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islamī, 1380 Sh. | ||
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh''. | |||
* | * Ṭabrisī, al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Iʿlām al-warā''. Qom: Muʾassisa Āl al-Bayt lī Ihyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH. | ||
* | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Rijal''. Qom: Muʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islamī, 1415 AH. | ||
* | |||
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