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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Baqir (a): Difference between revisions
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== His Lineage, Kunya and Titles == | == His Lineage, Kunya and Titles == | ||
Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib, known as Imam al-Baqir (a) was the fifth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]], son of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], the fourth Imam of Shi'a. His mother was [[Fatima bt. al-Hasan (a)|Umm 'Abd Allah]], daughter of [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]]. | Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib, known as Imam al-Baqir (a) was the fifth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]], son of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], the fourth Imam of Shi'a. His mother was [[Fatima bt. al-Hasan (a)|Umm 'Abd Allah]], daughter of [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]]<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P.155</ref>. | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) was the first [[Hashemite]] who was born to Hashemite father and mother and his lineage from his both parents reached [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. | Imam al-Baqir (a) was the first [[Hashemite]] who was born to Hashemite father and mother and his lineage from his both parents reached [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P.158</ref>. | ||
His titles were, Shakir, Hadi, and Baqir, the latter of which is his most famous title. The meaning of "Baqir" is "splitter." | His titles were, Shakir, Hadi, and Baqir, the latter of which is his most famous title. The meaning of "Baqir" is "splitter." [[Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi|l-Ya'qubi]] wrote that, "He (a) [Imam al-Baqir (a)] was named Baqir since he split knowledge."<ref>al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol.2, P.289</ref> His famous kunya is Abu Ja'far. In hadith references, he (a) is mostly referred to as Abu Ja'far al-Awwal. | ||
== His Birth and Martyrdom == | == His Birth and Martyrdom == | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on Friday [[Rajab]] 1st, 57 AH/May 13th, 677 in [[Medina]]. Some have reported his birth on [[Safar]] 3rd/December 19th | Imam al-Baqir (a) was born on Friday [[Rajab]] 1st, 57 AH/May 13th, 677 in [[Medina]]. Some have reported his birth on [[Safar]] 3rd/December 19th of the same year(57 AH/676)<ref>al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', Vol.46, P.212</ref>. He was a small child and present in the [[Event of Karbala]]<ref>al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol.2, P. 289</ref>. | ||
=== His Naming === | === His Naming === | ||
Tens of years before Imam al-Baqir (a) was born, the [[Prophet (s)]] named him Muhammad and titled him as Baqir. A narration from [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir]] and others prove this. | Tens of years before Imam al-Baqir (a) was born, the [[Prophet (s)]] named him Muhammad and titled him as Baqir. A narration from [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir]] and others prove this<ref>al-Qumi al-Razi, ''Kifayat al-athar'', PP.144-5</ref>. | ||
=== His Martyrdom === | === His Martyrdom === | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) passed away on [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 7th 114 AH/February 1st, 733. There are other opinions about the year of his demise. | Imam al-Baqir (a) passed away on [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 7th 114 AH/February 1st, 733<ref>AL-Nawbakhti, ''Firaq al-Shi'a'', P.61</ref>. There are other opinions about the year of his demise. | ||
About whom martyred him, there are different narrations and historical opinions. Some sources have mentioned [[Hisham b. Abd al-Malik]] as the one who martyred him. Some have introduced [[Ibrahim b. Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik|Ibrahim b. Walid]] as the person who poisoned the Imam (a). Some narrations have considered Zayd b. Hasan who had strong hatred towards Imam al-Baqir (a) as the person who made the plot of martyring him. In any case, Imam al-Baqir (a) was martyred during the caliphate of Hisham b. Abd al-Malik, because his caliphate was from 108 until 125 AH (726 until 743) and the last year ever mentioned for the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) is 118 AH/736. | About whom martyred him, there are different narrations and historical opinions. Some sources have mentioned [[Hisham b. Abd al-Malik]] as the one who martyred him<ref>al-Kaf'ami, ''al-Misbah'', P.691</ref>. Some have introduced [[Ibrahim b. Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik|Ibrahim b. Walid]] as the person who poisoned the Imam (a)<ref>al-Tabari, ''Dala'il al-imama'', P.216; Ibn Shahr Ashub, ''al-Manaqib'', Vol.4, P.228</ref>. Some narrations have considered Zayd b. Hasan who had strong hatred towards Imam al-Baqir (a) as the person who made the plot of martyring him. In any case, Imam al-Baqir (a) was martyred during the caliphate of Hisham b. Abd al-Malik<ref>al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol.2, P.289</ref>, because his caliphate was from 108 until 125 AH (726 until 743) and the last year ever mentioned for the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) is 118 AH/736. | ||
Although reports are seemingly different, it is not impossible that they would be somehow correct, since there is a possibility that several people cooperated in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a), each report refers to one of them. Regarding the violent behavior of Hisham towards Imam al-Baqir (a) and the undeniable enmity of [[Umayyads]] with Ali's (a) descendants, there is no doubt that Hisham had had a strong motivation to have a role in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) even though indirectly. | Although reports are seemingly different, it is not impossible that they would be somehow correct, since there is a possibility that several people cooperated in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a), each report refers to one of them. Regarding the violent behavior of Hisham towards Imam al-Baqir (a) and the undeniable enmity of [[Umayyads]] with Ali's (a) descendants, there is no doubt that Hisham had had a strong motivation to have a role in the martyrdom of Imam al-Baqir (a) even though indirectly. | ||
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Obviously, to make his plot actualized, Hisham would use trustworthy people. Therefore, he would employ Ibrahim b. Walid who was an Umayyad and enemy of the [[Ahl al-bayt (a)]] and he provided the facilities for martyrdom of Imam (a) for a person who was counted a member of Ali's (a) descendants and could easily enter the living environment of Imam al-Baqir (a) so that through him, the dirty plot of Hisham would be actualized and Imam (a) would be martyred. | Obviously, to make his plot actualized, Hisham would use trustworthy people. Therefore, he would employ Ibrahim b. Walid who was an Umayyad and enemy of the [[Ahl al-bayt (a)]] and he provided the facilities for martyrdom of Imam (a) for a person who was counted a member of Ali's (a) descendants and could easily enter the living environment of Imam al-Baqir (a) so that through him, the dirty plot of Hisham would be actualized and Imam (a) would be martyred. | ||
Imam al-Baqir (a) was buried beside his father's grave and the grave of [[Hasan b. 'Ali (a)]], his father's uncle in [[Al-Baqi' Cemetery]]. | Imam al-Baqir (a) was buried beside his father's grave and the grave of [[Hasan b. 'Ali (a)]], his father's uncle in [[Al-Baqi' Cemetery]]<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P.158; al-Tabari, ''Dala'il al-imama'', P.216; Ibn jawzi, ''Tazkirat al-khawass'', P.306</ref>. | ||
== His Wives and Children == | == His Wives and Children == | ||
In sources, [[Umm Farwa bt. Qasim b. Muhammad|Umm Farwa]] is mentioned as the wife of Imam al-Baqir (a), who was the mother of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Also sources mention another woman called [[Umm Hakim bt. Usayd al-Thaqafi|Umm Hakim]], daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi as a wife of Imam (a) who was the mother of two of Imam's (a) children and another wife of Imam (a) who was a bondswoman and the mother of three other children of Imam (a). | In sources, [[Umm Farwa bt. Qasim b. Muhammad|Umm Farwa]] is mentioned as the wife of Imam al-Baqir (a), who was the mother of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Also sources mention another woman called [[Umm Hakim bt. Usayd al-Thaqafi|Umm Hakim]], daughter of Usayd al-Thaqafi as a wife of Imam (a) who was the mother of two of Imam's (a) children and another wife of Imam (a) who was a bondswoman and the mother of three other children of Imam (a)<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P. 524</ref>. | ||
The number of the children of Imam al-Baqir (a) was 7, including 5 sons and 2 daughters: | The number of the children of Imam al-Baqir (a) was 7, including 5 sons and 2 daughters: | ||
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# 'Ali | # 'Ali | ||
# Zaynab | # Zaynab | ||
# Umm Salama, the mother of her, Zaynab, and 'Ali was a bondswoman. | # Umm Salama, the mother of her, Zaynab, and 'Ali was a bondswoman.<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P. 524</ref> | ||
== His Imamate == | == His Imamate == | ||
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=== Proofs of His Imamate === | === Proofs of His Imamate === | ||
[[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir b. 'Abd Allah]] narrated that in replying his question about Imams (a) after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "A[[Imam al-Hasan (a)|l-Hasan]] (a) and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|al-Husayn (a)]], the two masters of the youths of paradise, then the master of worshippers of his time [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]], then al-Baqir, Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), whom you will see, O Jabir…" | [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir b. 'Abd Allah]] narrated that in replying his question about Imams (a) after [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "A[[Imam al-Hasan (a)|l-Hasan]] (a) and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|al-Husayn (a)]], the two masters of the youths of paradise, then the master of worshippers of his time [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]], then al-Baqir, Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), whom you will see, O Jabir…"<ref>al-Qumi al-Razi, ''Kifayat al-athar'', PP.144-5</ref> | ||
Also, Imam al-Sajjad (a) frequently attracted attentions towards his son, Baqir. For example, when his other son 'Umar asked him about why Imam al-Sajjad (a) paid more attention to al-Baqir (a), Imam (a) answered, "It is because the imamate will remain in his descendants until the day [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|our Upriser]] rises and fill the world with just and equity. So, he [Baqir] is both Imam and the father of Imams (a)." | Also, Imam al-Sajjad (a) frequently attracted attentions towards his son, Baqir. For example, when his other son 'Umar asked him about why Imam al-Sajjad (a) paid more attention to al-Baqir (a), Imam (a) answered, "It is because the imamate will remain in his descendants until the day [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|our Upriser]] rises and fill the world with just and equity. So, he [Baqir] is both Imam and the father of Imams (a)."<ref>al-Qumi al-Razi, ''Kifayat al-athar'', P.237</ref> | ||
[[al-Shaykh al-Mufid|Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] said Imam al-Baqir (a) was superior to all his brothers in knowledge, piety and dignity and his position is higher than them. Everyone praised him with glory and he was respected by the laymen and scholars. He (a) disclosed from the knowledge of religion, the Qur'an and ethics and morals, to such a great extent that these had not been priorly taught by any of the children of al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a). The rest of the companions of the Prophet (s), noble ones among the [[Tabi'un|Followers]], and highest ranking of [[fiqh scholars]] have narrated from him. His position in merits and nobility reached a level of being exemplar among the people of knowledge and they wrote works and composed poems to praise his personality<ref>al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', Vol.2, P.157</ref>. | |||
=== Caliphs Contemporary with Imam al-Baqir (a) === | === Caliphs Contemporary with Imam al-Baqir (a) === | ||