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Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki: Difference between revisions
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==Birth and Demise== | ==Birth and Demise== | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was born in [[Kark Nuh]] a village in Jabal ‘Amil, [[Lebanon]] in 865/1461 or 870/1466. His name was Ali and his title was Nur al-Din. | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was born in [[Kark Nuh]] a village in Jabal ‘Amil, [[Lebanon]] in 865/1461 or 870/1466. His name was Ali and his title was Nur al-Din. | ||
He passed away in 940/1534 at the age of 75 in [[Najaf]] and was buried in the [[holy shrine of Imam Ali]] (a). | He passed away in 940/1534 at the age of 75 in [[Najaf]] and was buried in the [[holy shrine of Imam Ali]] (a). | ||
He had two sons and two daughters. His oldest son, [[Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Ali]], was a great scholar and lived in [[Kashan]], Iran. His other son was Hasan. One of his daughters got married in Jabal ‘Amil and had a son named Mir Sayyid Husayni, who lived in [[Ardabil]], Iran and taught Islamic subjects and became Shaykh al-Islam (greatest scholar) of the city, and people referred to him for their religious issues. His other daughter married Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad Astarabadi in Iran and gave birth to a boy which later was known as [[Mir Damad]] -one of the most important teachers of [[Mulla Sadra]]. | He had two sons and two daughters. His oldest son, [[Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Ali]], was a great scholar and lived in [[Kashan]], Iran. His other son was Hasan. One of his daughters got married in Jabal ‘Amil and had a son named Mir Sayyid Husayni, who lived in [[Ardabil]], Iran and taught Islamic subjects and became Shaykh al-Islam (greatest scholar) of the city, and people referred to him for their religious issues. His other daughter married Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad Astarabadi in Iran and gave birth to a boy which later was known as [[Mir Damad]] -one of the most important teachers of [[Mulla Sadra]]. | ||
==Education and Scholarly Position== | ==Education and Scholarly Position== | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki traveled many times and studied under many scholars, such as: [[Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza’iri]], [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu’adhin al-Jazini]], [[Sayyid Haydar al-‘Amili]] and [[Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansari]] (a [[Sunni]] scholar). | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki traveled many times and studied under many scholars, such as: [[Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza’iri]], [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu’adhin al-Jazini]], [[Sayyid Haydar al-‘Amili]] and [[Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansari]] (a [[Sunni]] scholar). | ||
After primarily education, he entered the Islamic seminary of Kark, where he studied under Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Khatun, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jazini, Shams al-Din Muhammad Ahmad al-Sahyuni and Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza’iri. After that, he went to [[Miys]] and became a teacher in its Seminary. [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] was a student in that Seminary and studied [[Shara’i’ al -Islam]] and [[Qawa’id]] under al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki. Al-Muhaqqiq, also, studied for a while in [[Juba’]], Lebanon. Afterward, he went to the Seminary in Jabal ‘Amil and then to the one of [[Damascus]] and then to Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem). He also studied and did some researches in [[al-Khalil]] (Hebron). Afterward, he went to [[Egypt]], wherein he entered a Sunni Seminary. After 909/1503, he emigrated to [[Iraq]] and in 916/1510 moved to Iran. | After primarily education, he entered the Islamic seminary of Kark, where he studied under Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Khatun, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jazini, Shams al-Din Muhammad Ahmad al-Sahyuni and Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza’iri. After that, he went to [[Miys]] and became a teacher in its Seminary. [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] was a student in that Seminary and studied [[Shara’i’ al -Islam]] and [[Qawa’id]] under al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki. Al-Muhaqqiq, also, studied for a while in [[Juba’]], Lebanon. Afterward, he went to the Seminary in Jabal ‘Amil and then to the one of [[Damascus]] and then to Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem). He also studied and did some researches in [[al-Khalil]] (Hebron). Afterward, he went to [[Egypt]], wherein he entered a Sunni Seminary. After 909/1503, he emigrated to [[Iraq]] and in 916/1510 moved to Iran. | ||
In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki as “Imam”, “Muhaqqiq”, “Munaqqih”, “the rare person of his time” and “Precious pearl of the time”. | In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki as “Imam”, “Muhaqqiq”, “Munaqqih”, “the rare person of his time” and “Precious pearl of the time”. | ||
Many of his contemporaneous and later scholars such as [[Shaykh Hurr al-‘Amili]], [[‘Allama Majlisi]], [[Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr]], and [[Sayyid Ni’mat Allah Jaza’iri]] eulogized his vast knowledge and extreme piety. | Many of his contemporaneous and later scholars such as [[Shaykh Hurr al-‘Amili]], [[‘Allama Majlisi]], [[Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr]], and [[Sayyid Ni’mat Allah Jaza’iri]] eulogized his vast knowledge and extreme piety. | ||
==Teachers== | ==Teachers== | ||
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⁃ [[Sayyid Ni’mat Allah al-Jaza’iri]] | ⁃ [[Sayyid Ni’mat Allah al-Jaza’iri]] | ||
⁃ [[Ali b. ‘Abd al-Samad al-‘Amili]] (Shaykh Baha’i’s father) | ⁃ [[Ali b. ‘Abd al-Samad al-‘Amili]] (Shaykh Baha’i’s father) | ||
⁃ [[Husayn b. Muhammad b. Makki]] | ⁃ [[Husayn b. Muhammad b. Makki]] | ||
⁃ [[Ahmad b. Ahmad b. Abi Jami’]], known as Ibn Abi Jami’ | ⁃ [[Ahmad b. Ahmad b. Abi Jami’]], known as Ibn Abi Jami’ | ||
⁃ [[Shaykh Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khatun al-‘Amili]] | ⁃ [[Shaykh Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khatun al-‘Amili]] | ||
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==Emigration to Iran== | ==Emigration to Iran== | ||
Shi’a scholars who lived in Ottoman Empire territory suffered a lot of pressure and restriction imposed by Ottoman government due to the on-going war and conflict between Ottoman empire and Safavid Dynasty. These restrictions caused many Shi’a scholars to emigrate to Iran. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma’il Safavi]]. After 15 years, he moved to Iraq because of the [[battle of Chalduran]], and inattention of Shah Isma’il to political and cultural issues and scholars positions. | Shi’a scholars who lived in Ottoman Empire territory suffered a lot of pressure and restriction imposed by Ottoman government due to the on-going war and conflict between Ottoman empire and Safavid Dynasty. These restrictions caused many Shi’a scholars to emigrate to Iran. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma’il Safavi]]. After 15 years, he moved to Iraq because of the [[battle of Chalduran]], and inattention of Shah Isma’il to political and cultural issues and scholars positions. | ||
After Shah Isma’il, al-Muhaqqiq’s spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status and after his return to Iran gave him the position of Shaykh al-Isalm, which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah’s court and to spread the teachings of Shi’a school of thought and to consolidate Shi’a principles in the Safavid territory. | After Shah Isma’il, al-Muhaqqiq’s spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status and after his return to Iran gave him the position of Shaykh al-Isalm, which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah’s court and to spread the teachings of Shi’a school of thought and to consolidate Shi’a principles in the Safavid territory. | ||
Some scholars were appointed as Shaykh al-Islam after al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki, but none of them had his power and influence on the Safavid court. Shaykh al-Baha’i and ‘Allama al-Majlisi are two of eminent personalities who became Shaykh al-Islam after him. | Some scholars were appointed as Shaykh al-Islam after al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki, but none of them had his power and influence on the Safavid court. Shaykh al-Baha’i and ‘Allama al-Majlisi are two of eminent personalities who became Shaykh al-Islam after him. | ||
==His Religious and Social Activities== | ==His Religious and Social Activities== | ||
Supported by the Safavid government, al-Muhaqqiq tried a lot for spreading Shi’a in Iran. His major activities were: propagating and spreading Shi’a and its teachings, consolidation and establishment of religious Shi’a institutes, al-Nahi ‘an al-Munkar (forbidding the wrong), and clearing the Iranian society form anti religion symbols. Probably, it was after his fatwa that the government closed some centers and institutes involved in anti Islamic action. He also tried to change the sufic attitude within Safavid Dynasty. | Supported by the Safavid government, al-Muhaqqiq tried a lot for spreading Shi’a in Iran. His major activities were: propagating and spreading Shi’a and its teachings, consolidation and establishment of religious Shi’a institutes, al-Nahi ‘an al-Munkar (forbidding the wrong), and clearing the Iranian society form anti religion symbols. Probably, it was after his fatwa that the government closed some centers and institutes involved in anti Islamic action. He also tried to change the sufic attitude within Safavid Dynasty. | ||
In his time, most people did not know much about Shi’a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of [[al-Qawa’id]] -written by ‘Allama Hilli- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence. | In his time, most people did not know much about Shi’a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of [[al-Qawa’id]] -written by ‘Allama Hilli- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence. | ||
By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki enriched and revived Islamic seminaries and helped spreading the knowledge of [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. He cared a lot about the improvement of Islamic seminaries. Annually, he took 70 thousand dinar (gold coin) from Shah Tahmasb and spent it on educating seminary students. | By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki enriched and revived Islamic seminaries and helped spreading the knowledge of [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. He cared a lot about the improvement of Islamic seminaries. Annually, he took 70 thousand dinar (gold coin) from Shah Tahmasb and spent it on educating seminary students. | ||
Sayyid Ni’mat Allah al-Jaza’iri said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters Muhaqqiq described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have an Imam for performing [[Congregational Prayer]] (Salat al-Jama’a) and teaching people Islamic laws and rituals. | Sayyid Ni’mat Allah al-Jaza’iri said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters Muhaqqiq described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have an Imam for performing [[Congregational Prayer]] (Salat al-Jama’a) and teaching people Islamic laws and rituals. | ||
It is said that by his effort “Ashhad ann ‘Aliyan Wali Allah” and “Hayy ‘ala Khayr al-‘Amal” were put back in Adhan again and were heard from minarets. | It is said that by his effort “Ashhad ann ‘Aliyan Wali Allah” and “Hayy ‘ala Khayr al-‘Amal” were put back in Adhan again and were heard from minarets. | ||
==His Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ==His Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ||
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“Shi’a scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi’a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi’a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]].” | “Shi’a scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi’a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi’a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]].” | ||
[[fa:محقق کرکی]] | |||