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Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki: Difference between revisions
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'''ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-ʿĀlī al-Karkī al-Jabal ʿĀmilī''' (علی بن حسین بن عبدالعالي الکَرْکي العاملي), well known as '''al-Muḥaqqiq al-Thānī''' (المحقّق الثاني) or '''al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karkī''' (المحقّق الکرْکي), (d. 940/1534) was a famous [[Shi'a]] jurist ([[faqih]]) in [[Safavid]] era. He immigrated from his hometown, [[Jabal 'Amil]], to [[Iraq]] and then to [[Iran]] at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]]. He played an important role in propagating and spreading Shi'a beliefs in Iran. He was an expert in [[Fiqh]] (jurisprudance) and his works were very well received by following jurists. His most famous book is ''[[Jami' al-maqasid fi sharh al-qawa'id]]''. He has notable opinions about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship for the jurist). | '''ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-ʿĀlī al-Karkī al-Jabal ʿĀmilī''' (علی بن حسین بن عبدالعالي الکَرْکي العاملي), well known as '''al-Muḥaqqiq al-Thānī''' (المحقّق الثاني) or '''al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karkī''' (المحقّق الکرْکي), (d. 940/1534) was a famous [[Shi'a]] jurist ([[faqih]]) in [[Safavid]] era. He immigrated from his hometown, [[Jabal 'Amil]], to [[Iraq]] and then to [[Iran]] at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]]. He played an important role in propagating and spreading Shi'a beliefs in Iran. He was an expert in [[Fiqh]] (jurisprudance) and his works were very well received by following jurists. His most famous book is ''[[Jami' al-maqasid fi sharh al-qawa'id]]''. He has notable opinions about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship for the jurist). | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki trained eminent students such as: [[al-Shaykh 'Ali al-Minshar]], [[ | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki trained eminent students such as: [[al-Shaykh 'Ali al-Minshar]], [[Husayn b. 'Abd al-Samad al-Harithi]] ([[al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]]'s father) and [[al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]]. Most of jurists and scholars of the 9th/14th and 10th/15th centuries were his students. | ||
==Birth and Demise== | ==Birth and Demise== | ||
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He passed away in 940/1534 at the age of 75 in [[Najaf]] and was buried in the [[shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)]]. | He passed away in 940/1534 at the age of 75 in [[Najaf]] and was buried in the [[shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)]]. | ||
He had two sons and two daughters. His oldest son, al-Shaykh 'Abd al-'Ali, was a great scholar and lived in [[Kashan]], [[Iran]]. His other son was Hasan. One of his daughters got married in Jabal 'Amil and had a son named Mir Sayyid Husayni, who lived in [[Ardabil]], Iran and taught Islamic subjects and became [[Shaykh al-Islam]] of the city, and people referred to him for their religious issues. His other daughter married Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad Astarabadi in Iran and gave birth to a boy which later was known as [[Mir Damad]] -one of the most important teachers of [[Mulla Sadra]].<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.449-450</ref> | He had two sons and two daughters. His oldest son, al-Shaykh 'Abd al-'Ali, was a great scholar and lived in [[Kashan]], [[Iran]]. His other son was Hasan. One of his daughters got married in Jabal 'Amil and had a son named Mir Sayyid Husayn Husayni, who lived in [[Ardabil]], Iran and taught Islamic subjects and became [[Shaykh al-Islam]] of the city, and people referred to him for their religious issues. His other daughter married Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad Astarabadi in Iran and gave birth to a boy which later was known as [[Mir Damad]] -one of the most important teachers of [[Mulla Sadra]].<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.449-450</ref> | ||
==Education and Scholarly Position== | ==Education and Scholarly Position== | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki traveled many times and studied under many scholars, such as: [['Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza'iri]], [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu'adhdhin al-Jazini]], [[Sayyid Haydar al-'Amili]] and | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki traveled many times and studied under many scholars, such as: [['Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza'iri]], [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu'adhdhin al-Jazini]], [[al-Sayyid Haydar al-'Amili]] and Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansari (a [[Sunni]] scholar). | ||
After primarily education, he entered the Islamic seminary of [[Kark]], where he studied under Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Khatun, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jazini, Shams al-Din Muhammad Ahmad al-Sahyuni and 'Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza'iri. After that, he went to [[Miys]] and became a teacher in its Seminary. [[Al-Shahid al-Thani]] was a student in that Seminary and studied ''[[Shara'i' al-Islam]]'' and ''[[Qawa'id]]'' under al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki.<ref>Shahid al-Thani, ''al-Tanbihat'', p.28</ref> | After primarily education, he entered the Islamic seminary of [[Kark]], where he studied under Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Khatun, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jazini, Shams al-Din Muhammad Ahmad al-Sahyuni and 'Ali b. Hilal al-Jaza'iri. After that, he went to [[Miys]] and became a teacher in its Seminary. [[Al-Shahid al-Thani]] was a student in that Seminary and studied ''[[Shara'i' al-Islam]]'' and ''[[Qawa'id al-Ahkam]]'' under al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki.<ref>Shahid al-Thani, ''al-Tanbihat'', p.28</ref> | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq, also, studied for a while in [[Juba']], Lebanon. Afterward, he went to the Seminary in Jabal 'Amil and then to the one of [[Damascus]] and then to [[Bayt al-Maqdis]](Jerusalem). He also studied and did some researches in [[al-Khalil]] (Hebron). Afterward, he went to [[Egypt]], wherein he entered a Sunni Seminary. After 909/1503, he emigrated to [[Iraq]] and in 916/1510 moved to Iran.<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.414</ref> | Al-Muhaqqiq, also, studied for a while in [[Juba']], Lebanon. Afterward, he went to the Seminary in Jabal 'Amil and then to the one of [[Damascus]] and then to [[Bayt al-Maqdis]](Jerusalem). He also studied and did some researches in [[al-Khalil]] (Hebron). Afterward, he went to [[Egypt]], wherein he entered a Sunni Seminary. After 909/1503, he emigrated to [[Iraq]] and in 916/1510 moved to Iran.<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.414</ref> | ||
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In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki as "Imam", "Muhaqqiq", "Munaqqih", "the rare person of his time" and "Precious pearl of the time". | In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki as "Imam", "Muhaqqiq", "Munaqqih", "the rare person of his time" and "Precious pearl of the time". | ||
Many of his contemporaneous and later scholars such as [[al-Shaykh Hurr al-'Amili]], [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], [[Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr]], and [[Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] eulogized his vast knowledge and extreme piety. | Many of his contemporaneous and later scholars such as [[al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili]], [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], [[Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr]], and [[Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] eulogized his vast knowledge and extreme piety. | ||
==Teachers== | ==Teachers== | ||
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* [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu'adhdhin al-Jizini]] | * [[Muhammad b. Dawud b. Mu'adhdhin al-Jizini]] | ||
* [[Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Khatun al-'Amili]] | * [[Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Khatun al-'Amili]] | ||
* [[Sayyid Haydar al-'Amili]] | * [[al-Sayyid Haydar al-'Amili]] | ||
* [[Ahmad b. 'Ali al-'Amili]] | * [[Ahmad b. 'Ali al-'Amili]] | ||
* [[Zayn al-Din Ja'far b. Hisam al-'Amili]] | * [[Zayn al-Din Ja'far b. Hisam al-'Amili]] | ||
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==Students== | ==Students== | ||
* [[Al-Shahid al-Thani]] | * [[Al-Shahid al-Thani]] | ||
* [[Shaykh 'Ali al-Minshar]] (al-Shaykh al-Baha'i's father-in-law) | * [[al-Shaykh 'Ali al-Minshar]] (al-Shaykh al-Baha'i's father-in-law) | ||
* [[Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] | * [[al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] | ||
* [['Ali b. 'Abd al-Samad al-'Amili]] (Shaykh Baha'i's father) | * [['Ali b. 'Abd al-Samad al-'Amili]] (Shaykh Baha'i's father) | ||
* [[Husayn b. Muhammad b. Makki]] | * [[Husayn b. Muhammad b. Makki]] | ||
* [[Ahmad b. Ahmad b. Abi Jami']], known as Ibn Abi Jami' | * [[Ahmad b. Ahmad b. Abi Jami']], known as Ibn Abi Jami' | ||
* [[ | * Shaykh [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khatun al-'Amili]] | ||
* [[Qadi Safi al-Din 'Isa]] | * [[Qadi Safi al-Din 'Isa]] | ||
* [['Ali b. 'Abd al-'Ali al-'Amili al-Maysi]] | * [['Ali b. 'Abd al-'Ali al-'Amili al-Maysi]] | ||
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* Glosses on ''[[Alfiyya]]'' and ''[[Nafliyya]]'', both written by [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] | * Glosses on ''[[Alfiyya]]'' and ''[[Nafliyya]]'', both written by [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] | ||
* Glosses on ''[[Tahrir]]'' written by al-'Allama al-Hilli | * Glosses on ''[[Tahrir]]'' written by al-'Allama al-Hilli | ||
* Glosses on ''[[al-Durus al- | * Glosses on ''[[al-Durus al-shar'iyya]]'' written by al-Shahid al-Awwal | ||
* A treatise about [[Qibla]] | * A treatise about [[Qibla]] | ||
* A treatise about [[Taqiyya]] | * A treatise about [[Taqiyya]] | ||
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Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]].<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Safawiyyi az zuhur ta zawal'', p.98</ref> After 15 years, he moved to [[Iraq]] because of the [[battle of Chalduran]], and inattention of Shah Isma'il to political and cultural issues and scholars positions.<ref>Puramini, ''Safawiyan namad iqtidar Iran'', p.116</ref> | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]].<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Safawiyyi az zuhur ta zawal'', p.98</ref> After 15 years, he moved to [[Iraq]] because of the [[battle of Chalduran]], and inattention of Shah Isma'il to political and cultural issues and scholars positions.<ref>Puramini, ''Safawiyan namad iqtidar Iran'', p.116</ref> | ||
After Shah Isma'il, al-Muhaqqiq's spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.422</ref> and after his return to Iran gave him the position of Shaykh al-Isalm, which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah's court and to spread the teachings of Shi'a school of thought and to consolidate Shi'a principles in the Safavid territory.<ref>Tunikabuni, ''Qisas al-'ulama'', p.347</ref> | After Shah Isma'il, al-Muhaqqiq's spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.422</ref> and after his return to Iran gave him the position of [[Shaykh al-Isalm]], which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah's court and to spread the teachings of Shi'a school of thought and to consolidate Shi'a principles in the Safavid territory.<ref>Tunikabuni, ''Qisas al-'ulama'', p.347</ref> | ||
Some scholars were appointed as Shaykh al-Islam after al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki, but none of them had his power and influence on the Safavid court. [[Al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]] and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] are two of eminent personalities who became Shaykh al-Islam after him. | Some scholars were appointed as Shaykh al-Islam after al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki, but none of them had his power and influence on the Safavid court. [[Al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]] and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] are two of eminent personalities who became Shaykh al-Islam after him. | ||
==His Religious and Social Activities== | ==His Religious and Social Activities== | ||
Supported by the Safavid government, al-Muhaqqiq tried a lot for spreading [[Shi'a]] in Iran. His major activities were: propagating and spreading Shi'a and its teachings, consolidation and establishment of religious Shi'a institutes, [[al-Nahy 'an al-Munkar]] (forbidding the wrong), and clearing the Iranian society form anti religion symbols. Probably, it was after his fatwa that the government closed some centers and institutes involved in anti Islamic action.<ref>Musawi, ''Hakim Istarabadi'', p.11-12</ref> He also tried to change the sufic attitude within Safavid Dynasty.Mutahhari, ''Ashnayi ba 'ulum islami'' | Supported by the Safavid government, al-Muhaqqiq tried a lot for spreading [[Shi'a]] in Iran. His major activities were: propagating and spreading Shi'a and its teachings, consolidation and establishment of religious Shi'a institutes, [[al-Nahy 'an al-Munkar]] (forbidding the wrong), and clearing the Iranian society form anti religion symbols. Probably, it was after his [[fatwa]] that the government closed some centers and institutes involved in anti Islamic action.<ref>Musawi, ''Hakim Istarabadi'', p.11-12</ref> He also tried to change the [[sufism|sufic]] attitude within Safavid Dynasty.<ref>Mutahhari, ''Ashnayi ba 'ulum islami''</ref> | ||
In his time, most people did not know much about Shi'a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of ''[[al-Qawa'id]]'' -written by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.440</ref> | In his time, most people did not know much about Shi'a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of ''[[Qawa'id al-Ahkam|al-Qawa'id]]'' -written by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>Davani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.440</ref> | ||
By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki enriched and revived | By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki enriched and revived [[Shi'a Seminary|Shi'a seminaries]] and helped spreading the knowledge of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. He cared a lot about the improvement of seminaries. Annually, he took 70 thousand dinar (gold coin) from Shah Tahmasb and spent it on educating seminary students.<ref>Rumlu, ''Ahsan al-tawarikh'', p.85</ref> | ||
Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters Muhaqqiq described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have an Imam for performing [[Congregational Prayer]] (Salat al-Jama'a) and teaching people Islamic laws and rituals. It is said that by his effort "Ashhad ann 'Aliyan Wali Allah" and "Hayy 'ala Khayr al-'Amal" were put back in Adhan again and were heard from minarets.<ref>Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahrayn'', p.151; Khwansari, ''Rawdat al-jannat'', vol.4 p.361</ref> | [[Al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters Muhaqqiq described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have an Imam for performing [[Congregational Prayer]] (Salat al-Jama'a) and teaching people Islamic laws and rituals. It is said that by his effort "Ashhad ann 'Aliyan Wali Allah" and "Hayy 'ala Khayr al-'Amal" were put back in [[Adhan]] again and were heard from minarets.<ref>Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahrayn'', p.151; Khwansari, ''Rawdat al-jannat'', vol.4 p.361</ref> | ||
==His Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ==His Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki writes about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship of the jurist): | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki writes about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship of the jurist): | ||
"… the seed of government of abased people shall be sown in the hearts, and steps shall be taken for fulfilling it. We believe that the qualified [[faqih]] must rise and undertake the leadership of the Islamic society authoritatively and firmly. He shall introduce [[Islam]] as an important political and social thought, and as a perfect system for governing the humankind. The [[Infallible Imams (a)]] had the same governmental authority of [[the Prophet (s)]], likewise, a qualified faqih is a representative of Imams and has the governmental authority they had." | ::"… the seed of government of abased people shall be sown in the hearts, and steps shall be taken for fulfilling it. We believe that the qualified [[faqih]] must rise and undertake the leadership of the Islamic society authoritatively and firmly. He shall introduce [[Islam]] as an important political and social thought, and as a perfect system for governing the humankind. The [[Infallible Imams (a)]] had the same governmental authority of [[the Prophet (s)]], likewise, a qualified faqih is a representative of Imams and has the governmental authority they had." | ||
::"[[Shi'a]] scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi'a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi'a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]]."<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Din wa siyasat dar duriye safawiyya'', p.32,312</ref> | |||
"[[Shi'a]] scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi'a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi'a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]]."<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Din wa siyasat dar duriye safawiyya'', p.32,312</ref> | |||