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Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki: Difference between revisions
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In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki as "al-Imam", "al-Muhaqqiq", "al-Munaqqih", "the rare person of his time" and "Precious pearl of the time". | In one of his writings, al-Shahid al-Thani referred to al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki as "al-Imam", "al-Muhaqqiq", "al-Munaqqih", "the rare person of his time" and "Precious pearl of the time". | ||
Many of his | Many of his contemporary and later scholars such as [[al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili]], [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], [[al-Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr]], and [[Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] eulogized his vast knowledge and extreme piety. | ||
==Teachers== | ==Teachers== | ||
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[[Shi'a]] scholars who lived in Ottoman Empire territory suffered a lot of pressure and restriction imposed by Ottoman government due to the on-going war and conflict between Ottoman empire and [[Safavid Dynasty]]. These restrictions caused many Shi'a scholars to emigrate to [[Iran]]. | [[Shi'a]] scholars who lived in Ottoman Empire territory suffered a lot of pressure and restriction imposed by Ottoman government due to the on-going war and conflict between Ottoman empire and [[Safavid Dynasty]]. These restrictions caused many Shi'a scholars to emigrate to [[Iran]]. | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]].<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Safawiyya az zuhur ta zawal'', p.98</ref> After 15 years, he moved to [[Iraq]] because of the [[battle of Chaldiran]], and inattention of Shah Isma'il to political and cultural issues and scholars positions.<ref>Puramini, ''Safawiyan namad-i iqtidar-i Iran'', p.116</ref> | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki was among the scholars who travelled to Iran in the second decade of the 10th/15th century and probably at the invitation of [[Shah Isma'il Safavi]].<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Safawiyya az zuhur ta zawal'', p.98</ref> After 15 years, he moved to [[Iraq]] because of the [[battle of Chaldiran]], and inattention of Shah Isma'il to political and cultural issues and scholars' positions.<ref>Puramini, ''Safawiyan namad-i iqtidar-i Iran'', p.116</ref> | ||
After Shah Isma'il, al-Muhaqqiq's spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status<ref>Dawani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.422</ref> and after his return to Iran gave him the position of [[Shaykh al-Islam]], which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah's court and to spread the teachings of Shi'a school of thought and to consolidate Shi'a principles in the Safavid territory.<ref>Tunikabuni, ''Qisas al-'ulama'', p.347</ref> | After Shah Isma'il, al-Muhaqqiq's spiritual and scholarly characteristics caused [[Shah Tahmasb Safavi]] to ask him to return to Iran. It is said that Shah Tahmasb was very fond of his characteristics and his scholarly status<ref>Dawani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.422</ref> and after his return to Iran gave him the position of [[Shaykh al-Islam]], which was the highest religious position in the country at that time. Shah Tahmasb, also, authorized him to interfere in governmental issues. Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki get the most of this special opportunity to deal with some issues in the Shah's court and to spread the teachings of Shi'a school of thought and to consolidate Shi'a principles in the Safavid territory.<ref>Tunikabuni, ''Qisas al-'ulama'', p.347</ref> | ||
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==Religious and Social Activities== | ==Religious and Social Activities== | ||
Supported by the Safavid government, al-Karaki tried a lot | Supported by the Safavid government, al-Karaki tried a lot to spread [[Shi'a]] in Iran. His major activities were: propagating and spreading Shi'a and its teachings, consolidation and establishment of religious Shi'a institutes, [[forbidding the evil]], and clearing the Iranian society form anti-religion symbols. Probably, it was after his [[fatwa]] that the government closed some centers and institutes involved in anti-Islamic action.<ref>Musawi, ''Hakim Istarabad'', p.11-12</ref> He also tried to change the [[sufism|sufi]] attitude within Safavid Dynasty.<ref>Mutahhari, ''Ashnayi ba 'ulum-i Islami''</ref> | ||
In his time, most people did not know much about Shi'a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of ''[[Qawa'id al-Ahkam]]'' -written by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>Dawani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.440</ref> | In his time, most people did not know much about Shi'a beliefs and Islamic laws. They did not have access to jurisprudential books except for the 1st volume of ''[[Qawa'id al-Ahkam]]'' -written by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]- which was used for studying and teaching Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>Dawani, ''Mafakhir al-Islam'', vol.4 p.440</ref> | ||
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By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence, and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki enriched and revived Shi'a seminaries and helped spreading the knowledge of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. He cared a lot about the improvement of seminaries. Annually, he took 70 thousand dinar (gold coin) from Shah Tahmasb and spent it on educating seminary students.<ref>Rumlu, ''Ahsan al-tawarikh'', p.85</ref> | By authoring books and treatises on ethics, jurisprudence, and other Islamic topics, al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki enriched and revived Shi'a seminaries and helped spreading the knowledge of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. He cared a lot about the improvement of seminaries. Annually, he took 70 thousand dinar (gold coin) from Shah Tahmasb and spent it on educating seminary students.<ref>Rumlu, ''Ahsan al-tawarikh'', p.85</ref> | ||
[[Al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters al-Karaki described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have a leader | [[Al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri]] said that he had seen some of his letters and orders to regional governors of the country. According to his report, in these letters al-Karaki described the way that government agents should treat people and the rules of taking taxes and the amount of it. He also had added that each city and village should have a leader to perform [[congregational prayer]] and teach people Islamic laws and rituals. It is said that by his effort "Ashhad ann 'Aliyyan Wali Allah" ( I bear witness 'Ali is the wali of Allah) and "Hayy 'ala Khayr al-'Amal" (Hurry toward the best of deeds) were put back in [[Adhan]] again and were heard from minarets.<ref>Al-Bahrani, ''Lu'lu'at al-bahrayn'', p.151; Khwansari, ''Rawdat al-jannat'', vol.4 p.361</ref> | ||
==Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ==Opinion about Wilayat al-Faqih== | ||
Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki writes about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship of the jurist): | Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki writes about [[Wilayat al-Faqih]] (guardianship of the jurist): | ||
::"… the seed of government of abased people shall be sown in the hearts, and steps shall be taken | ::"… the seed of government of abased people shall be sown in the hearts, and steps shall be taken to fulfil it. We believe that the qualified [[faqih]] must rise and undertake the leadership of the Islamic society authoritatively and firmly. He shall introduce [[Islam]] as an important political and social thought, and as a perfect system to govern the humankind. The [[Infallible Imams (a)]] had the same governmental authority of [[the Prophet (s)]], likewise, a qualified faqih is a representative of Imams and has the governmental authority they had." | ||
::"[[Shi'a]] scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi'a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi'a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]]."<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Din wa siyasat dar duriye safawiyya'', p.32,312</ref> | ::"[[Shi'a]] scholars and jurists unanimously believe that a just, trustworthy and qualified-for-issuing-fatwa faqih is a representative of Shi'a Infallible Imams; and during the period of the [[Major Occultation]], they have their authority in governing the society -however, some Shi'a scholars excluded [from his authority] execution and executing of [[Hadd]]."<ref>Ja'fariyan, ''Din wa siyasat dar duriye safawiyya'', p.32,312</ref> | ||