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Imam Musa b. Ja'far al-Kazim (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Musa b. Ja'far al-Kazim (a) (view source)
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|caption = [[Kadhimiya]], the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Kazim (a) and [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] | |caption = [[Kadhimiya]], the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Kazim (a) and [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] | ||
|kunya = | |kunya = | ||
|born = [[Safar 7]], [[128]]/[[November | |born = [[Safar 7]], [[128]]/[[November 8]], 745 | ||
|birthplace = [[Abwa']] | |birthplace = [[Abwa']] | ||
|beginning of imamate = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[ | |beginning of imamate = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 14]], 765 | ||
|duration of imamate = 35 years | |duration of imamate = 35 years | ||
|reign = | |reign = | ||
|contemporary rulers = | |contemporary rulers = | ||
|martyrdom = [[Rajab 25]], [[183]]/[[September | |martyrdom = [[Rajab 25]], [[183]]/[[September 1]], 799 | ||
|place of martyrdom = [[Baghdad]] | |place of martyrdom = [[Baghdad]] | ||
|cause of martyrdom = By poisoning | |cause of martyrdom = By poisoning | ||
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== Birth == | == Birth == | ||
Imam al-Kazim (a) was born on [[Sunday]], [[Safar 7]], [[128]]/[[November | Imam al-Kazim (a) was born on [[Sunday]], [[Safar 7]], [[128]]/[[November 8]], 745 or [[Safar 7]], [[129]]/[[October 28]], 746<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29.</ref> in the village of [[Abwa']], between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], when his parents, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Hamida al-Barbariyya]], were returning from [[Hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 356-357.</ref> Some have mentioned his place of birth in Medina.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29.</ref> | ||
There is a disagreement over the date of Imam al-Kazim's (a) birth. Al-Tabari takes it to be in [[Dhu l-Hijja]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 303.</ref> and al-Tabrisi takes it to on [[Safar 7]]<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 6.</ref>. According to some sources, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] strongly loved him.<ref>Shabrāwī, ''al-Itḥāf bi-ḥubb al-ashrāf'', p. 295.</ref> According to a hadith transmitted by [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave food to people for three days after the birth of his son.<ref>Amīn, ''Sīra-yi maʿṣūmān'', vol. 6, p. 113.</ref> | There is a disagreement over the date of Imam al-Kazim's (a) birth. Al-Tabari takes it to be in [[Dhu l-Hijja]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 303.</ref> and al-Tabrisi takes it to on [[Safar 7]]<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 6.</ref>. According to some sources, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] strongly loved him.<ref>Shabrāwī, ''al-Itḥāf bi-ḥubb al-ashrāf'', p. 295.</ref> According to a hadith transmitted by [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave food to people for three days after the birth of his son.<ref>Amīn, ''Sīra-yi maʿṣūmān'', vol. 6, p. 113.</ref> | ||
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==Prison== | ==Prison== | ||
During his imamate, Imam al-Kazim (a) was repeatedly summoned and imprisoned by Abbasid caliphs. For the first time, he was taken from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]] at the command of the Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]].<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 313.</ref> Harun also imprisoned the Imam (a) for two times. The time of their first arrest and the first prison are not mentioned in sources, but the second arrest occurred on [[Shawwal 20]], [[179]]/[[January | During his imamate, Imam al-Kazim (a) was repeatedly summoned and imprisoned by Abbasid caliphs. For the first time, he was taken from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]] at the command of the Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]].<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 313.</ref> Harun also imprisoned the Imam (a) for two times. The time of their first arrest and the first prison are not mentioned in sources, but the second arrest occurred on [[Shawwal 20]], [[179]]/[[January 6]], 796 when he was arrested in Medina<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 476.</ref> and was imprisoned in [[Basra]] in the house of 'Isa b. Ja'far on [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]] (March 5)<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 86.</ref>. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Harun wrote a letter to 'Isa b. Ja'far in 180/797-97 and asked him to kill the Imam (a), but he refused to do so.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 239.</ref> After a while, the Imam (a) was moved to the prison of al-Fadl b. Rabi'. Imam al-Kazim (a) spent the last years of his life in the prisons of al-Fadl b. Yahya and [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]].<ref>Qummī, ''al-Anwār al-bahīyya'', p. 192-196.</ref> In Imam al-Kazim's (a) [[ziyarah text]] (visitation supplication), he is greeted as "tortured in the depths of the prisons" ({{ia|المُعَذَّب فی قَعر السُجون}}).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 99, p. 17.</ref> | ||
There are different accounts of why Imam al-Kazim (a) was arrested and imprisoned by the Abbasid caliphs. According to some accounts, he was arrested by Harun because of [[Yahya al-Barmaki]]'s jealousy of the Imam (a) and slanders of 'Ali b. Isma'il b. Ja'far.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 237-238; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 760; Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 380.</ref> It is said that Harun was suspicious of Imam al-Kazim's (a) relations with the Shi'as and feared that the Shiite belief in his imamate would undermine his government.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 101.</ref> According to other accounts, the Imam (a) was imprisoned because some Shi'as, such as [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]], did not practice the taqiyya, despite the Imam's (a) commands.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', vol. 2, p. 361-363.</ref> Thus, Hisham b. al-Hakam's debates contributed to the Imam's (a) imprisonment.<ref>Kashshī, ''al-Rijāl'', p. 270-271.</ref> | There are different accounts of why Imam al-Kazim (a) was arrested and imprisoned by the Abbasid caliphs. According to some accounts, he was arrested by Harun because of [[Yahya al-Barmaki]]'s jealousy of the Imam (a) and slanders of 'Ali b. Isma'il b. Ja'far.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 237-238; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 760; Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 380.</ref> It is said that Harun was suspicious of Imam al-Kazim's (a) relations with the Shi'as and feared that the Shiite belief in his imamate would undermine his government.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 101.</ref> According to other accounts, the Imam (a) was imprisoned because some Shi'as, such as [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]], did not practice the taqiyya, despite the Imam's (a) commands.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', vol. 2, p. 361-363.</ref> Thus, Hisham b. al-Hakam's debates contributed to the Imam's (a) imprisonment.<ref>Kashshī, ''al-Rijāl'', p. 270-271.</ref> | ||
==Martyrdom== | ==Martyrdom== | ||
Imam al-Kazim (a) spent the last days of his life in [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]]'s prison. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Sindi poisoned the Imam (a) at the command of Harun al-Rashid, and three days later, the Imam (a) was martyred.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 242.</ref> His [[martyrdom]] occurred on [[Rajab 25]], [[183]] ([[September | Imam al-Kazim (a) spent the last days of his life in [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]]'s prison. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Sindi poisoned the Imam (a) at the command of Harun al-Rashid, and three days later, the Imam (a) was martyred.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 242.</ref> His [[martyrdom]] occurred on [[Rajab 25]], [[183]] ([[September 1]], 799).<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 215.</ref> There are other views about the time and the place of Imam al-Kazim's (a) martyrdom as well.<ref>Qarashī, ''Ḥayāt al-Imām Mūsā b. Jaʿfar'', vol. 2, p. 516-517; Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 404.</ref> | ||
[[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]]. The photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | [[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]]. The photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | ||