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Imam Musa b. Ja'far al-Kazim (a): Difference between revisions
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There is a disagreement over the date of Imam al-Kazim's (a) birth. Al-Tabari takes it to be in [[Dhu l-Hijja]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 303.</ref> and al-Tabrisi takes it to on [[Safar 7]]<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 6.</ref>. According to some sources, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] strongly loved him.<ref>Shabrāwī, ''al-Itḥāf bi-ḥubb al-ashrāf'', p. 295.</ref> According to a hadith transmitted by [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave food to people for three days after the birth of his son.<ref>Amīn, ''Sīra-yi maʿṣūmān'', vol. 6, p. 113.</ref> | There is a disagreement over the date of Imam al-Kazim's (a) birth. Al-Tabari takes it to be in [[Dhu l-Hijja]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 303.</ref> and al-Tabrisi takes it to on [[Safar 7]]<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 6.</ref>. According to some sources, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] strongly loved him.<ref>Shabrāwī, ''al-Itḥāf bi-ḥubb al-ashrāf'', p. 295.</ref> According to a hadith transmitted by [[Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi|al-Barqi]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave food to people for three days after the birth of his son.<ref>Amīn, ''Sīra-yi maʿṣūmān'', vol. 6, p. 113.</ref> | ||
Musa b. Ja'far (a) was born in the period of the transfer of | Musa b. Ja'far (a) was born in the period of the transfer of power from the [[Umayyads]] to the [[Abbasids]]. When he was 4 years old, the first Abbasid caliph took over the power. There is no information in historical sources about Imam al-Kazim's (a) life before his imamate, except for a few scholarly dialogues during his childhood, such as his dialogue with [[Abu Hanifa]]<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 297.</ref> and scholars of other religions in [[Medina]]<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 10, p. 244-245.</ref>. | ||
According to a hadith cited in ''[[Manaqib Al Abi Talib (book)|Manaqib]]'', he anonymously entered a village in [[Syria]] and had a dialogue with a priest there. The dialogue led to the conversion of the priest and his companions to Islam.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 311-312.</ref> There are reports of the Imam's (a) trips to [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] or [['Umra]] pilgrimages.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 312-313.</ref> The Imam (a) was repeatedly summoned by the Abbasid caliphs to [[Baghdad]]. Other than these occasions, he spent most of his life in Medina. | According to a hadith cited in ''[[Manaqib Al Abi Talib (book)|Manaqib]]'', he anonymously entered a village in [[Syria]] and had a dialogue with a priest there. The dialogue led to the conversion of the priest and his companions to Islam.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 311-312.</ref> There are reports of the Imam's (a) trips to [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] or [['Umra]] pilgrimages.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 312-313.</ref> The Imam (a) was repeatedly summoned by the Abbasid caliphs to [[Baghdad]]. Other than these occasions, he spent most of his life in Medina. | ||
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* According to a hadith transmitted by [['Ali b. Ja'far]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) said about Musa b. Ja'far (a): "he is my best child and the one who will succeed me. He will take my place. And he is the Exalted God's [[hujja]] (proof) for all the creatures after me".<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 220.</ref> | * According to a hadith transmitted by [['Ali b. Ja'far]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) said about Musa b. Ja'far (a): "he is my best child and the one who will succeed me. He will take my place. And he is the Exalted God's [[hujja]] (proof) for all the creatures after me".<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 220.</ref> | ||
According to a report in ''[['Uyun akhbar al-Rida (a)]]'', Harun al-Rashid told his son | According to a report in ''[['Uyun akhbar al-Rida (a)]]'', Harun al-Rashid told his son that Musa b. Ja'far was the right Imam and the most competent person for the succession of [[the Prophet (s)]], describing his own caliphate or leadership to be only apparent or based on force.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 91.</ref> | ||
'''The Will of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and the Confusion of Some Shi'a''' | '''The Will of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and the Confusion of Some Shi'a''' | ||
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==Prison== | ==Prison== | ||
During his imamate, Imam al-Kazim (a) was repeatedly summoned and imprisoned by Abbasid caliphs. For the first time, he was taken from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]] at the command of the Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]].<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 313.</ref> Harun also imprisoned the Imam (a) | During his imamate, Imam al-Kazim (a) was repeatedly summoned and imprisoned by Abbasid caliphs. For the first time, he was taken from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]] at the command of the Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]].<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 313.</ref> Harun also imprisoned the Imam (a) two times. The time of their first arrest and the first prison are not mentioned in sources, but the second arrest occurred on [[Shawwal 20]], [[179]]/[[January 6]], 796 when he was arrested in Medina<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 476.</ref> and was imprisoned in [[Basra]] in the house of 'Isa b. Ja'far on [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]] (March 5)<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 86.</ref>. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Harun wrote a letter to 'Isa b. Ja'far in 180/797-97 and asked him to kill the Imam (a), but he refused to do so.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 239.</ref> After a while, the Imam (a) was moved to the prison of al-Fadl b. Rabi'. Imam al-Kazim (a) spent the last years of his life in the prisons of al-Fadl b. Yahya and [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]].<ref>Qummī, ''al-Anwār al-bahīyya'', p. 192-196.</ref> In Imam al-Kazim's (a) [[ziyarah text]] (visitation supplication), he is greeted as "tortured in the depths of the prisons" ({{ia|المُعَذَّب فی قَعر السُجون}}).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 99, p. 17.</ref> | ||
There are different accounts of why Imam al-Kazim (a) was arrested and imprisoned by the Abbasid caliphs. According to some accounts, he was arrested by Harun because of [[Yahya al-Barmaki]]'s jealousy of the Imam (a) and slanders of 'Ali b. Isma'il b. Ja'far.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 237-238; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 760; Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 380.</ref> It is said that Harun was suspicious of Imam al-Kazim's (a) relations with the Shi'as and feared that the Shiite belief in his imamate would undermine his government.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 101.</ref> According to other accounts, the Imam (a) was imprisoned because some Shi'as, such as [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]], did not practice the taqiyya, despite the Imam's (a) commands.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', vol. 2, p. 361-363.</ref> Thus, Hisham b. al-Hakam's debates contributed to the Imam's (a) imprisonment.<ref>Kashshī, ''al-Rijāl'', p. 270-271.</ref> | There are different accounts of why Imam al-Kazim (a) was arrested and imprisoned by the Abbasid caliphs. According to some accounts, he was arrested by Harun because of [[Yahya al-Barmaki]]'s jealousy of the Imam (a) and slanders of 'Ali b. Isma'il b. Ja'far.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 237-238; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 760; Abū l-Faraj al-Isfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 380.</ref> It is said that Harun was suspicious of Imam al-Kazim's (a) relations with the Shi'as and feared that the Shiite belief in his imamate would undermine his government.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 101.</ref> According to other accounts, the Imam (a) was imprisoned because some Shi'as, such as [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]], did not practice the taqiyya, despite the Imam's (a) commands.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', vol. 2, p. 361-363.</ref> Thus, Hisham b. al-Hakam's debates contributed to the Imam's (a) imprisonment.<ref>Kashshī, ''al-Rijāl'', p. 270-271.</ref> | ||
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|Ziyarah text of Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | |Ziyarah text of Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | ||
After finding | After finding Imam's (a) [[martyrdom]], the [[Shi'a]] gathered for a funeral and buried his body in the Quraysh cemetery of [[Kadhimiya]]. [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] said, "anyone who visits my father's grave is like the one who visits the graves of [[the Prophet (s)]] and [[Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)|Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]." In another [[Hadith|narration]], he (a) is narrated saying that the [[Thawab|reward]] given for visiting the grave of his father is like the reward given for visiting the grave of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 583.</ref> | ||
==Companions and Deputies== | ==Companions and Deputies== | ||
{{main|List of Companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | {{main|List of Companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | ||
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==Position in the Eyes of Sunni Muslims== | ==Position in the Eyes of Sunni Muslims== | ||
Sunni Muslims honor Imam al-Kazim (a) as a religious scholar. Some Sunni figures have admired the Imam's (a) knowledge and moral character<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 273.</ref> and pointed to his patience, generosity, worship and the like.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29; Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 312; Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 6, p. 164.</ref> Some cases in which Imam al-Kazim's (a) patience and worship are exhibited have been cited in Sunni sources.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29-33.</ref> Some Sunni scholars, such as al-Sam'ani, visited Imam al-Kazim's (a) grave <ref>Samʿānī, ''al-Ansāb'', vol. 12, p. 479.</ref>and took resort ([[tawassul]]) to him. Abu 'Ali al-Khallal, a Sunni scholar, said that he visited Musa b. Ja'far's grave and resorted to him whenever he had a problem and then his problem was solved.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> [[Al-Shafi'i]] is also quoted as saying that Musa b. Ja'far's grave is a "healing cure".<ref>Kaʿbī, ''al-Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim (a) al-sīra wa l-tārīkh'', p. 216.</ref> | Sunni Muslims honor Imam al-Kazim (a) as a religious scholar. Some Sunni figures have admired the Imam's (a) knowledge and moral character<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 15, p. 273.</ref> and pointed to his patience, generosity, worship, and the like.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29; Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣṣ'', p. 312; Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 6, p. 164.</ref> Some cases in which Imam al-Kazim's (a) patience and worship are exhibited have been cited in Sunni sources.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 13, p. 29-33.</ref> Some Sunni scholars, such as al-Sam'ani, visited Imam al-Kazim's (a) grave <ref>Samʿānī, ''al-Ansāb'', vol. 12, p. 479.</ref>and took resort ([[tawassul]]) to him. Abu 'Ali al-Khallal, a Sunni scholar, said that he visited Musa b. Ja'far's grave and resorted to him whenever he had a problem and then his problem was solved.<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> [[Al-Shafi'i]] is also quoted as saying that Musa b. Ja'far's grave is a "healing cure".<ref>Kaʿbī, ''al-Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim (a) al-sīra wa l-tārīkh'', p. 216.</ref> | ||
== Further Reading == | == Further Reading == | ||
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{{Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | {{Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | ||
<onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | ||