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I'tikaf: Difference between revisions
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
I'tikaf is derived from | I'tikaf is derived from "'Akaf" (عکف) which mostly means adhering to, devoting to or dedicating to something as a sign of honoring. Derivatives form this word has been used in the [[Qur'an]] in this meaning. In spite of that, "'Akif" (عاکف) ([[Surah al-Hajj]] 25) meaning resident and "Ma'kuf" (معکوف) ([[Surah al-Fath]]: 25) meaning forbidden are two derivatives from the same root used in the Qur'an. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
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===In Sufism=== | ===In Sufism=== | ||
In [[Sufism]], I'tikaf means emptying your heart from worldly concerns and submitting yourself to your | In [[Sufism]], I'tikaf means emptying your heart from worldly concerns and submitting yourself to your Lord. Hence I'tikaf means staying and residing, it also means staying and not getting away from God's threshold so that he forgives you. | ||
==I'tikaf before Islam== | ==I'tikaf before Islam== | ||
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[[File:Mutakif Students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in Tehran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mu'takif students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. Some of the students are reciting the [[Qur'an]], while some others are sleeping.]] | [[File:Mutakif Students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in Tehran.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mu'takif students in Baqiyyat Allah Mosque in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. Some of the students are reciting the [[Qur'an]], while some others are sleeping.]] | ||
According to some hadiths, [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[Masjid al- | According to some hadiths, [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[Masjid al-Nabawi]], [[Masjid al-Kufa]] and the mosque of [[Basra]] are the only places for I'tikaf, but according to some others, every [[Masjid al-Jami']] (the main and usually biggest mosque of a city) or every mosque that a just Imam has performed [[friday prayer|Jum'ah]] or [[Congregational prayer]] in it is suitable for I'tikaf. | ||
Based on hadiths, Shi'a jurists ([[faqih]]) have different opinions here. Most of the earlier faqihs supported the first group of hadiths while in the following centuries this speciality were doubted. For instance, [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] and [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] said that limiting the place of I'tikaf to the [[Four Mosques]], is a very weak opinion. Moreover, some faqihs allowed I'tikaf in every mosque with the intention of ''Rajāʾ'' (hoping to receive a probable reward rather than the assured one, because the faqih is not sure whether this act is really Mustahab or not). Nowadays most of contemporary faqihs permit performing I'tikaf in Masjid al-Jami' and some other important mosque of each city. | Based on hadiths, Shi'a jurists ([[faqih]]) have different opinions here. Most of the earlier faqihs supported the first group of hadiths while in the following centuries this speciality were doubted. For instance, [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]] and [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] said that limiting the place of I'tikaf to the [[Four Mosques]], is a very weak opinion. Moreover, some faqihs allowed I'tikaf in every mosque with the intention of ''Rajāʾ'' (hoping to receive a probable reward rather than the assured one, because the faqih is not sure whether this act is really Mustahab or not). Nowadays most of contemporary faqihs permit performing I'tikaf in Masjid al-Jami' and some other important mosque of each city. | ||
===Fasting=== | ===Fasting=== | ||
Fasting is one of the necessary conditions of I'tikaf according to Shi'a's [[fiqh]]. Therefore, Mu'takif should fast during the I'tikaf and If someone couldn't fast -- such as, [[passenger]], sick people, Ha'id (a woman during her Menstruation), [[Nifas|Nufasa']] -- or did not fast deliberately, his/her I'tikaf is void. Also, since fasting is [[haram]] (forbidden) in [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], I'tikaf in these Eids and from two days before these Eids so that the third day of the I'tikaf coincide with the Eid is void. | Fasting is one of the necessary conditions of I'tikaf according to Shi'a's [[fiqh]]. Therefore, Mu'takif should fast during the I'tikaf and If someone couldn't fast -- such as, [[passenger]], sick people, Ha'id (a woman during her Menstruation), [[Nifas|Nufasa']] -- or did not fast deliberately, his/her I'tikaf is void. Also, since fasting is [[Haram (forbidden)|haram]] (forbidden) in [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], I'tikaf in these Eids and from two days before these Eids, so that the third day of the I'tikaf coincide with the Eid, is void. | ||
There is no necessity that the fasting to be especial for I'tikaf and it is allowed to take compensation fasting or a fasting which has became [[wajib|obligatory]] because of [[nadhr]] (vow). | There is no necessity that the fasting to be especial for I'tikaf and it is allowed to take compensation fasting or a fasting which has became [[wajib|obligatory]] because of [[nadhr]] (vow). | ||
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===Forbidden Acts in I'tikaf=== | ===Forbidden Acts in I'tikaf=== | ||
Sexual activities - even kissing -, using perfumes, selling and buying - except for food and other necessary things - and arguing about worldly affairs are forbidden | Sexual activities - even kissing -, using perfumes, selling and buying - except for food and other necessary things - and arguing about worldly affairs are forbidden to the Mu'takif. Some of the above-mentioned activities void the I'tikaf and also cause [[Kaffara]] (atonement). | ||
==Works about I'tikaf== | ==Works about I'tikaf== | ||
I'tikaf as an important jurisprudential topic was a subject of some individual and independent works. | I'tikaf as an important jurisprudential topic was a subject of some individual and independent works. Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi'i and Dawud b. 'Ali al-Isfahani, from [[Sunni]] school and [[Abu l-Fadl al-Sabuni]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] from Shi'a are some of the most famous faqihs who have authored independent writings about I'tikaf. | ||
Among the mid and recent Shi'a works, these could be mentioned: | Among the mid and recent Shi'a works, these could be mentioned: | ||
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* ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries. | * ''Al-I'tikafiyya'': written by [[Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Mar'ashi Shahristani]] (d. 1290/1873). [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]] reported that he found copies of it in some personal libraries. | ||
== | == References == | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/اعتکاف اعتکاف] in Farsi Wikishia. | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/اعتکاف اعتکاف] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
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[[es:I'tikaf]] | [[es:I'tikaf]] | ||
[[id:Iktikaf]] | [[id:Iktikaf]] | ||
[[Category:Supererogatory deeds]] | [[Category:Supererogatory deeds]] | ||