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Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a): Difference between revisions
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'''Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad{{at}}''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|فاطِمَة بنت مُحَمَّد}}) was the daughter of [[ | '''Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad{{at}}''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|فاطِمَة بنت مُحَمَّد}}) was the daughter of the [[Prophet (s)]] and [[Lady Khadija (a)]]. She was [[Imam 'Ali]]'s (a) wife, and [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] were her sons. Fatima is one of the Five [[Ashab al-Kisa']]. She is one of the [[14 Infallibles]] based on [[Twelver Shi'a]] beliefs. She was the only woman who accompanied the Prophet (s) in the [[Event of Mubahala]] with the Christians of [[Najran]]. | ||
She did not pledge [[allegiance]] to [[Abu Bakr]] and opposed him firmly. After the [[Fadak| | She did not pledge [[allegiance]] to [[Abu Bakr]] and opposed him firmly. After the [[Fadak|Confiscation of Fadak]] and usurpation of Imam 'Ali's right in being the [[Caliph]], she delivered a sermon in [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], which is known as [[al-Khutba al-Fadakiyya]]. Soon after the Prophet's (s) demise, she passed away in [[Jumada II 3]], [[11]]/[[August 29]], 632 in [[Medina]]. Then, she was buried in secret at night. | ||
Fatima (a) was one of the eloquent [[Arab]] women. Ibn Tayfur (d. 280/893) has narrated her sermons in a book titled as ''[[Balaghat al-nisa']]'' (eloquence of women). [[Al Abi Talib]] taught their children her sermon on Fadak. | Fatima (a) was one of the eloquent [[Arab]] women. Ibn Tayfur (d. 280/893) has narrated her sermons in a book titled as ''[[Balaghat al-nisa']]'' (eloquence of women). [[Al Abi Talib]] taught their children her sermon on Fadak. | ||
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Fatima (a) had several titles, such as al-Zahra', al-Siddiqa, al-Tahira, al-Radiyya, al-Mardiyya, al-Mubaraka, [[al-Batul]], etc. Among these titles, al-Zahra' is the most famous one that sometimes comes along with her name (Fatima al-Zahra'). Literally, al-Zahra' means shining, radiant, and bright.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.33</ref> | Fatima (a) had several titles, such as al-Zahra', al-Siddiqa, al-Tahira, al-Radiyya, al-Mardiyya, al-Mubaraka, [[al-Batul]], etc. Among these titles, al-Zahra' is the most famous one that sometimes comes along with her name (Fatima al-Zahra'). Literally, al-Zahra' means shining, radiant, and bright.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.33</ref> | ||
She also had several [[Kunya]]s the most famous of which are: [[Umm Abiha]], | She also had several [[Kunya]]s the most famous of which are: [[Umm Abiha]], Umm al-A'imma, Umm al-Hasan, Umm al-Husayn, and Umm al-Mushin.<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.43, p.16; Ibn Shahrashub, ''Manaqib'', vol.3, p.132; Al-Qummi, ''Bayt al-ahzan'', p.12</ref> | ||
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
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===Childhood=== | ===Childhood=== | ||
Fatima (a) spent her early youth under the care of her parents and especially her father.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.35</ref> Contrary to the local customs in which the newborn were sent to "wet nurses" in surrounding villages. Her childhood was synchronized with the time of formation of [[Islam]], when Muslims were suffering the tribulations caused by [[polytheist]]s in [[Mecca]].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.36-39</ref> The Muslims were tested during this period by tough sanctions and tortures and were put in the economic blockade in a valley called [[Shi'b Abi Talib]]. They barely have enough food to eat and enough water to drink. [[Khadija]] and [[Abu Talib]], the main supporters of the Prophet (s) both passed away during this period [in the year 10 after Bi'tha/619 which is also called [['Am al-Huzn]] (the year of sorrow)].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.39-45</ref> It was then that the Prophet (s) gave Fatima (a) the title of "[[Umm Abiha]]" (the mother of her father) due to the supports and cares she provided for her father.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.36-45</ref> | Fatima (a) spent her early youth under the care of her parents and especially [[Prophet (s)|her father]].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.35</ref> Contrary to the local customs in which the newborn were sent to "wet nurses" in surrounding villages. Her childhood was synchronized with the time of formation of [[Islam]], when Muslims were suffering the tribulations caused by [[polytheist]]s in [[Mecca]].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.36-39</ref> The Muslims were tested during this period by tough sanctions and tortures and were put in the economic blockade in a valley called [[Shi'b Abi Talib]]. They barely have enough food to eat and enough water to drink. [[Khadija]] and [[Abu Talib]], the main supporters of the Prophet (s) both passed away during this period [in the year 10 after Bi'tha/619 which is also called [['Am al-Huzn]] (the year of sorrow)].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.39-45</ref> It was then that the Prophet (s) gave Fatima (a) the title of "[[Umm Abiha]]" (the mother of her father) due to the supports and cares she provided for her father.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp.36-45</ref> | ||
==Immigration to Medina== | ==Immigration to Medina== | ||
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{{main|Immigration to Medina}} | {{main|Immigration to Medina}} | ||
Later in this period, Muslims immigrated to Yathrib (later known as [[Medina]]). Afterward, the [[Hijra]] of the Prophet (s) to Medina was designated the first year of [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.42</ref> After that the Prophet (s) moved to Medina, his family relocated as well. Al-Baladhuri writes, [[Zayd b. Haritha]] and [[Abu Rafi']] were responsible for accompanying Fatima and [[Umm Kulthum]] on the way toward Medina."<ref>''Ansab al-ashraf'', p.414, 269 as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.42</ref> However, [[Ibn Hisham]] says that it was [[al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] who accompanied them.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''Sirat al- | Later in this period, Muslims immigrated to Yathrib (later known as [[Medina]]). Afterward, the [[Hijra]] of the Prophet (s) to Medina was designated the first year of [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.42</ref> After that the Prophet (s) moved to Medina, his family relocated as well. Al-Baladhuri writes, [[Zayd b. Haritha]] and [[Abu Rafi']] were responsible for accompanying Fatima and [[Umm Kulthum]] on the way toward Medina."<ref>''Ansab al-ashraf'', p.414, 269 as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.42</ref> However, [[Ibn Hisham]] says that it was [[al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] who accompanied them.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''Sirat al-Nabi'', vol.4, p.29 as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.43</ref> | ||
In another report, al-Ya'qubi, who lived in the 1st/7th century, writes, "'Ali (a) took her (Fatima) to Medina."<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol.2, p.31 as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.43</ref> [[Hadiths]] narrated by Shi'a support al-Ya'qubi's report.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.43</ref> For instance, [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] has quoted in his book ''[[al-Amali]]'' that the Prophet (s) had not entered Medina and had stayed in [[Quba]], and said that he would not enter the city until his cousin ('Ali) and his daughter come. According to this report, in addition to Fatima (a), [[Fatima bt. Asad]] -Imam Ali's mother- and Fatima bt. Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Mutallib immigrated with Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Al-Tusi, ''al-Amali'', pp. 694-695</ref> Anyway, they mounted the camel and the caravan was ready to depart, Huwayrith b. Nuqayd -one of the Prophet's enemies who insulted him frequently- frightened their camel so it bolted and threw them.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''Sirat al-Nabi'', vol. 4, p. 30, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp. 42-43</ref> | In another report, al-Ya'qubi, who lived in the 1st/7th century, writes, "'Ali (a) took her (Fatima) to Medina."<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol.2, p.31 as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.43</ref> [[Hadiths]] narrated by Shi'a support al-Ya'qubi's report.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p.43</ref> For instance, [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] has quoted in his book ''[[al-Amali (al-Tusi)|al-Amali]]'' that the Prophet (s) had not entered Medina and had stayed in [[Quba]], and said that he would not enter the city until his cousin ([['Ali (a)]]) and his daughter come. According to this report, in addition to Fatima (a), [[Fatima bt. Asad]] -Imam Ali's mother- and Fatima bt. al-Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Mutallib immigrated with Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Al-Tusi, ''al-Amali'', pp. 694-695</ref> Anyway, they mounted the camel and the caravan was ready to depart, Huwayrith b. Nuqayd -one of the Prophet's enemies who insulted him frequently- frightened their camel so it bolted and threw them.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''Sirat al-Nabi'', vol. 4, p. 30, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', pp. 42-43</ref> | ||
==Husband and Children== | ==Husband and Children== | ||
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===Marriage Proposal=== | ===Marriage Proposal=== | ||
Fatima had many suitors including many famous [[Companions of the Prophet (s)]] such as [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]]. But the Prophet rejected them<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol. 8, p. 11</ref> giving an excuse that Fatima is very young. Furthermore, some of [[Muhajirun]] asked the Prophet (s) for her hand in marriage,<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol. 2, p. 310</ref> but he told them, "God is responsible for her marriage and no one else. I am waiting for God's decision for her [Marriage]."<ref>Qazwini, ''Fatimi-yi Zahra; az wiladat ta shahadat'', p. 191</ref>However, when | Fatima had many suitors including many famous [[Companions of the Prophet (s)]] such as [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]]. But the Prophet rejected them<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', vol. 8, p. 11</ref> giving an excuse that Fatima is very young. Furthermore, some of [[Muhajirun]] asked the Prophet (s) for her hand in marriage,<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', vol. 2, p. 310</ref> but he told them, "God is responsible for her marriage and no one else. I am waiting for God's decision for her [Marriage]."<ref>Qazwini, ''Fatimi-yi Zahra; az wiladat ta shahadat'', p. 191</ref>However, when [['Ali (a)]] proposed, The Prophet (s) accepted his proposal immediately.<ref>Al-Nasa'i, ''Sunan al-Nasa'i'', vol. 6, p. 62</ref> | ||
When | When Ali (a) asked the Prophet (s) for Fatima's hand, he (s) said, "O 'Ali! Various men has mentioned her but whenever I told her I saw expressions of dislike on her face; but let me go to her [and ask her]." When the Prophet (s) entered the house, Fatima (a) took his clack and sandals and brought him water to wash his face and hand, then the Prophet said, "O, Fatima! you know the kinship, the merits and the antecedence in Islam of 'Ali. Besides, I asked [[God]] to marry you to the best person and the most favorite one to Him. 'Ali has just mentioned your name [for marriage], so what do you say?" She remained silent and did not move her head. When the Prophet (s) did not see expression of dislike on her face, stood up saying "[[Allah Akbar]]! Her silence is her acceptance." Then [[Jabra'il]] came to the Prophet and said, "Marry her to [['Ali b. Abi Talib]]. God has chosen her for him and him for her."{{cn}} | ||
Later, he (s) told Fatima, "I have married you to the first Muslim from this nation."<ref>Shafi'i Shahrudi, ''Silsili-yi muzu'at-i al-Ghadir'', vol. 8, p. 60</ref> | Later, he (s) told Fatima, "I have married you to the first Muslim from this nation."<ref>Shafi'i Shahrudi, ''Silsili-yi muzu'at-i al-Ghadir'', vol. 8, p. 60</ref> | ||
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===Children=== | ===Children=== | ||
She had 4 children by 'Ali (a); two sons, [[al-Hasan]] and [[al-Husayn]], and two daughters, [[Zaynab]] and [[Umm Kulthum]]. There is no doubt among historians about the existence of these 4 children. Imam al-Hasan (a) was born on [[Ramadan 15]], [[3]]/[[ | She had 4 children by 'Ali (a); two sons, [[al-Hasan]] and [[al-Husayn]], and two daughters, [[Zaynab]] and [[Umm Kulthum]]. There is no doubt among historians about the existence of these 4 children. Imam al-Hasan (a) was born on [[Ramadan 15]], [[3]]/[[March 4]], 625 and Imam al-Husayn (a) was born in [[Sha'ban 3]], [[4]]/[[January 11]], 626.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 242</ref> | ||
====Al-Muhsin==== | ====Al-Muhsin==== | ||
{{Main|al-Muhsin b. 'Ali (a)}} | {{Main|al-Muhsin b. 'Ali (a)}} | ||
Shi'a biographers and some Sunni scholars have named another son for her, named "al-Muhassan". Al-Baladhuri (d. 279/892) writes, "Fatima gave birth to al-Hasan, al-Husayn, and al-Muhassan. Al-Muhassan died in his childhood."<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', p. 402, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 242</ref> He also reports, "When al-Muhassan was born, the Prophet (s) asked Fatima, what did you name him? She said, Harb. He said, his name is al-Muhassan."<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', p. 404, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 242</ref> Also 'Ali b. Ahmad b. Sa'id al-Andalusi (b. [[384]]/994 d. [[456]]/1064) the author of ''Jamharat ansab al-'Arab'', writes: "Al-Muhassan died in childhood."<ref>Al-Andalusi, ''Jamharat ansab al-'Arab'', p. 16, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 243</ref> However, Mus'ab al-Zubayri (d. [[236]]/851), who lived before al-Baladhuri and al-Andalusi, and authored ''Nasab al-Quraysh'', did not mention anything about al-Muhassan. | |||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] counts Imam Ali's children from Fatima (a) as follows: "[[Al-Hasan]], [[al-Husayn]], [[Zaynab al-Kubra]] and [[Zaynab al-Sughra]], whose [[kunya]] is [[Umm Kulthum]]."<ref>Al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', vol. 1, p. 355, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', 243</ref> Toward the end of the same chapter he adds "some Shi'a said that after the Prophet (s), Fatima had a miscarriage of a boy called Muhsin."<ref>Al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', pp. 270-271; Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 243</ref> It has been narrated in Shi'a [[hadith]]s and some Sunni sources that she had the miscarriage during the events happened to her after the Prophet's demise.<ref>Shahristani, ''al-Milal wa l-nihal'', vol. 1, p. 77, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 243</ref> | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] counts Imam Ali's children from Fatima (a) as follows: "[[Al-Hasan]], [[al-Husayn]], [[Zaynab al-Kubra]] and [[Zaynab al-Sughra]], whose [[kunya]] is [[Umm Kulthum]]."<ref>Al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', vol. 1, p. 355, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', 243</ref> Toward the end of the same chapter he adds "some Shi'a said that after the Prophet (s), Fatima had a miscarriage of a boy called Muhsin."<ref>Al-Mufid, ''al-Irshad'', pp. 270-271; Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 243</ref> It has been narrated in Shi'a [[hadith]]s and some Sunni sources that she had the miscarriage during the events happened to her after the Prophet's demise.<ref>Shahristani, ''al-Milal wa l-nihal'', vol. 1, p. 77, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 243</ref> | ||
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Fatima (a) was content with minimum clothing and food. She lived a tough life and did all the chores around the house, such as, hoisting the bucket of water from the well, sweeping the house, grinding corn or wheat, and looking after children. Sometimes she moved the quern with one hand and put her child to sleep with the other.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 84</ref> | Fatima (a) was content with minimum clothing and food. She lived a tough life and did all the chores around the house, such as, hoisting the bucket of water from the well, sweeping the house, grinding corn or wheat, and looking after children. Sometimes she moved the quern with one hand and put her child to sleep with the other.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 84</ref> | ||
Ibn Sa'd has narrated that Imam 'Ali (a) said, "The day I married Fatima we had a sheepskin, on which we sleep at night and feed our camel on day, and we did not have any servant except than this camel by which we hoist water from well."<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'', vol. 8, p. 14, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 84</ref> | Ibn Sa'd has narrated that Imam 'Ali (a) said, "The day I married Fatima we had a sheepskin, on which we sleep at night and feed our camel on day, and we did not have any servant except than this camel by which we hoist water from well."<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', vol. 8, p. 14, as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 84</ref> | ||
===Homemaking=== | ===Homemaking=== | ||
Once 'Ali (a) told a man from Banu Sa'd, "Do you want me to tell you a story of Fatima and me? | Once 'Ali (a) told a man from Banu Sa'd, "Do you want me to tell you a story of Fatima and me? Fatima was the most beloved person by her father. She carried water in my house many times that its band had marked her chest skin, and moved the quern very much that there was calluses on her hand, and swept the house many times that the color of her clothes had changed to the one of the dust."<ref>Ahmad b. Hanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 2, p. 329; as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 85</ref> | ||
In the married life, Fatima was responsible for indoor chores, such as cooking and taking care of children; while 'Ali was responsible for outdoor chores, such as buying and provision of firewood.<ref>Qazwini, ''Fatimi-yi Zahra; az wiladat ta shahadat'', p. 236; Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 43, p. 31, as cited in ''Tafsir al-'Ayyashi''</ref> | In the married life, Fatima was responsible for indoor chores, such as cooking and taking care of children; while 'Ali was responsible for outdoor chores, such as buying and provision of firewood.<ref>Qazwini, ''Fatimi-yi Zahra; az wiladat ta shahadat'', p. 236; Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 43, p. 31, as cited in ''Tafsir al-'Ayyashi''</ref> | ||
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===With Father=== | ===With Father=== | ||
As soon as the [[Battle of Uhud]] was over, she was informed that her father was injured. She and a group of women took water and food and went toward the battlefield. The women gave water to the injured and bandaged their wounds as she went to [[ | As soon as the [[Battle of Uhud]] was over, she was informed that her father was injured. She and a group of women took water and food and went toward the battlefield. The women gave water to the injured and bandaged their wounds as she went to the [[Prophet (s)]]. His face was hit by a stone that caused a severe bleeding. She washed the wound but the blood did not stop, so she burned a piece of wicker and put its ash on the wound to stop it from bleeding.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 78</ref> | ||
In this battle [[Hamza]], the Prophet's paternal uncle, and more than 70 [[Muslim]]s were [[martyred]]. According to al-Waqidi, after the battle, every two or three days, Fatima (a) went to their graves at [[Uhud]], mourned at their graves and prayed for them.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 79</ref> | In this battle [[Hamza]], the Prophet's paternal uncle, and more than 70 [[Muslim]]s were [[martyred]]. According to al-Waqidi, after the battle, every two or three days, Fatima (a) went to their graves at [[Uhud]], mourned at their graves and prayed for them.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 79</ref> | ||
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===Worship=== | ===Worship=== | ||
[[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] narrates from his fathers from [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]], "My mother stayed up all Friday's nights in her [[ | [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] narrates from his fathers from [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]], "My mother stayed up all Friday's nights in her [[mihrab]] for worship".<ref>Al-Irbili, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 1, p. 468; as cited in Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 93</ref> | ||
Al-Hasan al-Basri, a Sunni personality, says, "In this nation (Islam nation) no one was more prayerful than Fatima. She stood up for | Al-Hasan al-Basri, a Sunni personality, says, "In this nation (Islam nation) no one was more prayerful than Fatima. She stood up for salat very much that her feet got swollen."<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar'', vol. 43, p. 84</ref> | ||
[[Tasbih of Lady Fatima (a)]], is one of the most famous [[ | [[Tasbih of Lady Fatima (a)]], is one of the most famous [[dhikr]]s which has been narrated in authentic book of both Shi'a and Sunni. This dhikr is one of the most important and common rites after the [[daily prayers]]. It consists of 34 times "[[Allah Akbar]]" (Allah is the greatest), 33 times "al-Hamd li-Allah" (all praise belongs to Allah), and 33 times "Subhan Allah" (Exalted be Allah).<ref>This is the most famous form of performing this Tasbih, but there are also other forms mentioned in some narrations. See Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 94</ref> | ||
Moreover, [[Sayyid b. Tawus]] has quoted some supplications from her that are read after the daily prayers. Some other supplications, for eliminating problems, has been narrated from her as well.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 94</ref> | Moreover, [[Sayyid b. Tawus]] has quoted some supplications from her that are read after the daily prayers. Some other supplications, for eliminating problems, has been narrated from her as well.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani-yi Fatima-yi Zahra'', p. 94</ref> | ||
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==After the Demise of the Prophet (s)== | ==After the Demise of the Prophet (s)== | ||
Despite of the well-known love of [[ | Despite of the well-known love of the [[Prophet (s)]] for Fatima (a) and his sayings about her merits, she went through very rough days after the demise of the Prophet (s) which finally led to her [[martyrdom]]. | ||
===Confiscation of Fadak=== | ===Confiscation of Fadak=== | ||
{{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadakiyya}} | {{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadakiyya}} | ||
After the Prophet's demise, [[Abu Bakr]] took over the [[caliphate]] and ordered the confiscation of the Prophet's inheritance (including what he had given to his children during his life).<ref>See Muntaziri, ''Khutbi-yi hazrat-i Fatimi-yi Zahra wa | After the Prophet's demise, [[Abu Bakr]] took over the [[caliphate]] and ordered the confiscation of the Prophet's inheritance (including what he had given to his children during his life).<ref>See Muntaziri, ''Khutbi-yi hazrat-i Fatimi-yi Zahra wa majara-yi Fadak'', p. 392</ref> Fatima (a) said that she was the Prophet's daughter, and like every other daughter, she will receive her father's inheritance. On the contrary, Abu Bakr said, "I have heard the [[Apostle of God (s)]] saying that, we, prophets, do not leave inheritance and what we leave is charity." | ||
Fatima (a) was puzzled and shocked when she heard this. She wondered that how the Prophet (s) could have said this while she, his heiress, or 'Ali (a), his son in law and the nearest person to him, did not know about it. So Fatima (a) resisted against the Caliph and delivered a sermon in [[Masjid al- | Fatima (a) was puzzled and shocked when she heard this. She wondered that how the Prophet (s) could have said this while she, his heiress, or 'Ali (a), his son in law and the nearest person to him, did not know about it. So Fatima (a) resisted against the Caliph and delivered a sermon in [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] in front of [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]] and by reading [[verse]]s of the [[Qur'an]] about offspring of prophets who inherited from their fathers condemned Abu Bakr's opinion and decision. | ||
According to explicit words of Shi'a and some Sunni scholars, the Prophet (s) gave Fadak to Fatima (a) during his life after the [[revelation]] of the [[verse]], "And give the relatives their right". ([[Sura al-Isra']]:26)<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''al-Durr al-Manthur'', vol. 4, p. 177; Al-Haskani, ''Shawahid al-tanzil'', pp. 438-442</ref> | According to explicit words of Shi'a and some Sunni scholars, the Prophet (s) gave Fadak to Fatima (a) during his life after the [[revelation]] of the [[verse]], "And give the relatives their right". ([[Sura al-Isra']]:26)<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''al-Durr al-Manthur'', vol. 4, p. 177; Al-Haskani, ''Shawahid al-tanzil'', pp. 438-442</ref> | ||
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Ibn Qutayba writes, "After that Fatima became angry at them, Abu Bakr and 'Umar came to her house for propitiating her; but when they asked for permission to enter the house, Fatima did not let them in. So they went to 'Ali and asked him for help. 'Ali took them to the house to Fatima; but Fatima turned his face away from them and did not reply their [[Salam]]. After that Abu Bakr talked, Fatima asked them, "If I narrate for you a [[hadith]] from the Prophet, will you acknowledge that and act according to?" They said, "Yes." Fatima said, "I implore you to [[God]], did you hear the Prophet saying "Fatima's happiness is my happiness and Fatima's anger is my anger; so, whoever like Fatima, my daughter, had liked me and whoever make Fatima happy had made me happy and whoever make Fatima angry had made me angry?"" They replied, "Yes, we heard this from the Apostle of God." Fatima said, "I call God and his angles as witnesses that you two have made me angry and did not made me happy and if I see the Prophet I will complain about you to him." Abu Bakr started talking, but Fatima continued her words addressing him, "By God, I will curse you after each prayer I perform"."<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imama wa l-siyasa'', vol. 1, p. 31; Kahhala, ''A'lam al-nisa''', vol. 4, pp. 123-124</ref> | Ibn Qutayba writes, "After that Fatima became angry at them, Abu Bakr and 'Umar came to her house for propitiating her; but when they asked for permission to enter the house, Fatima did not let them in. So they went to 'Ali and asked him for help. 'Ali took them to the house to Fatima; but Fatima turned his face away from them and did not reply their [[Salam]]. After that Abu Bakr talked, Fatima asked them, "If I narrate for you a [[hadith]] from the Prophet, will you acknowledge that and act according to?" They said, "Yes." Fatima said, "I implore you to [[God]], did you hear the Prophet saying "Fatima's happiness is my happiness and Fatima's anger is my anger; so, whoever like Fatima, my daughter, had liked me and whoever make Fatima happy had made me happy and whoever make Fatima angry had made me angry?"" They replied, "Yes, we heard this from the Apostle of God." Fatima said, "I call God and his angles as witnesses that you two have made me angry and did not made me happy and if I see the Prophet I will complain about you to him." Abu Bakr started talking, but Fatima continued her words addressing him, "By God, I will curse you after each prayer I perform"."<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imama wa l-siyasa'', vol. 1, p. 31; Kahhala, ''A'lam al-nisa''', vol. 4, pp. 123-124</ref> | ||
Her anger and annoyance is important because not only Shi'a but also Sunni narrators have quoted the Prophet (s), "Fatima is a part of my body, whoever make her angry has made me angry."<ref>Al-Bukhari, ''Sahih'', vol. 4, p. 210</ref> In addition, in this event the confiscators of Fadak denied her right publicly which implies that she had lied in her true claim that his father has given it to her in his life, although she was repelled from all impurities by God as Qur'an explicitly mentions in [[Tathir | Her anger and annoyance is important because not only Shi'a but also Sunni narrators have quoted the Prophet (s), "Fatima is a part of my body, whoever make her angry has made me angry."{{enote|{{ia|فاطمة بَضعةٌ مِنّي، مَن آذاها فقط آذاني}}}}<ref>Al-Bukhari, ''Sahih'', vol. 4, p. 210</ref> In addition, in this event the confiscators of Fadak denied her right publicly which implies that she had lied in her true claim that his father has given it to her in his life, although she was repelled from all impurities by God as Qur'an explicitly mentions in [[al-Tathir Verse]] ([[Sura al-Ahzab]]:33). | ||
===Analysis of Fadak=== | ===Analysis of Fadak=== | ||
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===Why Fatima Pioneered?=== | ===Why Fatima Pioneered?=== | ||
In his book ''Fadak fi l-tarikh'', [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] writes,<ref>See al-Sadr, ''Fadak fi l-tarikh'', p. 86, as cited in Muntaziri, ''Khutbi-yi hazrat-i Fatimi-yi Zahra'', p. 396</ref> "Starting the protest by Lady Fatima (a) had two important and positive elements: | In his book, ''Fadak fi l-tarikh'', [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] writes,<ref>See al-Sadr, ''Fadak fi l-tarikh'', p. 86, as cited in Muntaziri, ''Khutbi-yi hazrat-i Fatimi-yi Zahra'', p. 396</ref> "Starting the protest by Lady Fatima (a) had two important and positive elements: | ||
* The emotional aspect, as the Prophet's daughter, she was more influential eliciting emotions and reviving the memories of the Prophet (s); | * The emotional aspect, as the Prophet's daughter, she was more influential eliciting emotions and reviving the memories of the Prophet (s); | ||