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Laylat al-Qadr: Difference between revisions
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Qadr, (قدر) in Arabic, means measure and limit or value of something. It is also used about the measure and the limits of existence. | Qadr, (قدر) in Arabic, means measure and limit or value of something.<ref>Qarashī, ''Qāmūs al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 246-247.</ref> It is also used about the measure and the limits of existence.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 12, p. 144.</ref> | ||
===Naming=== | ===Naming=== | ||
It is said that it was called al-Qadr because the annual fate of every person will be determined by God, as it is mentioned in [[Sura al-Dukhan]] verse 4: "Every definitive matter is resolved in it" and also in many hadiths that indicate the fate of a year for everyone including the deeds, sustenance, births, deaths, etc. is determined in this night. On the other hand, some said that it was called al-Qadr because it is a grand and high-value night, as the Qur'an was revealed on this night to [[the Prophet]]'s (s) heart by an archangel. | It is said that it was called al-Qadr because the annual fate of every person will be determined by God, as it is mentioned in [[Sura al-Dukhan]] verse 4: "Every definitive matter is resolved in it" and also in many hadiths that indicate the fate of a year for everyone including the deeds, sustenance, births, deaths, etc. is determined in this night. On the other hand, some said that it was called al-Qadr because it is a grand and high-value night, as the Qur'an was revealed on this night to [[the Prophet]]'s (s) heart by an archangel.<ref>Malikī Tabrīzī, ''al-Murāqibāt'', p. 237-252.</ref> | ||
==Importance== | ==Importance== | ||
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[[Imam Ali (a)]] was martyred in this night. Shi'a mark this event every year by mourning their Imam in this night besides practicing [[Mustahab]] (recommended) acts of the night. | [[Imam Ali (a)]] was martyred in this night. Shi'a mark this event every year by mourning their Imam in this night besides practicing [[Mustahab]] (recommended) acts of the night. | ||
Exegetes of Qur'an believe that the [[verses]] of [[Sura al-Qadr]] connote that Laylat al-Qadr is repeated every year and it is not the only night that the Qur'an was sent down to the Prophet (s), or the ones in the Prophet's (s) time. In addition, many hadiths, which are about to be [[Mutawatir]], support this idea. | Exegetes of Qur'an believe that the [[verses]] of [[Sura al-Qadr]] connote that Laylat al-Qadr is repeated every year and it is not the only night that the Qur'an was sent down to the Prophet (s), or the ones in the Prophet's (s) time. In addition, many hadiths, which are about to be [[Mutawatir]], support this idea.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūnih'', vol. 27, p. 197.</ref> | ||
According to some hadiths, Laylat al-Qadr is one of the blessings of God to the Islamic Nation (Umma). The Prophet (s) said "Allah has bestowed the Night of Qadr to my Umma and non of the past nations have been blessed with this." | According to some hadiths, Laylat al-Qadr is one of the blessings of God to the Islamic Nation (Umma). The Prophet (s) said "Allah has bestowed the Night of Qadr to my Umma and non of the past nations have been blessed with this."<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūnih'', vol. 27, p. 190.</ref> | ||
==In the Qur'an== | ==In the Qur'an== | ||
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There are hadiths in Shi'a sources that presented the night of Qadr and Surat al-Qadr as evidence for existence of an Imam in every time. According to these hadiths, angels were sent down to the Prophet (s) on that night and because the Qadr night is not only for the Prophet's (s) time, every year they will be sent down on his successors, [[Infallible Imams]] (a) who are the nearest and most similar people to him (s). Here are two of these hadiths: | There are hadiths in Shi'a sources that presented the night of Qadr and Surat al-Qadr as evidence for existence of an Imam in every time. According to these hadiths, angels were sent down to the Prophet (s) on that night and because the Qadr night is not only for the Prophet's (s) time, every year they will be sent down on his successors, [[Infallible Imams]] (a) who are the nearest and most similar people to him (s). Here are two of these hadiths: | ||
[[Ibn 'Abbas]] narrated: [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "There is a Qadr night in every year, in which the affairs of the year will sent down. There are guardians for those affairs after the Prophet (s)." Ibn 'Abbas asked, "Who are they?" Imam said "I and eleven of my descendants, the [[Muhaddath]] (the one to whom the angels speak) Imams." | [[Ibn 'Abbas]] narrated: [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "There is a Qadr night in every year, in which the affairs of the year will sent down. There are guardians for those affairs after the Prophet (s)." Ibn 'Abbas asked, "Who are they?" Imam said "I and eleven of my descendants, the [[Muhaddath]] (the one to whom the angels speak) Imams."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 247-248.</ref> | ||
[[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said, "O, community of Shi'a! Argue with your opponents by Surat al-Qadr, so that you succeed. By God! It (Surat al-Qadr) is about the Proof of God (Hujjat Allah) on people after the Prophet (s) and it (Surat al-Qadr) is the master of your religion and the extend of our knowledge." | [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] said, "O, community of Shi'a! Argue with your opponents by Surat al-Qadr, so that you succeed. By God! It (Surat al-Qadr) is about the Proof of God (Hujjat Allah) on people after the Prophet (s) and it (Surat al-Qadr) is the master of your religion and the extend of our knowledge."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 249.</ref> | ||
In other words the summary of the argument will be as following: | In other words the summary of the argument will be as following: | ||
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===Shi'a Viewpoint=== | ===Shi'a Viewpoint=== | ||
According to Shi'a hadiths, the Night of Qadr is either 19th or 21st or 23rd of the month of Ramadan. The most probable of the three is the latter. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] said, "Our elite anonymously said that Laylat al-Qadr is the 23rd of the month of Ramadan." It is been narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that there is Laylat al-Qadr to the Day of Judgment and it is in the month of Ramadan. In another hadith, it is reported that the night of 19th is the night of assessment (Taqdir), the night of 21st is the night of confirmation (Ibram) and the night of 23rd is the night of determination (Imda'). | According to Shi'a hadiths, the Night of Qadr is either 19th or 21st or 23rd of the month of Ramadan. The most probable of the three is the latter. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] said, "Our elite anonymously said that Laylat al-Qadr is the 23rd of the month of Ramadan."<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 519.</ref> It is been narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that there is Laylat al-Qadr to the Day of Judgment and it is in the month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 10, p. 786.</ref> In another hadith, it is reported that the night of 19th is the night of assessment (Taqdir), the night of 21st is the night of confirmation (Ibram) and the night of 23rd is the night of determination (Imda').<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 2, p. 772.</ref> | ||
===Sunni Viewpoint=== | ===Sunni Viewpoint=== | ||
Based on a narration from the Prophet (s), Sunni believe that Laylat al-Qadr is one of the last ten nights of the month of Ramadan. According, to hadiths in their [[Sihah]] most of them mark the night of 27th of Ramadan as Laylat al-Qadr. | Based on a narration from the Prophet (s), Sunni believe that Laylat al-Qadr is one of the last ten nights of the month of Ramadan. According, to hadiths in their [[Sihah]]<ref>Muslim, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 8, p. 65.</ref> most of them mark the night of 27th of Ramadan as Laylat al-Qadr. | ||
On the other hand, some Sunni believe that the Night of Qadr was repeated in every year only in the time of the Prophet (s) and after his demise there is no Laylat al-Qadr. Some other believe that the Night of Qadr is an unspecified night in the year. In the year of [[Bi'tha]] it was in the month of Ramadan, but in other years it can be in other months. | On the other hand, some Sunni believe that the Night of Qadr was repeated in every year only in the time of the Prophet (s) and after his demise there is no Laylat al-Qadr.<ref>Qāsimī, ''Tafsīr al-Qāsimī'', vol. 17, p. 217.</ref> Some other believe that the Night of Qadr is an unspecified night in the year. In the year of [[Bi'tha]] it was in the month of Ramadan, but in other years it can be in other months.<ref>Ibn al-Miftāḥ, ''Sharḥ al-Azhār'', vol. 1, p. 57.</ref> | ||
==Merits== | ==Merits== | ||
There is a complete Sura in the Qur'an describing and eulogizing this night, titled after it -al-Qadr. | There is a complete Sura in the Qur'an describing and eulogizing this night, titled after it -al-Qadr. | ||
Here are some attributes of this night which were mentioned in the Qur'an and hadiths: | Here are some attributes of this night which were mentioned in the Qur'an and hadiths: | ||
* It is better than one thousand months: the Qur'an explicitly denotes this in Surat al-Qadr "The night of Qadr is better than a thousand months." [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] says in the 44th supplication of ''[[Sahifat al-Sajjadiyya]]'', which is about coming of the month of Ramadan "… Then He made one of its nights surpass the nights of a thousand months, and named it the Night of Qadr." | * It is better than one thousand months: the Qur'an explicitly denotes this in Surat al-Qadr "The night of Qadr is better than a thousand months." [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] says in the 44th supplication of ''[[Sahifat al-Sajjadiyya]]'', which is about coming of the month of Ramadan "… Then He made one of its nights surpass the nights of a thousand months, and named it the Night of Qadr."<ref>''Al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādīyya'', p. 187.</ref> | ||
* The night of [[revelation]] of the Qur'an: according to the verses of Qur'an and hadiths, the Qur'an was sent down as a whole on the Night of Qadr from [[al-Lawh al-Mahfuz]] (preserved tablet) to the sky of this world or [[Bayt al-Ma'mur]] or the heart of the Prophet (s). It is extensively explained in [[Quranic Studies]] that there are two revelations for the Qur'an: as a whole and gradual over 23 years of the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (s). The latter was a verbal revelation unlike the former. | * The night of [[revelation]] of the Qur'an: according to the verses of Qur'an and hadiths, the Qur'an was sent down as a whole on the Night of Qadr from [[al-Lawh al-Mahfuz]] (preserved tablet) to the sky of this world or [[Bayt al-Ma'mur]] or the heart of the Prophet (s). It is extensively explained in [[Quranic Studies]] that there are two revelations for the Qur'an: as a whole and gradual over 23 years of the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (s). The latter was a verbal revelation unlike the former. | ||
* The night of forgiveness of sins: [[The Prophet (s)]] has been quoted, "Whoever stays up the Night of Qadr (performing Mustahab acts) and is faithful and believes in the Day of Judgment, all his sins will be forgiven." | * The night of forgiveness of sins: [[The Prophet (s)]] has been quoted, "Whoever stays up the Night of Qadr (performing Mustahab acts) and is faithful and believes in the Day of Judgment, all his sins will be forgiven."<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn'', vol. 10, p. 308.</ref> | ||
* The heart of the month of Ramadan: Imam al-Sadiq (a) said, "... the master of the months is the month of Allah, the Ramadan month, and the heart of the Ramadan month is the Night of Qadr..." | * The heart of the month of Ramadan: Imam al-Sadiq (a) said, "... the master of the months is the month of Allah, the Ramadan month, and the heart of the Ramadan month is the Night of Qadr..."<ref>Ḥuwayzī, ''Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn'', vol. 5, p. 918.</ref> | ||
* Master of the nights: It has been narrated from the Prophet (s) "The Night of Qadr is the master of all nights." | * Master of the nights: It has been narrated from the Prophet (s) "The Night of Qadr is the master of all nights."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 40, p. 54.</ref> | ||
===Merits of the Days of Qadr=== | ===Merits of the Days of Qadr=== | ||
According to narrative and jurisprudential sources, the days of the presumed nights of Qadr are similar to their night in merits and attributes. | According to narrative and jurisprudential sources, the days of the presumed nights of Qadr are similar to their night in merits and attributes.<ref>Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, ''al-Tahdhīb'', vol. 4, p. 331.</ref> | ||
==Mustahab Acts for the Nights of Qadr== | ==Mustahab Acts for the Nights of Qadr== | ||
{{fulltext|text:Supererogatory Deeds of Laylat al-Qadr}} | {{fulltext|text:Supererogatory Deeds of Laylat al-Qadr}} | ||
The Mustahab (recommended) acts for the nights of Qadr are divided into two types: the acts which are common to the three nights and are done in all of them, and particular acts for each night, which are extensively mentioned in ''[[Mafatih al-jinan]]'' and other supplication books. | The Mustahab (recommended) acts for the nights of Qadr are divided into two types: the acts which are common to the three nights and are done in all of them, and particular acts for each night, which are extensively mentioned in ''[[Mafatih al-jinan]]'' and other supplication books. | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* | *''Al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādīyya''. Translated by Muḥsin Gharawīyān. Qom: al-Ḥādī, 1378 Sh. | ||
*Ḥuwayzī, ʿAlī b. Jumʿa al-. ''Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn''. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, n.d. | |||
*Ibn al-Miftāḥ, ʿAbd Allāh. ''Sharḥ al-Azhār''. Cairo: al-Ḥijāz, n.d. | |||
*Kāshānī, Mullā Fatḥ Allāh. ''Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn''. Tehran: ʿIlmī, 1340 Sh. | |||
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Translated by Muḥammad Bāqir Kamarih-yi. Qom: Uswah, 1375 Sh. | |||
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d. | |||
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūnih''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1371 Sh. | |||
*Malikī Tabrīzī, Mīrzā Jawād. ''Al-Murāqibāt fī aʿmāl al-sunna''. Beirut: Dār al-Iʿtiṣām, n.d. | |||
*Muslim. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, n.d. | |||
*Qarashī, ʿAlī Akbar al-. ''Qāmūs al-Qurʾān''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, n.d. | |||
*Qāsimī, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qāsimī''. Beirut: n.p. , n.d. | |||
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Khiṣāl''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Jāmiʿa Mudarrisīn, 1362 Sh. | |||
*Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Al-Tahdhīb''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1365 Sh. | |||
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, 1371 Sh. | |||
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān''. Tehran: Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh. | |||
{{Ramadan al-Mubarak}} | {{Ramadan al-Mubarak}} | ||