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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
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|data16 = | |data16 = | ||
|label17 = Spouse(s) | |label17 = Spouse(s) | ||
|data17 = [[Samana al-Maghribiyya|Samana]], Umm Fadl | |data17 = [[Samana al-Maghribiyya|Samana]], Umm al-Fadl | ||
|label18 = Son(s) | |label18 = Son(s) | ||
|data18 = [[Imam al-Hadi|'Ali]], Musa | |data18 = [[Imam al-Hadi|'Ali]], Musa | ||
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The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja/December 5 or 6 and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da. | The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja/December 5 or 6 and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da. | ||
About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a) while he (a) was just 25 years old. Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him. However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm Fadl, daughter of Mu'mun. | About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a) while he (a) was just 25 years old. Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him. However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of Mu'mun. | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, " | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it." But Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "Al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness." | ||
== His Companions == | == His Companions == | ||
Many of his companions who were also among the companions of his [[Imam 'Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|father]] and his son ([[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]) had written works in Fiqh and theology and were known as influential people in their own communities. Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) and narrators of his hadiths were about 120 people who have narrated about 250 [[hadith]]s from him. These hadiths are about different subjects in [[Fiqh]], [[exegesis]] and [[theology]]. The small number of hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) is due to his surveillance and his young age at the time of martyrdom. Among his famous companions are [['Ali b. Mahzyar]], [[Ahmad b. Abi Nasr al-Bazanti]], [[Zakariyya b. Adam]], [[Muhammad b. Isma'il b. Bazi']], [[Hasan b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi]] and [[Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Barqi]]. | Many of his companions who were also among the companions of his [[Imam 'Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|father]] and his son ([[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]) had written works in Fiqh and theology and were known as influential people in their own communities. Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) and narrators of his hadiths were about 120 people who have narrated about 250 [[hadith]]s from him. These hadiths are about different subjects in [[Fiqh]], [[exegesis]] and [[theology]]. The small number of hadiths narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) is due to his surveillance and his young age at the time of martyrdom. Among his famous companions are [['Ali b. Mahzyar]], [[Ahmad b. Abi Nasr al-Bazanti]], [[Zakariyya b. Adam]], [[Muhammad b. Isma'il b. Bazi']], [[Hasan b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi]] and [[Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Barqi]]. | ||
His companions and narrators of his hadiths were not exclusive to [[Shi'a]] and there were people from other sects including [[Sunni]] | His companions and narrators of his hadiths were not exclusive to [[Shi'a]] and there were people from other sects including [[Sunni]] sects among them as well. | ||
=== Introducing some of His Companions === | === Introducing some of His Companions === | ||
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[[File:Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani in Tehran.jpg|220px|thumbnail|Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani in [[Rey]] (South of [[Tehran]]), [[Iran]]]] | [[File:Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani in Tehran.jpg|220px|thumbnail|Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani in [[Rey]] (South of [[Tehran]]), [[Iran]]]] | ||
{{main|'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani}} | {{main|'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani}} | ||
'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has narrated some hadiths from him. 'Abd al-'Azim settled in [[Rey]] and made great efforts to promote hadiths of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and due to his efforts, Shi'a | 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has narrated some hadiths from him. 'Abd al-'Azim settled in [[Rey]] and made great efforts to promote hadiths of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and due to his efforts, the number of Shi'a in that region increased. | ||
It is said that the reason for his immigration from [[Medina]] to Rey was the great pressure and suppression of [[Abbasid]] caliphs which made many [['Alavis]] leave their houses and go to different cities. | It is said that the reason for his immigration from [[Medina]] to Rey was the great pressure and suppression of [[Abbasid]] caliphs which made many [['Alavis]] leave their houses and go to different cities. | ||
'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani went to Rey and passed away there and his [[shrine]] is well known and many people | 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani went to Rey and passed away there and his [[shrine]] is well known and visited by many people. | ||
==== Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi ==== | ==== Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi ==== | ||
{{main|Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi}} | {{main|Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi}} | ||
Ibrahim b. Hashim was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has been referred by scholars of [['Ilm al-Rijal|Rijal]] (biographical evaluation) with titles such as Jalil al-Qadr (highly respectable), [[Thiqa]] (reliable) and among the great | Ibrahim b. Hashim was one of the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) who has been referred by scholars of [['Ilm al-Rijal|Rijal]] (biographical evaluation) with titles such as Jalil al-Qadr (highly respectable), [[Thiqa]] (reliable) and among the great hadith scholars. | ||
Ibrahim was from [[Kufa]] and moved to [[Qom]] and promoted hadiths and narrations there. The books ''Nawadir'' and ''Judgments of Imam 'Ali (a)'' are among his works. He was among students of [[ | Ibrahim was from [[Kufa]] and moved to [[Qom]] and promoted hadiths and narrations there. The books ''Nawadir'' and ''Judgments of Imam 'Ali (a)'' are among his works. He was among students of [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]] (a companion of [[Imam al-Rida (a)]]). He has narrated hadiths from Imam al-Jawad (a) in different topics such as merits, proofs, companions and [[Zakat]]. | ||
== Words of Sunni Figures about Him == | == Words of Sunni Figures about Him == | ||
Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in Fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) | Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in Fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) an outstanding figure and praised him, some cases of which are mentioned below: | ||
* [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]] said, "He followed his father's approach in knowledge, piety and generosity. | * [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]] said, "He followed his father's approach in knowledge, piety and generosity. | ||
* [[Ibn Hijr Haythami]] wrote, "Ma'mun chose him to become his son-in-law because even with being young, he was superior to all scholars in knowledge and forbearance." | * [[Ibn Hijr Haythami]] wrote, "Al-Ma'mun chose him to become his son-in-law because even with being young, he was superior to all scholars in knowledge and forbearance." | ||
* [[Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] said, "Ma'mun became fond of him (Imam al-Jawad (a)) because he saw that even though he was young, he had reached such a great position in knowledge, wisdom, manner and intellectual perfection that none of the great scholars of that time had ever reached." | * [[Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] said, "Al-Ma'mun became fond of him (Imam al-Jawad (a)) because he saw that even though he was young, he had reached such a great position in knowledge, wisdom, manner and intellectual perfection that none of the great scholars of that time had ever reached." | ||
* | * [[Jahiz 'Uthman]], a [[mu'tazili]], who was among the opponents of the family of [['Ali (a)]] has mentioned Imam al-Jawad (a) among 10 Talibids (family of [[Abu Talib]]) about whom he has said, "every one of them is knowledgeable, pious, worshiping, brave, generous, pure with pure origin." | ||
== Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | == Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | ||
According to consults of some Shi'a scholars, some Shi'as make [[Tawassul]] to Imam al-Jawad (a) for increase in their daily sustenance and solution of their material problems and call him [[Bab al-Hawa'ij]] [Gate of Requests]. An example of such consults is quoted by [[the Second Majlisi]] from [[Abu | According to consults of some Shi'a scholars, some Shi'as make [[Tawassul]] to Imam al-Jawad (a) for increase in their daily sustenance and solution of their material problems and call him [[Bab al-Hawa'ij]] [Gate of Requests]. An example of such consults is quoted by [[the Second Majlisi]] from [[Abu l-Wafa' Shirazi]] who claimed that the [[Prophet (s)]] advised him in his dream to make Tawassul to Imam al-Jawad (a) in material issues. | ||
[[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] narrated from Abu | [[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] narrated from Abu l-Wafa', | ||
"I was once arrested by son of Ilyas, governor of [[Kerman]] and was imprisoned for a while. After a while, I recognized that they are plotting for killing me. I was worried and did not know what to do to free from such a plot. One night I made entreaty to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] while I was praying before God and I asked God freedom. Instantly I | "I was once arrested by son of Ilyas, governor of [[Kerman]] and was imprisoned for a while. After a while, I recognized that they are plotting for killing me. I was worried and did not know what to do to free from such a plot. One night I made entreaty to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] while I was praying before God and I asked God for freedom. Instantly I fall asleep and I dreamed [[the Prophet (s)]] who said, 'Do not make entreaty to me, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)|my daughter]], [[al-Hasan]], [[al-Husayn]] or others; but for the increase of daily sustenance and solving problems make entreaty to my son al-Jawad (a), through whom God will answer your request.'" | ||
{{see also|Tawassul}} | {{see also|Tawassul}} | ||