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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a) (view source)
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{{infobox Imam | {{infobox Imam | ||
|name =Muhammad b. 'Alī | |name =Muhammad b. 'Alī | ||
|sequential number =<!--e.g. 1st Imam of Shi'a-->9th [[ | |sequential number =<!--e.g. 1st Imam of Shi'a-->9th [[Shi'a Imam]] | ||
|main title = | |main title = Al-Jawad | ||
|image =کاظمین10.jpg | |image =کاظمین10.jpg | ||
|caption =[[Kadhimiya]], [[Iraq]] | |caption =[[Holy Shrine of Kazimayn (a)]], [[Kadhimiya]], [[Iraq]] | ||
|kunya =Abu Ja'far, Abu 'Ali | |kunya =Abu Ja'far, Abu 'Ali | ||
|born =[[Rajab 10]], [[195]]/[[April 12]], 811 | |born =[[Rajab 10]], [[195]]/[[April 12]], 811 | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|محمد بن علي بن موسی}}) known as '''ʾImām al-Jawād (a)''' ({{iarabic|امام الجواد}}) was the ninth Imam of Shia. He (a) was born on [[Rajab 10]], [[195]]/[[April 12]], 811 in [[Medina]] and was [[Imam]] for 17 years. He was martyred when he (a) was 25 years old and was buried in [[Kadhimiya]] beside the grave of his grandfather [[Musa b. Ja'far (a)]]. He was the youngest Imam when he was martyred. | '''Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|محمد بن علي بن موسی}}) known as '''ʾImām al-Jawād (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|امام الجواد}}) was the ninth Imam of [[Twelver Shia]], his kunya was Abu Ja'far and he is mentioned in haidth sources as Abu Ja'far al-Thani (the second Abu Ja'far). He (a) was born on [[Rajab 10]], [[195]]/[[April 12]], 811 in [[Medina]] and was [[Imam]] for 17 years. He was martyred when he (a) was 25 years old and was buried in [[Kadhimiya]] beside the grave of his grandfather [[Musa b. Ja'far (a)]]. He was the youngest Imam when he was martyred. | ||
Because Imam al-Jawad was an 8 year old child, some Shi'a followed [['Abd Allah b. Musa]] and some others followed [[Waqifids]]. But most Shi'a accepted the [[imamate]] of Imam al-Jawad (a) due to his scientific superiority. At that time, due to restrictions made for Imam (a), his connections with Shi'a were mostly made through agents. | |||
Scientific debates of Imam al-Jawad (a) in his childhood age with religious scholars of different Islamic sects in theological issues such as the position of [[caliphs]] and in jurisprudential issues such as [[hajj]] rituals are among well-known debates of Imams (a). | Scientific debates of Imam al-Jawad (a) in his childhood age with religious scholars of different Islamic sects in theological issues such as the position of [[caliphs]] and in jurisprudential issues such as [[hajj]] rituals are among well-known debates of Imams (a). | ||
== Lineage, Kunya and Titles == | == Lineage, Kunya, and Titles == | ||
Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Muhammad is the ninth Imam of [[Twelver Shi'a]] who is known as al-Jawad. | Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Muhammad is the ninth Imam of [[Twelver Shi'a]] who is known as al-Jawad and Jawad al-'A'imma. His father Imam al-Rida (a) was the eighth Imam of Twelver Shia.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 396</ref> His mother was [[Sabika]] from the family of [[Mariya al-Qibtiyya]], the wife of the [[Holy Prophet (s)]]. In some sources, the name of his mother is mentioned as Khayzuran, Nawbiyya and Rayhana.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 315, 492; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 1; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379.</ref> | ||
His father Imam al-Rida (a) was the eighth Imam of Twelver Shia. His mother was [[Sabika]] from the family of [[Mariya al-Qibtiyya]], the wife of the [[Holy Prophet (s)]]. In some sources, the name of his mother is mentioned as Khayzuran, Nawbiyya and Rayhana.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 315, 492; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 1; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379.</ref> | |||
His [[kunya]] was Abu Ja'far<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 315, 492; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 1.</ref> and it is mentioned in historical narrations as Abu Ja'far al-Thani so that he (a) is not mistaken with Abu Ja'far al-Awwal who is [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]]. | His [[kunya]] was Abu Ja'far<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 315, 492; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 1.</ref> and it is mentioned in historical narrations as Abu Ja'far al-Thani so that he (a) is not mistaken with Abu Ja'far al-Awwal who is [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]]. | ||
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{{Shi'a-Vertical}} | {{Shi'a-Vertical}} | ||
According to the report of historians, Imam al-Jawad (a) was born in [[195]]/811 in [[Medina]]. However, there is a disagreement about the day and month of his birth. The famous and unique report is [[Rajab 10]]/[[April 12]] which has been mentioned by [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid (book)|Misbah al-mutahajjid]]'' | According to the report of historians, Imam al-Jawad (a) was born in [[195]]/811 in [[Medina]]. However, there is a disagreement about the day and month of his birth. Some have regarded Imam's (a) birthday as [[Ramadan 15]]/[[June 15]].<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 99; Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 201.</ref> The famous and unique report is [[Rajab 10]]/[[April 12]] which has been mentioned by [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid (book)|Misbah al-mutahajjid]]''.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Misbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', p. 805</ref> | ||
=== Blessed Child === | === Blessed Child === | ||
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== Wives == | == Wives == | ||
[[Al-Ma'mun al-Abbasi]] married her daughter, called [[Umm al- | [[Al-Ma'mun al-Abbasi]] married her daughter, called [[Umm al-Fadl]], to Imam al-Jawad (a) in 202/817-18<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 7, p. 149.</ref> or 215/830-1.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 223.</ref> This marriage took place following the request of al-Ma'mun and Imam (a) expressed his consent with this marriage after specifying the dowry similar to that of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] (which was 500 Dirhams).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 382.</ref> Some sources have said that during Imam al-Rida's (a) stay in [[Khorasan]], Imam al-Jawad (a) went to see him once<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Tārīkh-i Bayhaq'', p. 46.</ref> and that was when al-Ma'mun asked him to marry his daughter. According to [[Ibn Kathir]], the marriage contract of Imam al-Jawad (a) and al-Ma'mun's daughter was made at the time of Imam al-Rida (a) but the marriage ceremony was held in 215/830 in Tikrit, [[Iraq]].<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 295.</ref> | ||
Other wife of Imam al-Jawad (a) was [[Samana al-Maghribiyya]], who was a concubine.<ref>Qummī, ''Muntahā l-āmāl'', vol. 2, p. 497.</ref> Imam (a) did not have any children from Umm al-Fadl<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 380.</ref> and all his children are from Samana.<ref>Qummī, ''Muntahā l-āmāl'', vol. 2, p. 497.</ref> | |||
== Children == | == Children == | ||
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==Imamate== | ==Imamate== | ||
Imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a) was contemporary with two [[Abbasid]] caliphs: the first was [[al-Ma'mun]] (193/ | Imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a) was contemporary with two [[Abbasid]] caliphs: the first was [[al-Ma'mun]] (r. 193/808-9 to 218/833) and Imam (a) spent 23 years of his life at the time of his [[caliphate]]. The second was [[al-Mu'tasim al-Abbasi]] (r. 218/833 to 227/841-42) two years of his caliphate were contemporary with imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a). Imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a) lasted 17 years from [[203]]/818 until [[220]]/835. After the martyrdom of Imam al-Jawad (a), his son, [[Imam 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Hadi (a)]] , took responsibility of imamate. | ||
=== Proofs === | === Proofs === | ||
There are many reports and proofs for Imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a) including the report that one of the [[List of the Companions of Imam al-Rida (a)|companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] asked about his successor, and Imam al-Rida (a) pointed with his hand towards his son Abu Ja'far (Imam al-Jawad (a)) who was standing in front of him.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 265.</ref> | |||
In another narration, Imam al-Rida (a) said, "This is Abu Ja'far I have seated in my place and I have left my position to him. We are the family, the children of whom inherit like their old ones." (which means that the same way our old ones inherit and receive knowledge, our children inherit knowledge from the old ones.)<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 266.</ref> | In another narration, Imam al-Rida (a) said, "This is Abu Ja'far I have seated in my place and I have left my position to him. We are the family, the children of whom inherit like their old ones." (which means that the same way our old ones inherit and receive knowledge, our children inherit knowledge from the old ones.)<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 266.</ref> | ||
In another report, | In another report, Imam al-Rida (a) said, 'Abu Ja'far is my successor among my people.'"<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 2, p. 586.</ref> | ||
=== Imamate in Childhood === | === Imamate in Childhood === | ||
Imam al- | Imam al-Rida (a) was martyred in [[203]]/818 when his son, Imam al-Jawad (a) was only 8 years old and became Imam and this caused disagreement among Shi'a so that some of them followed [['Abd Allah b. Musa b. Ja'far]], brother of Imam al-Rida (a); but since they did not want to accept imamate of a person without any reason, some of them asked 'Abd Allah some questions and after they found him unable to answer, they abandoned him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 383.</ref> Some other Shi'a joined [[Waqifids]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 77-78.</ref> Nevertheless most of the [[companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] believed in the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a). According to al-Nawbakhti, the reason of such a division was that they considered the age of puberty as one of the requirements of imamate.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> | ||
The issue of imamate in childhood was risen by some people at the time of Imam al-Rida (a), and he mentioned the prophet 'Isa (a) [Jesus] and said, "when 'Isa (a) was given prophethood his age was lower than my son".<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 322.</ref> The issue was risen more seriously in after the martyrdom of Imam al-Rida (a) and even some of the close companions of Imam al-Rida (a), like [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]], doubted about the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 220</ref> Later the same issue was risen about the imamate of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 472.</ref> The answer was from the [[Qur'an]] about the prophethood of [[Prophet Yahya(a)]] (John), where the Qur'an says: "And We gave him judgment while still a child",<ref>Qurān, 19:12.</ref> and speaking of the [[Prophet 'Isa (a)]] (Jesus) in the first days after birth<ref>Qurān, 19:30-32.</ref> Imam al-Jawad (a) answered to the issue by mentioning the successorship of [[Prophet Sulayman (a)]] (Solomon) after [[Prophet Dawud (a)]] (David) and said, "When Prophet Solomon (a) was still a little child and took the sheep out for grazing, Prophet David (a) made him his successor."<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref> | |||
When Imam al-Jawad (a) became Imam at a young age, some people from Baghdad and other cities went to see him in Medina during [[hajj]]. In a meeting they had with [['Abd Allah b. Musa]] (Imam al-Jawad's (a) uncle), they asked him some questions, but his answers did not seem right and they became disappointed and sad. Then they went to Imam al-Jawad (a) and asked him the same questions and he (a) gave them answers which made them happy, praised Imam (a) and prayed for him.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 205-206; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 99-100.</ref> | |||
== Debates == | == Debates == | ||
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Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of al-Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was al-Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to al-Ma'mun. To justify his decision, al-Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | Imam al-Jawad's (a) debate with Yahya b. Aktham was among the important debates of Imam (a) which took place at the time of al-Ma'mun al-'Abbasi in Baghdad. According to some Shi'a sources, the cause for happening this debate was al-Ma'mun's proposal for the marriage of Imam (a) with Umm al-Fadl. After Abbasid noblemen were informed of that, they objected to al-Ma'mun. To justify his decision, al-Ma'mun suggested to them to test Imam al-Jawad (a) and they accepted and arranged a debate to test Imam (a). | ||
In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[fiqh]]. It is said that upon seeing this, al-Ma'mun said, "Praise to God that what I had thought happened."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 444; | In the debate, first Yahya mentioned a question about a [[muhrim]] (one who perform rituals of hajj) who hunts an animal. Then, Imam (a) explained different aspects of the issue and asked Yahya to define which aspect he meant. Yahya could not answer and the people there were surprised. Then, Imam (a) himself answered the question regarding different aspects. After hearing Imam's (a) complete answer, Abbasid scholars and courtiers admitted to his competence in [[fiqh]]. It is said that upon seeing this, al-Ma'mun said, "Praise to God that what I had thought happened."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 2, p. 444; <ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> .</ref> | ||
=== Debate about the Two Caliphs === | === Debate about the Two Caliphs === | ||
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== Martyrdom == | == Martyrdom == | ||
[[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]].Photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | [[File:The Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn.jpg|290px|thumbnail|right|An old photo of the [[Holy Shrine of al-Kazimayn (a)]].Photo is taken by British Air Force in 1335/1917 during World War I.]] | ||
Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/[[February 5]], 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> at the age of 25 and was buried beside his grandfather [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] in [[Kadhimiya]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 12, 13.</ref> | |||
Imam al-Jawad (a) went to Baghdad twice following the request of his two contemporary caliphs. The first trip at the time of al-Ma'mun was not long.<ref>See: Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 380.</ref> Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/[[February 5]], 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> at the age of 25 and was buried beside his grandfather [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] in [[Kadhimiya]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 12, 13.</ref> | |||
The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja 5 or 6 (December 4 or 5)<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma'', p. 13.</ref> and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da/November 29.<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 99; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 106.</ref> | The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja 5 or 6 (December 4 or 5)<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma'', p. 13.</ref> and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da/November 29.<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 99; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 106.</ref> | ||
About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a) | About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a). Al-Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Kitāb al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 320.</ref> However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of al-Mu'mun. | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> But al-Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. al-Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Al-Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness."<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 227.</ref> | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> But al-Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. al-Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Al-Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness."<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 227.</ref> | ||
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== Words of Sunni Figures == | == Words of Sunni Figures == | ||
Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) an outstanding figure and praised him | Imam al-Jawad's (a) scientific dialogues and debates at the time of the government of [[al-Ma'mun]] and [[al-Mu'tasim]] which solved many scientific problems and issues in fiqh made Islamic scholars and researchers including Shi'a and Sunni ones surprised so that many of them considered Imam (a) an outstanding figure and praised him. They mentioned his knowledge, piety, and generosity.<ref>Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 321.</ref> some of them believe that al-Ma'mun chose him to become his son-in-law because even with being young, he was superior to all scholars in knowledge and forbearance.<ref>Haythamī, ''al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa'', p. 288.</ref> Jahiz 'Uthman, the [[mu'tazili]] scholar, has mentioned him as knowledgeable, pious, worshiping, brave, generous, pure, with pure origin."<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ḥayāt al-sīyāsīyya li-l-Imām al-Jawād'', p. 137.</ref> | ||
== Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | == Tawassul (Entreaty) to Imam al-Jawad (a) == | ||
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*Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Iḥtijāj''. Mashhad: Nashr al-Murtaḍā, 1403 AH. | *Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Iḥtijāj''. Mashhad: Nashr al-Murtaḍā, 1403 AH. | ||
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH. | *Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH. | ||
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Misbāḥ al-mutahajjid''. Qom: Maktaba al-Islamīyya. | |||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||