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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a) (view source)
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Imam al-Jawad (a) went to Baghdad twice following the request of his two contemporary caliphs. The first trip at the time of al-Ma'mun was not long.<ref>See: Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 380.</ref> Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/[[February 1]], 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> at the age of 25 and was buried beside his grandfather [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] in [[Kadhimiya]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 12, 13.</ref> | Imam al-Jawad (a) went to Baghdad twice following the request of his two contemporary caliphs. The first trip at the time of al-Ma'mun was not long.<ref>See: Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 380.</ref> Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph summoned Imam al-Jawad (a) from [[Medina]] to [[Baghdad]]. On [[Muharram 28]], [[220]]/[[February 1]], 835, Imam (a) entered Baghdad and passed away in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]]/November of the same year<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> at the age of 25 and was buried beside his grandfather [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] in [[Kadhimiya]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 379; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 12, 13.</ref> | ||
The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja 5 or 6 (December 4 or 5)<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma'', p. 13.</ref> and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da/November | The day and month of his martyrdom have been mentioned in some sources as Dhu l-Hijja 5 or 6 (December 4 or 5)<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma'', p. 13.</ref> and in some other sources as the end of Dhu l-Qa'da ([[Dhu l-Qa'da 30]], [[220]]/[[November 25]], [[835 CE|835]]).<ref>Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 99; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 106.</ref> | ||
About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a). Al-Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Kitāb al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 320.</ref> However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of al-Mu'mun. | About the cause of his martyrdom, it is said that Ibn Abi Duwad, the judge of Baghdad slandered against Imam (a) after Imam's (a) opinion about cutting the hand of a thief was accepted and Ibn Abi Duwad and many other jurists and courtiers were discredited. After caliph was influenced by the words of the judge, he decided to kill Imam (a). Al-Mu'tasim used one of his ministers and poisoned Imam (a) and martyred him.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Kitāb al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 320.</ref> However, some believe that Imam (a) was poisoned by Umm al-Fadl, daughter of al-Mu'mun. | ||
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Based on another hadith, when people were giving allegiance to al-Mu'tasim, he wrote a letter to 'Abd al-Malik al-Ziyyat, governor of Medina to send Imam al-Jawad (a) with Umm al-Fadl to Baghdad. When Imam (a) arrived in Baghdad, al-Mu'tasim showed a façade of respect toward him and sent some gifts for him and Umm al-Fadl. Based on this hadith, al-Mu'tasim sent an orange juice to Imam (a) by his servant (called Ashnas). Ashnas told Imam (a), "The caliph has given this orange juice to some noble people including Ahmad b. Abi Dawud and Sa'id b. Khadib before you and now has ordered that you too drink of it." Imam (a) said, "I will drink it at night." But, Ashnas insisted that he (a) should drink it as long it is cold and that its ice would melt. So, Imam (a) drink that and was martyred by it.<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 384; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 8.</ref> | Based on another hadith, when people were giving allegiance to al-Mu'tasim, he wrote a letter to 'Abd al-Malik al-Ziyyat, governor of Medina to send Imam al-Jawad (a) with Umm al-Fadl to Baghdad. When Imam (a) arrived in Baghdad, al-Mu'tasim showed a façade of respect toward him and sent some gifts for him and Umm al-Fadl. Based on this hadith, al-Mu'tasim sent an orange juice to Imam (a) by his servant (called Ashnas). Ashnas told Imam (a), "The caliph has given this orange juice to some noble people including Ahmad b. Abi Dawud and Sa'id b. Khadib before you and now has ordered that you too drink of it." Imam (a) said, "I will drink it at night." But, Ashnas insisted that he (a) should drink it as long it is cold and that its ice would melt. So, Imam (a) drink that and was martyred by it.<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 384; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 8.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> But al-Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. al-Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Al-Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness."<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 227.</ref> | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. 413/1022) said, "Even though some have said that Imam (a) was martyred by poison; however, this has not been proved to me so that I can swear about it."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> But al-Mas'udi (d. 346/957) said, "al-Mu'tasim and Ja'far b. al-Ma'mun (brother of Umm al-Fadl, wife of Imam al-Jawad (a)) were always thinking about killing Imam (a). Since Imam (a) did not have any child from Umm al-Fadl and his son [[Imam al-Hadi (a)|'Ali (a)]] was from his other wife, Ja'far induced his sister to poison Imam (a). This way, they poisoned grapes and Imam (a) ate from them." Al-Mas'udi continues that afterwards, Umm al-Fadl became so regretful of her work and cried so much and Imam (a) cursed her and she was afflicted with a severe illness."<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 227.</ref> | ||
== Words of Sunni Figures == | == Words of Sunni Figures == | ||