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Imam Muhammad b. Ali al-Jawad (a): Difference between revisions
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=== Imamate in Childhood === | === Imamate in Childhood === | ||
Imam al-Rida (a) was martyred in [[203]]/818 when his son, Imam al-Jawad (a) was only 8 years old and became Imam and this caused disagreement among Shi'a so that some of them followed [['Abd Allah b. Musa b. Ja'far]], brother of Imam al-Rida (a); but since they did not want to accept imamate of a person without any reason, some of them asked 'Abd Allah some questions and after they found him unable to answer, they abandoned him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 383.</ref> Some other Shi'a joined [[Waqifids]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 77-78.</ref> Nevertheless most of the [[companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] believed in the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a). According to al-Nawbakhti, the reason of such a division was that they considered the age of puberty as one of the requirements of imamate.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> | Imam al-Rida (a) was martyred in [[203]]/818 when his son, Imam al-Jawad (a) was only 8 years old<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> and became Imam and this caused disagreement among Shi'a so that some of them followed [['Abd Allah b. Musa b. Ja'far]], brother of Imam al-Rida (a); but since they did not want to accept imamate of a person without any reason, some of them asked 'Abd Allah some questions and after they found him unable to answer, they abandoned him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 383.</ref> Some other Shi'a joined [[Waqifids]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 77-78.</ref> Nevertheless most of the [[companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] believed in the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a). According to al-Nawbakhti, the reason of such a division was that they considered the age of puberty as one of the requirements of imamate.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq, al-Shīʿa'', p. 88.</ref> | ||
The issue of imamate in childhood was risen by some people at the time of Imam al-Rida (a), and he mentioned the prophet 'Isa (a) [Jesus] and said, "when 'Isa (a) was given prophethood his age was lower than my son".<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 322.</ref> The issue was risen more seriously in after the martyrdom of Imam al-Rida (a) and even some of the close companions of Imam al-Rida (a), like [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]], doubted about the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 220</ref> Later the same issue was risen about the imamate of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 472.</ref> The answer was from the [[Qur'an]] about the prophethood of [[Prophet | The issue of imamate in childhood was risen by some people at the time of Imam al-Rida (a), and he mentioned the prophet 'Isa (a) [Jesus] and said, "when 'Isa (a) was given prophethood his age was lower than my son".<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 322.</ref> The issue was risen more seriously in after the martyrdom of Imam al-Rida (a) and even some of the close companions of Imam al-Rida (a), like [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]], doubted about the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 220</ref> Later the same issue was risen about the imamate of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 472.</ref> The answer was from the [[Qur'an]] about the prophethood of [[Prophet John (a)]], where the Qur'an says: "And We gave him judgment while still a child",<ref>Qurān, 19:12.</ref> and speaking of the [[Prophet Jesus (a)]] in the first days after birth<ref>Qurān, 19:30-32.</ref> Imam al-Jawad (a) answered to the issue by mentioning the successorship of [[Prophet Solomon (a)]] after [[Prophet David (a)]] and said, "When Prophet Solomon (a) was still a little child and took the sheep out for grazing, Prophet David (a) made him his successor."<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref> | ||
====Testing for Certainty==== | ====Testing for Certainty==== | ||
Although in several cases Imam al-Rida (a) had declared the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a),<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 320-323.</ref> but some Shi'a tested Imam al-Jawad (a) with some questions to become more certain.<ref>Pīshwāyī, ''Sīrah-yi pīshwāyān'', p. 539.</ref> This testing was made about other Imams (a) as well,<ref>See: Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 282-283.</ref> but due to the low age of Imam al-Jawad (a), Shi'as felt it was more necessary about him.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 476.</ref> | Although in several cases Imam al-Rida (a) had declared the imamate of Imam al-Jawad (a),<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 320-323.</ref> but some Shi'a tested Imam al-Jawad (a) with some questions to become more certain.<ref>Pīshwāyī, ''Sīrah-yi pīshwāyān'', p. 539.</ref> This testing was made about other Imams (a) as well,<ref>See: Kashshī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', p. 282-283.</ref> but due to the low age of Imam al-Jawad (a), Shi'as felt it was more necessary about him.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 476.</ref> | ||
There are several reports about Shi'a's questions and answers of Imam al-Jawad (a) in hadith sources. Imam's (a) answers promoted his position in the eyes of Shi'a and their acceptance of his imamate. However, Shi'a did not only tested Imam al-Jawad (a) by their questions, but they tested others, who claimed to be imam, the same way.<ref>Ibn | There are several reports about Shi'a's questions and answers of Imam al-Jawad (a) in hadith sources. Imam's (a) answers promoted his position in the eyes of Shi'a and their acceptance of his imamate. However, Shi'a did not only tested Imam al-Jawad (a) by their questions, but they tested others, who claimed to be imam, the same way.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 383.</ref> Some people from Baghdad and other cities went to Medina during [[hajj]]. In a meeting they had with [['Abd Allah b. Musa]], Imam al-Jawad's (a) uncle,-who was thought to be the Imam after Imam al-Rida (a)- they asked him some questions, but his answers was not right and they became disappointed and sad. Then they went to Imam al-Jawad (a) and asked him the same questions and he (a) gave them the right answers which made them happy, praised Imam (a) and prayed for him.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 205-206; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 50, p. 99-100.</ref> | ||
==Activities of Other Sects== | ==Activities of Other Sects== | ||