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-Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan, a chief of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] and a [[Follower]], is one of the most detested figures for the Shi’a because of his role in the [[tragedy of Karbala]]. In the beginning, Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam Ali]] (a) but later became an arch-enemy of the Imam (a) and his family.
-He had a significant role in the tragedy of Karbala, including paving the ground for the martyrdom of Muslim b. ‘Aqil, starting the battle on the day of ‘Ashura, leading the left wing of the army of [[‘Umar b. Sa’d]], murduring Imam al-Husayn (a), attacking the tents of the Imam’s family, and trying to murder Imam al-Sajjad (a), and this is why Shimr is cursed in [[Ziyarat ‘Ashura]].
+'''Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan''' (Arabic: شمر بن ذي الجوشن), a chief of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] and one of the [[Tabi'un]], is one of the most detested figures for the Shi'a because of his role in the [[tragedy of Karbala]]. In the beginning, Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] but later became an arch-enemy of the Imam (a) and his family.
+He had a significant role in the tragedy of Karbala, including paving the ground for the martyrdom of [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]], starting the battle on the [[day of 'Ashura]], leading the left wing of the army of [['Umar b. Sa'd]], murdering Imam al-Husayn (a), attacking the tents of the Imam's family, and trying to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], and this is why Shimr is cursed in [[Ziyarah 'Ashura]].
 He was defeated by [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafai]], and his head was cut off.
-=The Genealogy of Shimr=
-Abu Sabigha Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan was one of the [[Followers]] and chiefs of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] from the clan of Banu ‘Amir b. Sa’sa’a and the family of Dibab b. Kilab. This is why in some sources he is called ‘Amiri, Dibabi, or Kilabi. Shimr’s birth date is not known.
-His father’s (i.e. Dhu l-Jawshan) name was Shurahbil b. A’war b. ‘Amr. Different explanations have been given as to why he was called Dhu l-Jawshan (the owner of the armor) including that he was the first Arab man who put on armor, and this armor was given to him by the Persian king.
+==Lineage==
-At first, Dhu l-Jawshan did not accept the Prophet’s (s) call to Islam, but after the conquest of Mecca, when polytheists surrendered themselves to Muslims, he converted to Islam.
-Shimr’s mother is mentioned in the sources as an impious woman who committed adultery when she was shepherding, an incident that led to the conception of Shimr.
+Abu Sabigha Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan was one of the [[Tabi'un]] and chiefs of the tribe of [[Hawazin]] from the clan of Banu 'Amir b. Sa'sa'a and the family of Dibab b. Kilab. This is why in some sources he is called 'Amiri, Dibabi, or Kilabi. His name is mentioned in dictionaries as Shamir, but his name is famous as Shimr.
+Shimr's birth date is not known.
+His father's name was Shurahbil b. A'war b. 'Amr. Different explanations have been given as to why he was called Dhu l-Jawshan (the owner of the armor) including that he was the first Arab man who put on armor, and this armor was given to him by the king of Iran.
+At first, Dhu l-Jawshan did not accept the Prophet's (s) call to Islam, but after the [[conquest of Mecca]], when polytheists surrendered themselves to Muslims, he converted to Islam.
+Shimr's mother is mentioned in the sources as an impious woman who committed adultery when she was shepherding, an incident that led to the conception of Shimr. Imam Husayn (a) has addressed Shimr as the son of the goatherd woman.
+==Religious Shift==
+Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and helped him in the [[Battle of Siffin]]. But later he turned away from the Imam (a) and became a staunch enemy for him and his family.
+When [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], one of the Companions of [[the Prophet (s)]] and Imam 'Ali (a), was arrested, Shimr was one of the people who falsely testified that Hujr had become an apostate and a rebel. In the [[tragedy of Karbala]], also, he was one of the people who played a major role in murdering the Imam (a).
+==Role in the Tragedy of Karbala==
+When [[Muslim b. 'Aqil]] went to [[Kufa]] in 60/680 as a representative of [[Imam Husayn (a)]], Shimr got a commission from [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] not to let the people gather around Mulim b. 'Aqil. Fulfilling this task, Shimr gave a speech in which he called Muslim b. 'Aqil a rebel and warned the Kufans of the army of the central government in Sham.
+When Imam al-Husayn (a) arrived in Karbala, [['Umar b. Sa'd]], the commander of the Kufan army, wanted to find a peaceful solution for the conflict, But Shimr encouraged [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], who seemed to be inclined to 'Umar b. Sa'd's intention, to go for violent measures.
+In the afternoon of [[Muharram 9]], 61/680, Shimr arrived in Karbala with an army of four thousand soldiers and a threatening letter from 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad. When 'Umar b. Sa'd saw the letter, he criticized Shimr for destroying the chance of peace, but still complied with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad's command and prepared for battle with Imam Husayn (a). Shimr became a commander of his army.
-=Shim’r Religious Shift=
+As Shimr was from the same tribe as [[Umm al-Banin]], the mother of [['Abbas b. 'Ali]], in the evening of [[Tasu'a]] he came close to the camp of Imam al-Husayn and addressed 'Abbas and his brothers as nieces and wanted them to abandon Imam al-Husayn (a) in return for a safe-conduct from 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, but they refused and remained with Imam al-Husayn (a).
-Shimr was one of the companions of [[Imam Ali]] (a), who helped him in the [[Battle of Siffin]]. But later he turned away from the Imam (a) and became a staunch enemy for him and his family.
-When [[Hujr b. ‘Adi]], one of the Companions of the Prophet (s) and Imam Ali (a), was arrested, Shimr was one of the people who falsely testified that Hujr had become an apostate and a rebel. In the tragedy of Karbala, also, he was one of the people who played a major role in murdering the Imam (a).
-=His Role in the Tragedy of Karbala=
+===On the Day of 'Ashura===
-When [[Muslim b. Aqil]] went to [[Kufa]] in 60 AH as a representative of Imam Husayn (a), Shimr got a commission from [[‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] not to let the people gather around Mulim. Fulfilling this task, Shimr gave a speech in which he called Muslim a rebel and warned the Kufans of the army of the central government in Syria.
+In the morning of the day of 'Ashura', Shimr became the commander of the west wing of Ibn Sa'd's army. When approaching the tents of Imam Husayn (a), he was faced with a ditch and burning firewood around the tents. This made him say rude words to the Imam (a). He also cut the Imam's speech for the Kufan army on the excellences of his family and the commands of the Prophet (s) to love his Ahl al-Bayt.
-When [[Imam al-Husayn]] (a) arrived in Karbala, [[‘Umar b. Sa’d]], the commander of the Kufan army, wanted to find a peaceful solution for the conflict, But Shimr encouraged [[Ibn Ziyad]], who seemed to be inclined to ‘Umar b. Sa’d’s intention, to go for violent measures.
+When [['Abd Allah b. 'Umayr al-Kalbi]] was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave to kill 'Abd Allah's wife who was sitting next to the body of his husband.
-In the afternoon of Muharram 9th, 61 AH, Shimr arrived in Karbala with an army of four thousand soldiers and a threatening letter from Ibn Ziyad. When ‘Umar b. Sa’d saw the letter, he criticized Shimr for destroying the chance of peace, but still complied with Ibn Ziyad’s command and prepared for battle with Imam Husayn (a). Shimr became a commander of his army.
+When most of the Imam's companions were killed, Kufans attacked the tents. Shimr put his spear in the tent of the Imam (a) and called for fire to burn the Imam's tent.
-===On the Day of ‘Ashura===
-In the morning of the day of ‘Ashura’, Shimr became the commander of the west wing of Ibn Sa’d’s army. When approaching the tents of Imam Husayn (a), he was faced with a ditch and burning firewood around the tents. This made him say rude words to the Imam (a). He also cut the Imam’s speech for the Kufan army on the excellences of his family and the commands of the Prophet (s) to love his Ahl al-Bayt.
-When [[‘Abd Allah b. ‘Umayr al-Kalbi]] was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave to kill ‘Abd Allah’s wife who was sitting next to the body of his husband.
-When most of the Imam’s companions were killed, Kufans attacked the tents. Shimr put his spear in the tent of the Imam (a) and called for fire to burn the Imam’s tent.
 ===Murdering Imam Husayn (a)===
-Shimr commanded his soldiers to shoot the Imam’s body with their arrows, and then attack him. There are different reports as to who murdered the Imam (a) and cut off his holy head. According to al-Waqidi, it was Shimr who did so and then stepped on the Imam’s body with his horse. According to some reports he sat on the Imam’s (a) chest and cut his holy head from behind.
+Shimr commanded his soldiers to shoot the Imam's body with their arrows, and then attack him. There are different reports as to who murdered the Imam (a) and cut off his holy head. According to al-Waqidi, it was Shimr who did so and then stepped on the Imam's body with his horse. According to some reports he sat on the Imam's (a) chest and cut his holy head from behind.
-After murdering Imam Husayn (a) and attacking and burning his tents, Shimr intended to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad]] (a) as well, but he was stopped from doing so.
+After murdering Imam Husayn (a) and attacking and burning his tents, Shimr intended to murder [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] as well, but he was stopped from doing so.
-===After ‘Ashura===
+===After 'Ashura===
-On Muharram 11th, 61 AH, Ibn Sa’d commanded his soldiers to cut off the heads of the 72 martyrs of Karbala, and take them, under the supervision of Shimr and some other commanders, to Ibn Ziyad in Kufa.
+On Muharram 11th, 61 AH, Ibn Sa'd commanded his soldiers to cut off the heads of the 72 martyrs of Karbala, and take them, under the supervision of Shimr and some other commanders, to Ibn Ziyad in Kufa.
 Ibn Ziyad, in turn, commissioned Shimr to take the heads and the captives to [[Yazid]] in Damascus. At the court of Yazid, Shimr gave an insulting speech about Imam Husayn (a) and his companions.
 After the return of Ahl al-Bayt (a) to Medina, Shimr went back to Kufa. It is said that in this period he would pray and ask God for forgiveness, but still he would justify his crime by calling it obedience to rulers.
-=Shimr’s End of Life=
+=Shimr's End of Life=
-During [[Mukhtar]]’s uprising in 66AH, Shimr took part in the war against him. But Mukhtar was able to defeat his opponents, and thus Shimr ran away from Kufa. Mukhtar sent a group to chase him; they found and killed Shimr, sent his head to Mukhtar, and threw his body to be eaten by dogs.
+During [[Mukhtar]]'s uprising in 66AH, Shimr took part in the war against him. But Mukhtar was able to defeat his opponents, and thus Shimr ran away from Kufa. Mukhtar sent a group to chase him; they found and killed Shimr, sent his head to Mukhtar, and threw his body to be eaten by dogs.
-=Shimr’s Status in the Eyes of Sunnis=
+=Shimr's Status in the Eyes of Sunnis=
-Shimr has narrated from his father, and Abu Ishaq al-Subay’i has narrated from Shimr. However, Sunni sources mention Shimr disparagingly, regarding him unqualified for narrating hadith because of his participation in the murder of Imam Husayn (a).
+Shimr has narrated from his father, and Abu Ishaq al-Subay'i has narrated from Shimr. However, Sunni sources mention Shimr disparagingly, regarding him unqualified for narrating hadith because of his participation in the murder of Imam Husayn (a).
 {{Event of Karbala}}