Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Askari (a): Difference between revisions

Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Askari (a) (view source)

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 Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a) lived most of his life in Samara and it is famously said that he (a) was the only Imam who did not go to [[hajj]]; however, in ''[['Uyun akhbar al-Rida (a)]]'' and ''[[Kashf al-ghumma]]'', there is a [[hadith]], the narrator of which says that he heard that hadith from Imam al-'Askari (a) in [[Mecca]]. Except this trip to Mecca, some sources have also reported his journey to [[Jurjan]] as well.
-=== Contact with Shi'a ===
+== Political Situation ==
+The Imamate of Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a) was contemporary with three [[Abbasid]] caliphs: Mu'tazz Abbasi (252/866 – 255/869), Muhtadi (255/869 – 256/870) and Mu'tamid (256/870 – 279/892). During the life of Imam al-'Askari (a), Abbasid government was turned to a puppet in the hands of rival commanders; when especially Turk military commanders were influential in the government. Perhaps, the first political stance recorded in the life of Imam al-'Askari (a) was when he (a) was 20 years old and his father was still alive. He (a) wrote a letter to 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd Allah b. Tahir (an influential commander in Abbasid government who was an enemy of Musta'im, the caliph) and called the caliph, a transgressor and asked his downfall from God. It happened some days before Musta'im's downfall.
+After Musta'im was killed, Mu'tazz, Musta'im's enemy reached power and since he knew Imam's (a) stance toward the murdered caliph, he did not show any hostile behavior toward Imam (a) and his father (at least in practice). After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and the imamate of Imam al-'Askari (a), evidences suggest that with all the restrictions applied about the activities of Imam (a), he (a) had some freedom. Some meetings between Imam (a) and [[Shi'a]] at the beginning of his imamate proves this; however, after one year, the caliph became suspicious about Imam (a) and imprisoned him in 255/869. Imam (a) was still in prison until one year after the [[caliphate]] of the next caliph (Mu'tamid).
+With the beginning of the caliphate of Mu'tamid who faced the uprisings of Shi'a, Imam (a) was released from prison and began organizing [[Twelver Shi'a]] socially and financially. This active role of Imam (a) especially in the capital of Abbasids, made the government worried. In the month of [[Safar]], 260/873, Imam (a) was imprisoned by the order of Mu'tamid and the caliph followed the news about Imam (a) everyday. One month later, Imam (a) was released from prison but was moved to the house of Hasan b. Sahl ([[Ma'mun]]'s minister) near [[Wasit]].
+=== Uprisings and Revolts ===
+At the time of Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a), some protesting actions were made, some of which were made by Shi'a and some were made in the name of [[Alawis]].
+'''The Uprising of Ali b. Zayd and 'Isa b. Ja'far'''
+They were both Alawi and descendants of [[Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]]. They made an uprising in [[Kufa]] in 255/869. Mu'tazz sent a great army toward them led by Sa'id b. Salih known as Hajib who suppressed them.
+'''The Uprising of Ali b. Zayd b. Husayn'''
+He was among descendants of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and made an uprising in Kufa at the time of Muhtadi Abbasi. Shah b. Mikyal went to fight him with a great army but he was defeated. When Mu'tamid Abbasi reached the power, sent Kayjur Turki towards Ali b. Zayd, who was killed in 257/871 after some chase and run.
+'''The Uprising of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah'''
+He made an uprising in [[Egypt]], between Barqa and Alexandria, at the time of Mu'tamid Abbasi and claimed the caliphate. Ahmad b. Tulun, the Turk agent of the caliph in that region, sent an army toward him until his followers abandoned him and he was killed after some resistance.
+'''The Uprising of Sahib Zanj'''
+Ali b. Muhammad 'Abd al-Qaysi made an uprising in 255869 at the time of Mu'tamid. Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a) clearly said that Sahib Zanj was not from the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]].
+== Contact with Shi'a ==
 During the time Imam (a) was living in Samarra, except for some times he (a) was imprisoned, he (a) was living like an ordinary citizen even though he (a) was under surveillance of the [[Abbasids]]. According to historical evidences, it can be said that Imam al-'Askari would choose [[Medina]] for living if he (a) was free like other Imams of Shi'a. Therefore, his long residence in [[Samarra]] was a kind of detention by Abbasid caliphs. This was very important to the caliph and made him worried and fearful because of the existence of a well-ordered network of Shi'a established long ago.
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 Strict limitations of the caliphs on the life of Imam (a) made him benefit from agents to communicate with Shi'a, among whom was 'Aqid, the special servant of Imam (a) who was raised by Imam (a) and delivered many of his letters to Shi'a.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi, ''al-Ghayba'', 1411AH, p. 272</ref> Another agent was a person whose kunya was Gharib Abu al-Adyan who was another servant of Imam (a) and delivered some of the letters.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq, ''Kamal al-din'', p. 475</ref> However, [['Uthman b. Sa'id]] was a particular person in some [[Twelver Shi'a]] sources who was called [[Bab]] (representative and the connection with Imam (a)). Upon entering the age of [[Minor Occultation]] after Imam al-'Askari (a) was martyred, 'Uthman b. Sa'id became the first [[special deputy]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>''Da'irat al-ma'arif buzurg Islami'', vol. 20, p. 626</ref>
-=== Position in Samarra ===
+== Position in Samarra ==
 Even though Imam al-'Askari (a) was very young, he (a) was very famous due to his scientific and moral position, his leadership of [[Shi'a]], their sincere following of him, and unquestioned respect of people. Also, since people knew him and paid attention to him, except for few cases, [[Abbasid]] government showed respect to him in appearance.