Anonymous user
Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Askari (a): Difference between revisions
Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Askari (a) (view source)
Revision as of 15:28, 15 December 2018
, 15 December 2018adding references & wikicheck
imported>Mortezanazarzadeh (adding references.) |
imported>Mortezanazarzadeh m (adding references & wikicheck) |
||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī (a)''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|(ع) أبو محمد الحسن بن علي}}) (b. [[232]]/846 d. [[260]]/874) was the 11th [[Imam]] of [[Twelver Shi'a]] and the father of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. He was given the title, '''Imam al-Askari'''({{iarabic|امام العسکري}}), because he was forced to reside in [[Samarra]] which was also known as "Askar" (a military camp or town). His other titles include [[Ibn al-Rida | '''ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī (a)''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|(ع) أبو محمد الحسن بن علي}}) (b. [[232]]/846 d. [[260]]/874) was the 11th [[Imam]] of [[Twelver Shi'a]] and the father of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. He was given the title, '''Imam al-Askari'''({{iarabic|امام العسکري}}), because he was forced to reside in [[Samarra]] which was also known as "Askar" (a military camp or town). His other titles include [[Ibn al-Rida]], al-Hadi, al-Naqi, al-Zaki, al-Rafiq and al-Samit. | ||
Severe restrictions on Imam al-Askari's (a) life made him choose agents to communicate with the [[Shi'a]]. [[Uthman b. Sa'id]] was one of his special agents who became the first [[especial deputy]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] upon the beginning of his [[occultation]] after Imam al-Askari (a) was martyred. | Severe restrictions on Imam al-Askari's (a) life made him choose agents to communicate with the [[Shi'a]]. [[Uthman b. Sa'id]] was one of his special agents who became the first [[especial deputy]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] upon the beginning of his [[occultation]] after Imam al-Askari (a) was martyred. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
===Birth and Martyrdom=== | ===Birth and Martyrdom=== | ||
According to the majority of sources, he was born in Medina,<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 313.</ref> but other sources suggest that he was born in Samarra.<ref>Ibn Ḥātam, ''al-Durr al-naẓīm'', p. 737.</ref> And according to the majority of early Imami sources, he was born in Rabi' al-Thani, 232 (December 846).<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 95; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 313.</ref> The same date was mentioned in a hadith from Imam Hasan al-Askari as well.<ref>Ibn Rustam al-Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 423.</ref> According to other Imami and Sunni sources, he was born in 231/845.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Majmūʾat nafīsa fī tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 14; Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 258.</ref> In his ''Masar al-Shi'a'', al-Shaykh al-Mufid believes that the Imam was born on Rabi' al-Thani 10, 232 (December 4, 846).<ref>Mufīd, ''Masār al-Shīʿa'', p. 52; Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', p. 792.</ref> However, this account was dismissed in the 6th/12th century when the majority of the Imamiyya believed that he was born on Rabi' al-Thani 8 (December 2, 846).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523; Ṭabrisī, ''Tāj al-mawālīd'', p. 57.</ref> | |||
Imam | Imam al-Askari was martyred on Rabi' al-Awwal 8, 260 (January 1, 874) during the reign of Mu'tamad al-Abbasi at the age of 28.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 503; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 314.</ref> There are accounts of his martyrdom in Rabi' al-Thani and Jamadi al-Ula as well.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Bāzpazhūhī-yi tārīkh-i wilādat wa shahādat-i maʿṣūmān'', p. 530-531.</ref> According to al-Tabrisi in ''A'lam al-wara'', many Imami scholars maintain that Imam al-Askari was martyred by poisoning. They appeal to the hadith, "I swear to God that there is none of us (i.e. the Imams) who is not murdered and martyred."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 2, p. 131.</ref> Some historical reports imply that the two caliphs before al-Mu'tamad were also seeking to murder the Imam. According to a hadith, al-Mu'tazz al-'Abbasi ordered his personal security guard to murder the Imam on his way to Kufa, but the plan failed because it was leaked to people.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> According to another report, Muhtadi al-Abbasi also decided to martyr the Imam in the prison, but the plan failed because his reign was over.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 268; Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 329.</ref> Imam al-Askari is buried in his own house in Samarra, where Imam al-Hadi had also been buried.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 313.</ref> According to Abd Allah b. Khaqan (one of al-Mu'tamad al-Abbasi’s viziers),<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 103.</ref> when Imam al-Askari was martyred, bazars were shut down, and Banu Hashim, prominent figures, statesmen, and other people attended his funeral.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 96.</ref> | ||
==Wife and Children== | ===Wife and Children=== | ||
According to the famous report, Imam al- | According to the famous report, Imam al-Askari (a) never married and his lineage continued only through a concubine who was the mother of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Pākatchī, "Ḥasan ʿAskarī Imām", p. 618.</ref> | ||
Different sources have mentioned the name of the mother of Imam al-Mahdi (a) differently. It has been mentioned in sources that Imam al-'Askari (a) had several Roman, Turk and Sicilian servants and maids<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 266.</ref>; Maybe this difference of opinion about the name of the mother of Imam al-Mahdi (a) was because of having several servants or in order to hide the birth of Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ''Dānishnāma-yi Imām Mahdī'', vol. 2, p. 194.</ref> | Different sources have mentioned the name of the mother of Imam al-Mahdi (a) differently. It has been mentioned in sources that Imam al-'Askari (a) had several Roman, Turk and Sicilian servants and maids<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 266.</ref>; Maybe this difference of opinion about the name of the mother of Imam al-Mahdi (a) was because of having several servants or in order to hide the birth of Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ''Dānishnāma-yi Imām Mahdī'', vol. 2, p. 194.</ref> | ||
Acording to the | Acording to the majority of shi'a sources the only child of Imam al-Askari (a) is Imam al-Mahdi (a) named "Muhammad".<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523; Ṭabrisī, ''Tāj al-mawālīd'', p. 57.</ref> Also some sunni scholar such as Ibn Athir, Shablanji and Ibn Sabbaq al-Maliki mentioned "Muhammad" as a child of Imam al-Askari.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 7, p. 274; Ibn Ṣabbāgh, ''al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma'', p. 278; Shablanjī, ''Nūr al-abṣār'', p. 183.</ref> | ||
There are other reports about the children of Imam al-'Askari (a) as well. Some have listed three sons and three daughters for him.<ref>Zarandī, ''Maʿārij al-wusūl'', p. 176.</ref> [[Al-Khasibi]] has listed two sisters named "Fatima" and "Dalala" for Imam al-Mahdi (a)<ref>Khaṣībī, ''al-Hidaya al-kubrā'', p. 328.</ref> and Ibn Abi l-Thalj has mentioned a brother called Musa and two sisters called Fatima and 'A'isha (or Umm Musa) for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Majmūʾat nafīsa fī tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 21-22; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''al-Shajarat al-mubāraka'', p. 79.</ref> However, in some references of lineage, the above-mentioned names are brothers and sisters of Imam al-Askari<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''al-Shajarat al-mubāraka'', p. 78.</ref> which may have been mistaken with his children. On the contrary, some Sunni scholars such as Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yahya b. Sa'id and Ibn Hazm believed that Imam al-'Askari (a) did not have any children at all.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansab al-ʿarab'', p. 61; Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 13, p. 122.</ref> | There are other reports about the children of Imam al-'Askari (a) as well. Some have listed three sons and three daughters for him.<ref>Zarandī, ''Maʿārij al-wusūl'', p. 176.</ref> [[Al-Khasibi]] has listed two sisters named "Fatima" and "Dalala" for Imam al-Mahdi (a)<ref>Khaṣībī, ''al-Hidaya al-kubrā'', p. 328.</ref> and Ibn Abi l-Thalj has mentioned a brother called Musa and two sisters called Fatima and 'A'isha (or Umm Musa) for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Thalj, ''Majmūʾat nafīsa fī tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 21-22; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''al-Shajarat al-mubāraka'', p. 79.</ref> However, in some references of lineage, the above-mentioned names are brothers and sisters of Imam al-Askari<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''al-Shajarat al-mubāraka'', p. 78.</ref> which may have been mistaken with his children. On the contrary, some Sunni scholars such as Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yahya b. Sa'id and Ibn Hazm believed that Imam al-'Askari (a) did not have any children at all.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansab al-ʿarab'', p. 61; Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 13, p. 122.</ref> | ||
=== | ===Living in Samarra=== | ||
Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (a) was brought to [[Samarra]] with his father in [[233]]/847 when he was one year old and lived there until the end of his life.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 92.</ref> | Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (a) was brought to [[Samarra]] with his father in [[233]]/847 when he was one year old and lived there until the end of his life.<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 92.</ref> | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
== Proofs of Imamate == | == Proofs of Imamate == | ||
{{Contemporary Rulers with Imam al-'Askari (a)}} | {{Contemporary Rulers with Imam al-'Askari (a)}} | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] believed that due to having all necessary virtues, his superiority over all his contemporary people in issues related to [[imamate]] and also regarding the [[hadith]]s narrated from [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], after Imam al-Hadi (a), his son, al-Hasan b. | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] believed that due to having all necessary virtues, his superiority over all his contemporary people in issues related to [[imamate]] and also regarding the [[hadith]]s narrated from [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], after Imam al-Hadi (a), his son, al-Hasan b. Ali was the 11th Imam of [[Shi'a]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 120-122; Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', 1381 AH, vol. 2, p. 404-407.</ref> | ||
Except few people who followed imamate of Muhammad b. | Except few people who followed imamate of Muhammad b. Ali (who passed away at the time of his father, Imam al-Hadi (a)) and very few people who declared [[Ja'far b. 'Ali al-Hadi (a)|Ja'far b. Ali]] as their Imam,<ref>Ashʿarī, ''al-Maqālāt wa l-firaq'', p. 101.</ref> majority of the companions of Imam al-Hadi (a) accepted the imamate of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a).<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Hayāt-i Fikrī wa Sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 537.</ref> | ||
== Political Situation == | == Political Situation == | ||
The Imamate of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was contemporary with three [[Abbasid]] caliphs: al-Mu'tazz al-Abbasi (252/866 – 255/869), al-Muhtadi (255/869 – 256/870) and al-Mu'tamid (256/870 – 279/892). During the life of Imam al- | The Imamate of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was contemporary with three [[Abbasid]] caliphs: [[al-Mu'tazz al-Abbasi]] (252/866 – 255/869), [[al-Muhtadi]] (255/869 – 256/870) and [[al-Mu'tamid]] (256/870 – 279/892). During the life of Imam al-Askari (a), Abbasid government was turned to a puppet in the hands of rival commanders; when especially Turk military commanders were influential in the government. Perhaps, the first political stance recorded in the life of Imam al-Askari (a) was when he (a) was 20 years old and his father was still alive. He (a) wrote a letter to Abd Allah b. Abd Allah b. Tahir (an influential commander in Abbasid government who was an enemy of al-Musta'in, the then caliph) and called the caliph, a transgressor and asked his downfall from God. It happened some days before al-Musta'in's downfall.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 7, p. 151.</ref> | ||
After al-Musta'in was killed, al-Mu'tazz, | After al-Musta'in was killed, al-Mu'tazz, his enemy reached power and since he knew Imam's (a) stance toward the murdered caliph, he did not show any hostile behavior toward Imam (a) and his father (at least in appearance). After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and the imamate of Imam al-Askari (a), evidences suggest that with all the restrictions applied about the activities of Imam (a), he (a) had some freedom. Some meetings between Imam (a) and [[Shi'a]] at the beginning of his imamate proves this; however, after one year, the caliph became suspicious about Imam (a) and imprisoned him in 255/869. Imam (a) was still in prison until one year after the [[caliphate]] of the next caliph (al-Mu'tamid). | ||
With the beginning of the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid who faced the uprisings of Shi'a, Imam (a) was released from prison and began organizing [[Twelver Shi'a]] socially and financially. This active role of Imam (a) especially in the capital of Abbasids, made the government worried. In the month of [[Safar]], 260/873, Imam (a) was imprisoned by the order of al-Mu'tamid and the caliph followed the news about Imam (a) on a daily basis. One month later, Imam (a) was released from prison but was moved to the house of Hasan b. Sahl ([[Ma'mun]]'s minister) near [[Wasit]]. | With the beginning of the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid who faced the uprisings of Shi'a, Imam (a) was released from prison and began organizing [[Twelver Shi'a]] socially and financially. This active role of Imam (a) especially in the capital of Abbasids, made the government worried. In the month of [[Safar]], 260/873, Imam (a) was imprisoned by the order of al-Mu'tamid and the caliph followed the news about Imam (a) on a daily basis.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 268.</ref> One month later, Imam (a) was released from prison but was moved to the house of Hasan b. Sahl ([[Ma'mun]]'s minister) near [[Wasit]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 269.</ref> | ||
=== Uprisings and Revolts === | === Uprisings and Revolts === | ||
At the time of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), there were some protests, some of which were made by Shi'a and some were made in the name of [[Alawis]]. | At the time of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), there were some protests, some of which were made by Shi'a and some were made in the name of [[Alawis]]. | ||
'''The Uprising of Ali b. Zayd and 'Isa b. Ja'far''' | *'''The Uprising of Ali b. Zayd and 'Isa b. Ja'far''': They were both Alawi and descendants of [[Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]]. They made an uprising in [[Kufa]] in 255/869. Al-Mu'tazz sent a great army toward them led by Sa'id b. Salih known as Hajib who suppressed them.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', 1363 AH, vol. 4, p. 94.</ref> | ||
*'''The Uprising of Ali b. Zayd b. Husayn''': He was among descendants of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and made an uprising in Kufa at the time of Muhtadi Abbasi. Shah b. Mikyal went to fight him with a great army but he was defeated. When al-Mu'tamid al-Abbasi seized the power, he sent Kayjur Turki towards Ali b. Zayd, who was killed in 257/871 after some chase and run.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 7, p. 239-240.</ref> | |||
'''The Uprising of | *'''The Uprising of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abd Allah''': He made an uprising in [[Egypt]], between Cyrenaica and Alexandria, at the time of al-Mu'tamid al-Abbasi and claimed the caliphate. Ahmad b. Tulun, the Turk agent of the caliph in that region, sent an army toward him to disperse his followers. He was killed after some resistance.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', vol. 4, p. 108.</ref> | ||
*'''The Uprising of Sahib al-Zanj''': Ali b. Muhammad Abd al-Qaysi made an uprising in 255/869 at the time of al-Mu'tamid. Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) clearly stated that Sahib al-Zanj was not from the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 529.</ref> | |||
'''The Uprising of Sahib al-Zanj''' | |||
Ali b. Muhammad | |||
== Contact with Shi'a == | == Contact with Shi'a == | ||
| Line 108: | Line 100: | ||
Therefore, Imam al-'Askari (a) was asked to inform the Abbasid government about his presence in Samarra and regarding the report of one of the servants of Imam (a), he (a) had to go to Dar al-Imara (residence of emir) every Monday and Thursday. | Therefore, Imam al-'Askari (a) was asked to inform the Abbasid government about his presence in Samarra and regarding the report of one of the servants of Imam (a), he (a) had to go to Dar al-Imara (residence of emir) every Monday and Thursday. | ||
[[Shi'a]] had problem for meeting Imam (a), as once, when the caliph was going to visit the governor of [[Basra]] and was taking Imam (a) with himself, the companions of Imam (a) were preparing themselves to visit him on the way.<ref> | [[Shi'a]] had problem for meeting Imam (a), as once, when the caliph was going to visit the governor of [[Basra]] and was taking Imam (a) with himself, the companions of Imam (a) were preparing themselves to visit him on the way.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 387.</ref> From this report, it can be understood well that in the life of Imam al-'Askari (a), at least there has been a time when meeting him directly was not possible. | ||
Another narrator says, "One day Imam (a) was going to Dar al-Khilafa, we gathered in al-'Askar [military camp] to visit him on the way, but we received a letter with this message, 'No one should ever greet me or point to me, because you are not safe.'"<ref> | Another narrator says, "One day Imam (a) was going to Dar al-Khilafa, we gathered in al-'Askar [military camp] to visit him on the way, but we received a letter with this message, 'No one should ever greet me or point to me, because you are not safe.'"<ref>Quṭb al-Rāwandī, ''al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ'', vol. 1, p. 429.</ref> | ||
This report shows it well how much the caliphate government had put the connection of Imam with Shi'a under surveillance. However, Imam (a) and his followers met each other in any opportunities and there have been covers for such contacts. | This report shows it well how much the caliphate government had put the connection of Imam with Shi'a under surveillance.<ref>Pākatchī, "Ḥasan ʿAskarī, Imām", p. 626.</ref> However, Imam (a) and his followers met each other in any opportunities and there have been covers for such contacts. | ||
===Imam's (a) Representatives=== | ===Imam's (a) Representatives=== | ||
Strict limitations of the caliphs on the life of Imam (a) made him benefit from agents to communicate with Shi'a, among whom was 'Aqid, the special servant of Imam (a) who was raised by Imam (a) and delivered many of his letters to Shi'a.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 272.</ref> Another agent was a person whose kunya was Gharib Abu al-Adyan who was another servant of Imam (a) and delivered some of the letters.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 475.</ref> However, [[Uthman b. Sa'id]] was a particular person in some [[Twelver Shi'a]] sources who was called [[Bab]] (representative and the connection with Imam (a). Upon entering the age of [[Minor Occultation]] after Imam al-'Askari (a) was martyred, 'Uthman b. Sa'id became the first [[special deputy]] of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Pākatchī, Ḥasan ʿAskarī, Imām, p. 626.</ref> | |||
Strict limitations of the caliphs on the life of Imam (a) made him benefit from agents to communicate with Shi'a, among whom was 'Aqid, the special servant of Imam (a) who was raised by Imam (a) and delivered many of his letters to Shi'a.<ref> | |||
===Correspondence=== | ===Correspondence=== | ||
One of the best means of communication between Imam (a) and Shi'a has been correspondences; examples include Imam's (a) letters to [[Ali b. al-Husayn b. Musa b. Babawayh]]<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 527.</ref> and Imam's (a) letter to the people of [[Qom]] and Abe (Ave).<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 526.</ref> Shi'as wrote letters asking their questions and they would receive answers from Imam (a). | |||
One of the best means of communication between Imam (a) and Shi'a has been correspondences; examples include Imam's (a) letters to [[ | |||
== Imam's (a) Scholarly Life == | == Imam's (a) Scholarly Life == | ||
=== Shi'a Teachings === | === Shi'a Teachings === | ||
According to complexities and ambiguities about the new Imam (a) at that time, it can be seen in the speeches and letters of Imam al- | According to complexities and ambiguities about the new Imam (a) at that time, it can be seen in the speeches and letters of Imam al-Askari (a) that he mentioned, the earth will not be void of God's Proof<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 271.</ref> and that if [[Imamate]] is cut, there will be problems in the affairs of God on earth.<ref>See: Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 222.</ref> He (a) also said that God's Proof on earth is a blessing God has granted to the believers and has honored them with this guidance.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 541.</ref> | ||
Another teaching, repeatedly seen in the speeches of Imam (a) due to the pressures on [[Shi'a]], is calling them to patience and believing in relief and waiting for it. Also, in hadiths from him, there is an especial emphasis on respecting internal relations of Shi'a society and associating with religious brothers. | Another teaching, repeatedly seen in the speeches of Imam (a) due to the pressures on [[Shi'a]], is calling them to patience and believing in relief and waiting for it.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 527.</ref> Also, in hadiths from him, there is an especial emphasis on respecting internal relations of Shi'a society and associating with religious brothers.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 526.</ref> | ||
=== Interpretation of the Qur'an === | === Interpretation of the Qur'an === | ||
| Line 135: | Line 125: | ||
Imam al-'Askari (a) prohibited them from going deep in discussions about the essence of God, mentioned some [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] and said: | Imam al-'Askari (a) prohibited them from going deep in discussions about the essence of God, mentioned some [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] and said: | ||
:"God is One and Unique; begets not, nor was He begotten and nothing is similar to Him. He is the Creator and not created. Whatever He wants of things or else creates and is not embodied…Nothing is similar to Him and He is Hearing and Seeing." | :"God is One and Unique; begets not, nor was He begotten and nothing is similar to Him. He is the Creator and not created. Whatever He wants of things or else creates and is not embodied…Nothing is similar to Him and He is Hearing and Seeing."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 103.</ref> | ||
===Fiqh === | ===Fiqh === | ||
In [[hadith]] studies, one of the titles mentioned for Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) is "faqih", with which he (a) was especially known to his companions. Some of his hadiths are about [[fiqh]] and its different branches. Since organization of religion regarding fiqh was made previously at the time of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and was then developed toward its perfection, Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) mostly discussed about secondary issues which came up or were for some reason critical at his time such as the beginning of the month of [[Ramadan]] and the discussions about [[Khums]]. | In [[hadith]] studies, one of the titles mentioned for Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) is "faqih",<ref>See: Ṭurayḥī, ''Jāmiʿ al-maqātil'', p. 185.</ref> with which he (a) was especially known to his companions. Some of his hadiths are about [[fiqh]] and its different branches. Since organization of religion regarding fiqh was made previously at the time of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and was then developed toward its perfection, Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) mostly discussed about secondary issues which came up or were for some reason critical at his time such as the beginning of the month of [[Ramadan]] and the discussions about [[Khums]].<ref>Pākatchī, "Ḥasan ʿAskarī, Imām", p. 630.</ref> | ||
== His Social Position == | == His Social Position == | ||
| Line 152: | Line 142: | ||
== Periods of Detention == | == Periods of Detention == | ||
As it was mentioned previously, taking [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] with Imam al-'Askari (a) to [[Samarra]] by the order of [[al-Mutawakkil]], by itself meant detention of these two Imams (a) in that city in order to control them and their contacts with [[Shi'a]]. In some cases of their detention, they were bothered more, especially when certain movements emerged which were considered threats to the government, Imam al-'Askari (a) and some of his companions were imprisoned. There are many reports about detention of Imam al-'Askari (a). In ''[[al-Awsiya']]'', [[al-Saymuri]] has reported that, "I saw the handwriting of Abu Muhammad al- | As it was mentioned previously, taking [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] with Imam al-'Askari (a) to [[Samarra]] by the order of [[al-Mutawakkil]], by itself meant detention of these two Imams (a) in that city in order to control them and their contacts with [[Shi'a]]. In some cases of their detention, they were bothered more, especially when certain movements emerged which were considered threats to the government, Imam al-'Askari (a) and some of his companions were imprisoned. There are many reports about detention of Imam al-'Askari (a). In ''[[al-Awsiya']]'', [[al-Saymuri]] has reported that, "I saw the handwriting of Abu Muhammad al-Askari (a) when he (a) was coming out of the prison of al-Mu'tamid and he (a) had written this [[verse]] of the [[Qur'an]], | ||
{{pull quote | {{pull quote | ||
| Line 159: | Line 149: | ||
|source= 61:8}} | |source= 61:8}} | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] narrated from [[Muhammad b. Isma'il al-'Alawi]], "Imam al- | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] narrated from [[Muhammad b. Isma'il al-'Alawi]], "Imam al-Askari (a) was prisoned with Ali b. Awtamash (or Barmash) who was among serious enemies of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. He was ordered to be harsh on Imam (a) as much as he could, but later after meeting Imam (a), he departed Imam (a) when he had learned about the greatness of Imam (a) more than anyone else and praised him greatly. | ||
[[File:تخریب حرم عسکریین ع به دست وهابی ها.jpg|thumbnail|Demolition of the Shrine of 'Askariyyayn by Takfiri Terrorists]] | [[File:تخریب حرم عسکریین ع به دست وهابی ها.jpg|thumbnail|Demolition of the Shrine of 'Askariyyayn by Takfiri Terrorists]] | ||
== Demolition of Shrine by Takfiri Terrorists == | == Demolition of Shrine by Takfiri Terrorists == | ||
| Line 176: | Line 159: | ||
In the first attack, terrorists installed 200 kg TNT in the center of the dome and destroyed the dome and a part of the golden minarets of the shrine. In the second attack, the golden minarets were destroyed. After these terrorist attacks, the shrine of the two Imams (a) went under process of reconstruction and renovation. | In the first attack, terrorists installed 200 kg TNT in the center of the dome and destroyed the dome and a part of the golden minarets of the shrine. In the second attack, the golden minarets were destroyed. After these terrorist attacks, the shrine of the two Imams (a) went under process of reconstruction and renovation. | ||
{{fulltext | {{fulltext|Ziyarah text of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)}} | ||
|Ziyarah text of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{cb|2}} | {{cb|2}} | ||
| Line 191: | Line 174: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | *Amīn al-ʿĀmilī, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH. | ||
* '' | *Ashʿarī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Al-Maqālāt wa l-firaq''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Mashkūr. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1360 Sh. | ||
* | *Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ''. Edited by Shuʿayb Arnāʾūṭ et.al. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1405 AH. | ||
* | *Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Shajarat al-mubāraka''. Qom: Maktabat Āyatollāh Marʿashī, 1409 AH. | ||
* | *Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. ''ʿUyūn al-muʿjizāt''. Najaf: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1369 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Abī l-Thalj, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Majmūʾat nafīsa fī tārīkh al-aʾimma''. Qom: [n.p], 1396 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Edited by Carlos Johan Totenberg. Leiden: [n.p], 1871. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ḥātam, ''al-Durr al-naẓīm'', p. 737. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad. ''Jamharat ansab al-ʿarab''. Edited by Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: [n.p], 1982. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Khallikān, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa anbāʾ abnāʾ al-zamān''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1972. | ||
* Ibn Rustam | *Ibn Rustam al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. ''Dalāʾil al-imāma''. Qom: Biʿthat, 1413 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Ṣabbāgh, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma''. Edited by Sāmī Gharīrī. Qom: Muʾassisat Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1422 AH. | ||
* Ibn | *Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1376 AH. | ||
*Ibn Ṭalḥa, Muḥammad. ''Matālib al-suʾūl''. Najaf: [n.p], 1371 AH. | |||
* Ibn | *Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1405 AH. | ||
* | *Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma''. Tabriz: Banī Hāshimī, 1381 AH. | ||
* | *Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Hayāt-i Fikrī wa Sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Anṣārīyān, 1381 Sh. | ||
* | *Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Rijāl''. Mashhad: Dānishgāh-i Mashhad, 1348 Sh. | ||
* | *Khaṣībī, Ḥusayn b. Ḥamdān al-. ''Al-Hidaya al-kubrā''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Balāgh, 1419 AH. | ||
* | *Khazʿalī, Abū l-Qāshim. ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Qom: Muʾassisat Walī ʿAṣr, 1426 AH. | ||
* | *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1363 Sh. | ||
* | *Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1409 AH. | ||
* | *Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā l-ʿibād''. Qom: Muʾassisat Ahl al-Bayt, 1414 AH. | ||
* | *Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Masār al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Mahdī Najafī. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH. | ||
* | *Muqaddasī, Yad Allah. ''Bāzpazhūhī-yi tārīkh-i wilādat wa shahādat-i maʿṣūmān''. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm wa Farhang-i Islāmī, 1391 Sh. | ||
* | *Nawbakhtī, Ḥasan b. Mūsā al-. ''Firaq al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʿUlūm. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawīyya, 1355 AH. | ||
* | *Pākatchī, Aḥmad. 1391 Sh. "Ḥasan ʿAskarī, Imām." ''Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī'' 20. | ||
* | *Quṭb al-Rāwandī, Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Kharāʾij wa l-jarāʾiḥ''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Imām al-Mahdī, 1409 AH. | ||
* | *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā''. Edited by Mahdī Lājiwardī. Tehran: Nashr-i Jahān, 1378 AH. | ||
* | *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: [n.p], 1390 AH. | ||
* | *Shablanjī, Muʾmin b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Nūr al-abṣār fī manāqib Āl bayt al-nabīyy al-mukhtār''. Edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Sālmān. Cairo: Maktaba al-Tawfīqīyya, [n.d]. | ||
* | *Sibt b. al-Jawzi, ''Tadkhirat al-Khawāṣ''. Najaf: [n.p], 1383 AH. | ||
*Ṭabasī, Muḥammad Jawād. ''Ḥayāt al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Third edition. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb, 1382 Sh. | |||
* | *Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Iʿlām al-warā''. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, 1417 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Tāj al-mawālīd''. Qom: [n.p], 1396 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-. ''Jāmiʿ al-maqāl''. Tehran: [n.d], 1355 Sh. | ||
* | *Ṭūsī, Muḥamamd b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', Beirut: Muʾassisat Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Qom: Dār al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411 AH. | ||
*Zarandī, Muḥamamd b. Yūsuf. ''Maʿārij al-wusūl''. Edited by Mājid ʿAṭīyya. Qom: Intishārāt-i ʿĀmirī, [n.d]. | |||
* | |||
* | |||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
| Line 259: | Line 239: | ||
| navbox = done | | navbox = done | ||
| redirects= done | | redirects= done | ||
| references = | | references = done | ||
| good article = | | good article = | ||
| featured article = | | featured article = | ||