Yazid b. Mu'awiya: Difference between revisions

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-'''Yazīd b. Muʿāwīya''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|یزيد بن معاویة}}), (b. [[25]]/645 - d. [[64]]/683) was the second Umayyad ruler by the order of whom, Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions were martyred in Karbala and Imam’s (a) family members were taken captive. Yazid ruled for three years after his father Mu’awiya and three important events took place during his caliphate:
+'''Yazīd b. Mu'āwīya''' (Arabic: {{ia|یزيد بن معاویة}}), (b. 25/645 - d. 64/683) was the second [[Umayyad]] ruler by the order of whom, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his companions were [[martyred]] in [[Karbala]] and Imam's (a) family members were taken captive. Yazid ruled for three years after his father [[Mu'awiya]] and three important events took place during his caliphate:
-*In 61 AH, he caused the tragedy of Karbala.
+*In [[61 AH]], he caused the [[tragedy of Karbala]].
-*In 63 AH, he attacked Medina which led to the massacre of thousands of the companions of the Prophet (a) and those who had memorized the Qur’an. It became famous as the event of Harra.
+*In [[63 AH]], he attacked [[Medina]] which led to the massacre of thousands of the companions of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and those who had memorized the [[Qur'an]]. It became famous as the [[event of Harra]].
-*In 64 AH, he attacked Mecca to suppress his dissidents and hit the Kaaba with fire balls shot from catapults.
+*In [[64 AH]], he attacked [[Mecca]] to suppress his dissidents and hit the [[Ka'ba]] with fire balls shot from catapults.
-According to historical sources, Yazid openly drank wine and had a poetic taste. He was the first person who was appointed as the caliph in a hereditary manner by his father contrary to the tradition of the previous caliphs. His appointment was against the peace treaty between Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu’awiya. Some hadiths explicitly cursed Yazid and the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a). All Shi’a and a group of Sunnis refer to what Yazid did during his caliphate and consider him deserved to be cursed.
+According to historical sources, Yazid openly drank wine and had a poetic taste. He was the first person who was appointed as the [[caliph]] in a hereditary manner by his father contrary to the [[tradition]] of the previous caliphs. His appointment was against the [[peace treaty]] between [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Mu'awiya. Some [[hadiths]] explicitly [[cursed]] Yazid and the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a). All [[Shi'a]] and a group of [[Sunnis]] refer to what Yazid did during his [[caliphate]] and consider him deserved to be cursed.
+==Lineage==
-==Lineage and Family Background==
 Historians have recorded Yazid's genealogy, who is from the [[Banu Umayya]] clan of the tribe of [[Quraysh]], as follows:
-"Yazid b. Mu'awiya b. Sakhr b. Harb b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf. [['Abd Manaf]] had two sons, [[Hashim]] and [['Abd Shams]], who were the ancestors of [[Banu Hashim]] and Banu Umayya respectively. There is not much information about Yazid's mother, except that her name was Maysun bt. Bahdal (ca. d. 80/699-700), she belonged to the clan of Banu Haritha b. Janab al-Kalbi, she went from Damascus back to her family after getting divorce from Mu'awiya.
+"Yazid b. Mu'awiya b. Sakhr b. Harb b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf. [['Abd Manaf]] had two sons, [[Hashim]] and [['Abd Shams]], who were the ancestors of [[Banu Hashim]] and Banu Umayya respectively. There is not much information about Yazid's mother, except that her name was Maysun bt. Bahdal, she belonged to the clan of Banu Haritha b. Janab al-Kalbi.
+Yazid's grandfather, [[Abu Sufyan]], and his grandmother, Hind bt. 'Utba, were among the arch-enemies of the Prophet (s) of [[Islam]] before the [[conquest of Mecca]]. In the [[Battle of Uhud]], when [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] was killed and his liver was taken out by Wahshi, Hind bit into Hamza's liver out of anger and hatred.
-Yazid's grandfather, [[Abu Sufyan]], and his grandmother, [[Hind bt. 'Utba]], were among the arch-enemies of the [[Prophet (s)]] before the [[conquest of Mecca]]. In the [[Battle of Uhud]], when [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] was killed and his liver was taken out by [[Wahshi]], Hind bit into Hamza's liver out of anger and hatred.
-After the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet (s) forgave his enemies including Abu Sufyan and Hind, and called them Tulaqa' (the Freed). This epithet was later applied to them disparagingly. In some hadiths, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] states that Mu'awiya and his father never believed in Islam but only accepted it out of fear, and therefore do not deserve to be successors of the Prophet (s). After ‘Ashura, Lady Zaynab (a) made a speech and called Yazid, a son of Tulaqa’. In Ziyarat ‘Ashura, he is referred to as “the son of the liver-eater woman”.
+After the conquest of Mecca, Prophet (s) forgave his enemies including Abu Sufyan and Hind, and called them [[Tulaqa']] (the Freed). This epithet was later applied to them disparagingly. In some hadiths, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] states that Mu'awiya and his father never believed in Islam but only accepted it out of fear, and therefore do not deserve to be [[successor of the Prophet (s)]]. After [['Ashura]], Lady [[Zaynab (a)]] made a speech and called Yazid, a son of Tulaqa'. In [[Ziyarat 'Ashura]], he is referred to as "the son of the liver-eater woman".
 ==Life==