Anonymous user
Yazid b. Mu'awiya: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
imported>Rafati m (removed ; added using HotCat) |
imported>Shakeri mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| Successor = [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] | | Successor = [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Yazīd b. Mu'āwīya''' (Arabic: {{ia|یزيد بن معاویة}}), (b. 25/645 - d. 64/683) was the second [[Umayyad]] ruler by the order of whom, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his companions were [[martyred]] in [[Karbala]] and Imam's (a) family members were taken captive. Yazid ruled for three years after his father [[Mu'awiya]] and three important events took place during his caliphate: | '''Yazīd b. Mu'āwīya''' (Arabic: {{ia|یزيد بن معاویة}}), (b. 25/645 - d. 64/683) was the second [[Umayyad]] ruler by the order of whom, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his [[Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)|companions]] were [[martyred]] in [[Karbala]] and Imam's (a) family members were taken captive. Yazid ruled for three years after his father [[Mu'awiya]] and three important events took place during his caliphate: | ||
*In [[61 | *In [[61]]/680, he caused the [[tragedy of Karbala]]. | ||
*In [[63 | *In [[63]]/682, he attacked [[Medina]] which led to the massacre of thousands of the companions of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and those who had memorized the [[Qur'an]]. It became famous as the [[event of Harra]]. | ||
*In [[64 | *In [[64]]/683, he attacked [[Mecca]] to suppress his dissidents and hit the [[Ka'ba]] with fire balls shot from catapults. | ||
According to historical sources, Yazid openly drank wine and had a poetic taste. He was the first person who was appointed as the [[caliph]] in a hereditary manner by his father contrary to the [[tradition]] of the previous caliphs. His appointment was against the [[peace treaty]] between [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Mu'awiya. Some [[hadiths]] explicitly [[cursed]] Yazid and the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a). All [[Shi'a]] and a group of [[Sunnis]] refer to what Yazid did during his [[caliphate]] and consider him deserved to be cursed. | According to historical sources, Yazid openly drank wine and had a poetic taste. He was the first person who was appointed as the [[caliph]] in a hereditary manner by his father contrary to the [[tradition]] of the previous caliphs. His appointment was against the [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) with Mu'awiya|peace treaty]] between [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Mu'awiya. Some [[hadiths]] explicitly [[cursed]] Yazid and the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a). All [[Shi'a]] and a group of [[Sunnis]] refer to what Yazid did during his [[caliphate]] and consider him deserved to be cursed. | ||
==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
According to some sources, Yazid born in 26 AH, his father was Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan and his mother was Maysun bt. Bahdal. His mother was a Bedouin, who married Mu'awiya and went to [[Damascus]]. But soon, she couldn't live in Damascus and so Mu'awiya divorced her, she returned to the desert. At this time, Yazid was either an infant or not yet born. Yazid spent his early childhood with the tribe of Maysun, whose people were of the tribes of Huwwarin (in [[Hums]] area) with a [[Christian]] or [[polytheist]] background before Islam. They also had literary and poetic inclinations. Some believe that growing up under the influence of these formerly Christian converts influenced Yazid and accounts for his later support for Christians and especially Christian poets, for hiring Christian consultants at his court, and for his peace agreement with Europeans. | According to some sources, Yazid born in 26 AH, his father was Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan and his mother was Maysun bt. Bahdal. His mother was a Bedouin, who married Mu'awiya and went to [[Damascus]]. But soon, she couldn't live in Damascus and so Mu'awiya divorced her, she returned to the desert. At this time, Yazid was either an infant or not yet born. Yazid spent his early childhood with the tribe of Maysun, whose people were of the tribes of Huwwarin (in [[Hums]] area) with a [[Christian]] or [[polytheist]] background before Islam. They also had literary and poetic inclinations. Some believe that growing up under the influence of these formerly Christian converts influenced Yazid and accounts for his later support for Christians and especially Christian poets, for hiring Christian consultants at his court, and for his peace agreement with Europeans. | ||
He had some children including Khalid, [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid|Mu'awiya]], Abu Sufyan and 'Abd Allah. His wives were Fakhta, Umm Kulthum and Umm Miskin. | He had some children including Khalid, [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid|Mu'awiya]], Abu Sufyan and 'Abd Allah. His wives were Fakhta, Umm Kulthum and Umm Miskin. | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
After ruling for three years and eight months, Yazid died on [[Rabi' I 14]], ([[64 AH]]/683) at the age of 38 and was buried in Huwwarin. It is reported that when [['Abbasids]] took Damascus, disinterred him. | After ruling for three years and eight months, Yazid died on [[Rabi' I 14]], ([[64 AH]]/683) at the age of 38 and was buried in Huwwarin. It is reported that when [['Abbasids]] took Damascus, disinterred him. | ||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
==Personal Characteristics== | ==Personal Characteristics== | ||
In many sources, Yazid has been introduced as an immoral and corrupt person. [[Baladhuri]] considered him the first caliph who openly drank wine, kept women singers and players with himself and made dogs and roosters fight for his own pleasure. He had a monkey called | In many sources, Yazid has been introduced as an immoral and corrupt person. [[Baladhuri]] considered him the first caliph who openly drank wine, kept women singers and players with himself and made dogs and roosters fight for his own pleasure. He had a monkey called Aba Qays and gave it wine and laughed at its actions.[[al-Mas'udi]] quotes [[Abu Mikhnaf]] that in the reign of Yazid, drinking and immoral acts were widely committed by his governors even in [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. Yazid's reputation for immorality was so widespread that some famous [[companions of the Prophet (s)]] and also [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] straightforwardly called him a [[Fasiq]] (grave sinner). Because of this bad reputation, figures like Imam al-Husyan (a), [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]], and [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]], refused to pay [[allegiance]] to Yazid. It is reported that 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar said in this regard, "Shall we pay allegiance to a person who plays with monkeys and dogs, drinks wine, and commits grave sins openly?! What would be our excuse before God?" | ||
Some believe that the beliefs of Maysun's tribe who converted to Islam from the Christianity influenced the formation of his personality during his growth. They mentioned Christian advisers such as [[Sir John]] and Akhtal Nasrani in his court and his peace with Eastern Romans as evidences for this. Most historical sources have mentioned that he was a poet and also was profligate and drunkard. | Some believe that the beliefs of Maysun's tribe who converted to Islam from the Christianity influenced the formation of his personality during his growth. They mentioned Christian advisers such as [[Sir John]] and Akhtal Nasrani in his court and his peace with Eastern Romans as evidences for this. Most historical sources have mentioned that he was a poet and also was profligate and drunkard. | ||
| Line 64: | Line 65: | ||
According to historical reports, when Mu'wiya decided to appoint Yazid as the crown prince, [[Ziyad b. Abih]] told him, "Yazid is a weak person who loves hunting more than being a [[caliph]] and he is not suitable for it." To show a valiant figure of Yazid, Mu'awiya sent him to Rome with the army of [[Muslims]] in [[52 AH]] and also gave him the [[management of hajjis]] to prevent him from drinking and to decrease criticisms about him. He postponed taking people's allegiance for Yazid until after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]. | According to historical reports, when Mu'wiya decided to appoint Yazid as the crown prince, [[Ziyad b. Abih]] told him, "Yazid is a weak person who loves hunting more than being a [[caliph]] and he is not suitable for it." To show a valiant figure of Yazid, Mu'awiya sent him to Rome with the army of [[Muslims]] in [[52 AH]] and also gave him the [[management of hajjis]] to prevent him from drinking and to decrease criticisms about him. He postponed taking people's allegiance for Yazid until after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]]. | ||
In the [[peace treaty]] of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], it was mentioned that Mu'awiya should not appoint a [[successor]] for himself and must leave choosing of the caliph to Muslim community. After the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a), Mu'awiya did not respect the peace treaty and ordered his governors and agents to praise Yazid and send groups from big cities to give allegiance to him. People of [[Medina]] opposed to the allegiance more seriously than other cities. Mu'awiya gave gifts to the poets who were against Yazid and changed their ideas. He also travelled to Medina to take allegiance of people, but he could not force Imam al-Husayn (a), [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]] and [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and [['Abd al-Rahman]] to give allegiance to Yazid. | In the [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a) with Mu'awiya|peace treaty]] of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]], it was mentioned that Mu'awiya should not appoint a [[successor]] for himself and must leave choosing of the caliph to Muslim community. After the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a), Mu'awiya did not respect the peace treaty and ordered his governors and agents to praise Yazid and send groups from big cities to give allegiance to him. People of [[Medina]] opposed to the allegiance more seriously than other cities. Mu'awiya gave gifts to the poets who were against Yazid and changed their ideas. He also travelled to Medina to take allegiance of people, but he could not force Imam al-Husayn (a), [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]] and [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and [['Abd al-Rahman]] to give allegiance to Yazid. | ||
==Caliphate of Yazid== | ==Caliphate of Yazid== | ||