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Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad: Difference between revisions
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Abu Hafs 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad b. Abih was born to a mother called Marjana. He is sarcastically attributed to his mother and called '''Ibn Marjana''' referring to his illegitimate birth and in some sources, his mother is clearly mentioned as infamous and adulterous. | Abu Hafs 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad b. Abih was born to a mother called Marjana. He is sarcastically attributed to his mother and called '''Ibn Marjana''' referring to his illegitimate birth and in some sources, his mother is clearly mentioned as infamous and adulterous. | ||
His father, [[Ziyad b. Abih]] was among [[Umayyad]] commanders and rulers who was known for his brutality in suppressing revolts in Islamic regions. There were also different opinions regarding who was the father of Ziyad and no one know who it was. Therefore, he was called | His father, [[Ziyad b. Abih]] was among [[Umayyad]] commanders and rulers who was known for his brutality in suppressing revolts in Islamic regions. There were also different opinions regarding who was the father of Ziyad and no one know who it was. Therefore, he was called Ibn Abih (meaning "the son of his father"). It is said that [[Abu Sufyan]] considered Ziyad a result of his act of adultery with Sumayya and thus [[Mu'awiya]] called Ziyad his brother. | ||
== Moral and Behavioral Characteristics == | == Moral and Behavioral Characteristics == | ||
They say that he was | They say that he was ruthless, merciless and atrocious and some biographers have mentioned him as "Jabbar" [i.e. "oppressive"], as he demonstrated extraordinary brutality in suppressing [[Khawarij]] in [[Basra]]. These characteristics of 'Ubayd Allah made him also successful in wars with non-Muslims. | ||
== Time of Mu'awiya == | == Time of Mu'awiya == | ||
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After the death of Ziyad, [[Mu'awiya]] appointed 'Ubayd Allah as the governor of [[Khorasan]]. 'Ubayd Allah had an important role in the victories of the east and northeast of [[Iran]] at the time of Mu'awiya. After Mu'awiya became the governor of Khorasan, for the first time crossed Amu Darya river, took over the cities of Ramithan, Nasaf, and Baykand near Bukhara and hustled Qabaj Khatun, the rich queen of Bukhara and Turk army away. | After the death of Ziyad, [[Mu'awiya]] appointed 'Ubayd Allah as the governor of [[Khorasan]]. 'Ubayd Allah had an important role in the victories of the east and northeast of [[Iran]] at the time of Mu'awiya. After Mu'awiya became the governor of Khorasan, for the first time crossed Amu Darya river, took over the cities of Ramithan, Nasaf, and Baykand near Bukhara and hustled Qabaj Khatun, the rich queen of Bukhara and Turk army away. | ||
In 55/674-75, 56/675-76 or 57/676-77, [[Mu'awiya]] removed 'Ubayd Allah from governorship of Khorasan and appointed him as the governor of Basra instead of 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr b. Ghilan. | In 55/674-75, 56/675-76 or 57/676-77, [[Mu'awiya]] removed 'Ubayd Allah from the governorship of Khorasan and appointed him as the governor of Basra instead of 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr b. Ghilan. | ||
In [[Basra]], 'Ubayd Allah encountered unrest provoked by [[Khawarij]] which peaked in [[58]]/677-78 and he suppressed it with extraordinary brutality and killed many people. | In [[Basra]], 'Ubayd Allah encountered unrest provoked by [[Khawarij]] which peaked in [[58]]/677-78 and he suppressed it with extraordinary brutality and killed many people. | ||
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== In the Battle of Karbala == | == In the Battle of Karbala == | ||
===Arresting Muslim b. 'Aqil=== | ===Arresting Muslim b. 'Aqil=== | ||
In 60/680, people of [[Kufa]] agreed to make allegiance with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and expected the coming of Imam (a) to Kufa. Ibn Ziyad entered the city while he had covered his face and people thought | In 60/680, people of [[Kufa]] agreed to make allegiance with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and expected the coming of Imam (a) to Kufa. Ibn Ziyad entered the city while he had covered his face and people thought it was Imam al-Husayn (a) and welcomed him, but soon found that it had been 'Ubayd Allah. The first action for 'Ubayd Allah was to search for the representative of Imam al-Husayn (a), Muslim b. 'Aqil. | ||
As soon as Ibn Ziyad entered Kufa, made a speech and seriously threatened the opposition of the government of Yazid and promised support of those who would follow him. | As soon as Ibn Ziyad entered Kufa, made a speech and seriously threatened the opposition of the government of Yazid and promised support of those who would follow him. | ||
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== After the Death of Yazid == | == After the Death of Yazid == | ||
After the [[Tragedy of 'Ashura]], 'Ubayd Allah remained as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] using force and subjugation, however his rule became unstable after the death of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]. According to al-Tabari and Abu 'Ali Miskawayh, after the death of Yazid, 'Ubayd Allah made a speech, the eve of which he had bribed the elders of Basra. After the speech, they raised and asked for continuation of his rule, but soon | After the [[Tragedy of 'Ashura]], 'Ubayd Allah remained as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] using force and subjugation, however, his rule became unstable after the death of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]. According to al-Tabari and Abu 'Ali Miskawayh, after the death of Yazid, 'Ubayd Allah made a speech, the eve of which he had bribed the elders of Basra. After the speech, they raised and asked for the continuation of his rule, but soon afterward, people turned their back on him and went for making allegiance with [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. | ||
According to [[al-Baladhuri]], after the death of Yazid, Ibn Ziyad asked people in Basra to temporarily make allegiance with him until they reach a consensus over choosing a caliph. When the people of Basra, made allegiance with him, he sent some people to Kufa to ask them for making allegiance with him; but the people of Kufa did not accept and so the people of Basra also refused his rule. | According to [[al-Baladhuri]], after the death of Yazid, Ibn Ziyad asked people in Basra to temporarily make allegiance with him until they reach a consensus over choosing a caliph. When the people of Basra, made allegiance with him, he sent some people to Kufa to ask them for making allegiance with him; but the people of Kufa did not accept and so the people of Basra also refused his rule. | ||
=== Allegiance with Marwan b. al-Hakam === | === Allegiance with Marwan b. al-Hakam === | ||
When [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] reached power in [[Medina]] so that even some parts of [[Syria]] accepted his [[caliphate]] and even [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] went to [[Hijaz]] to make allegiance with him, Ibn Ziyad met Marwan in Bathaniyya and stopped him from doing so and promised him that if he claims for the caliphate, he himself will support Marwan. So, Marwan returned, Ibn Ziyad went to [[Damascus]] and deceived [[Dahhak b. Qays]] who had taken the allegiance of people with Ibn al-Zubayr and threw him out of the city and took | When [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] reached power in [[Medina]] so that even some parts of [[Syria]] accepted his [[caliphate]] and even [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] went to [[Hijaz]] to make allegiance with him, Ibn Ziyad met Marwan in Bathaniyya and stopped him from doing so and promised him that if he claims for the caliphate, he himself will support Marwan. So, Marwan returned, Ibn Ziyad went to [[Damascus]] and deceived [[Dahhak b. Qays]] who had taken the allegiance of people with Ibn al-Zubayr and threw him out of the city and took people's allegiance with Marwan. In the battle between the adherents of Marwan with Dahhak b. Qays in Marj Rahit near Damascus in which Dahhak was defeated, Ibn Ziyad was the commander of the horsemen of Marwan. | ||
In the rule of Marwan, 'Ubayd Allah was also in Damascus. [[Tawwabun]] led by [[Sulayman b. Surad al-Khuza'i]] raised to take revenge on [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. Marwan b. al-Hakam sent Ibn Ziyad from Damascus to fight against them and promised him the rule of [[Iraq]] in the condition of defeating them. 'Ubayd Allah was informed of the death of Marwan ([[65]]/685) when he arrived in Mesopotamia, but he continued his advance. Eventually in a bloody battle in 'Ayn al-Warda (towards the end of [[Jumada I]] [[65]]/684) Sulayman and his companions were defeated and killed. | In the rule of Marwan, 'Ubayd Allah was also in Damascus. [[Tawwabun]] led by [[Sulayman b. Surad al-Khuza'i]] raised to take revenge on [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. Marwan b. al-Hakam sent Ibn Ziyad from Damascus to fight against them and promised him the rule of [[Iraq]] in the condition of defeating them. 'Ubayd Allah was informed of the death of Marwan ([[65]]/685) when he arrived in Mesopotamia, but he continued his advance. Eventually in a bloody battle in 'Ayn al-Warda (towards the end of [[Jumada I]] [[65]]/684) Sulayman and his companions were defeated and killed. | ||
Ibn Ziyad | Ibn Ziyad then tried to dominate the cities of Mesopotamia who previously made allegiance with Ibn al-Zubayr and did not go to Iraq where [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] had raised to take revenge on Imam al-Husayn (a) from [[Umayyad]]s. However, eventually, he attacked [[Mosul]] which was controlled by the forces of al-Mukhtar. Adherents of al-Mukhtar withdrew towards [[Tikrit]] and informed al-Mukhtar of the Ibn Ziyad's attack; so, al-Mukhtar sent an army to fight Ibn Ziyad. The army of al-Mukhtar defeated the army sent by Ibn Ziyad. ([[Dhu l-Hijja 10]], [[66]]/[[July 11]], 686) | ||
== Death == | == Death == | ||
{{see also|Battle of Khazir}} | {{see also|Battle of Khazir}} | ||
After the victory of the army of al-Mukhtar, Ibn Ziyad himself with an army attacked and al-Mukhrar's army pulled back. Al-Mukhtar who actually sought to kill Ibn Ziyad and others who had any role in the [[Tragedy of Karbala]], sent [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] with an army to fight the army of Ibn Ziyad. Ibrahim who wanted to reach Ibn Ziyad before | After the victory of the army of al-Mukhtar, Ibn Ziyad himself with an army attacked and al-Mukhrar's army pulled back. Al-Mukhtar who actually sought to kill Ibn Ziyad and others who had any role in the [[Tragedy of Karbala]], sent [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] with an army to fight the army of Ibn Ziyad. Ibrahim who wanted to reach Ibn Ziyad before he came to [[Iraq]], reached the army of [[Syria]] in the bank of Khazir river near a village called Barbitha 5 parasangs [around 28 km] from Mosul. In a fierce battle between the armies of Iraq and Syria, Ibn Ziyad was defeated (Muharram [[67]]/686). He Ibn Ziyad together with his soldiers were killed. According to a narration from [[Abu Mikhnaf]], apparently, Ibrahim b. al-Ashtar himself killed Ibn Ziyad in a hand-to-hand fight. | ||
== View of Shi'a == | == View of Shi'a == | ||
The action of Ibn Ziyad towards [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and making of the Tragedy of 'Ashura made 'Ibn Ziyad notorious and hated and aroused the fury of many Muslims, especially the people of [[Kufa]] towards him; in such a way that according to some historical sources, 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Azdi rose | The action of Ibn Ziyad towards [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the making of the Tragedy of 'Ashura made 'Ibn Ziyad notorious and hated and aroused the fury of many Muslims, especially the people of [[Kufa]] towards him; in such a way that according to some historical sources, 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Azdi rose in the middle of the speech of Ibn Ziyad after the event and addressed him and Yazid with bitter swearing. It is even said that his mother, Marjana, reprimanded 'Ubayd Allah so much. Due to his role in the Tragedy of 'Ashura, 'Ubayd Allah is among the most hated figures of Islamic history before [[Shi'a]]. His name has been mentioned in some famous [[Ziyarah]]s including the [[Ziyarah 'Ashura]] where he has been cursed. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||