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Captives of Karbala are the member of Ahl al-Bayt and the families of some of the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) who were captured by Kufa army led by ‘Umar b. Sa’d during the event of Karbala and after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a). They were taken to Kufa and then to Damascus. There are disagreements about the exact number of the captives; however Imam al-Sajjad and lady Zaynab are the most famous and eminent figures among them, who inform people about the tyranny of Yazid by their fiery sermons during the captivity. | Captives of Karbala are the member of Ahl al-Bayt and the families of some of the companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) who were captured by Kufa army led by ‘Umar b. Sa’d during the event of Karbala and after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a). They were taken to Kufa and then to Damascus. There are disagreements about the exact number of the captives; however Imam al-Sajjad and lady Zaynab are the most famous and eminent figures among them, who inform people about the tyranny of Yazid by their fiery sermons during the captivity. | ||
==Number of Captives== | ==Number of Captives== | ||
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===Passing by Martyrs=== | ===Passing by Martyrs=== | ||
‘Umar b. Sa’d’s army moved the caravan of captives toward the battle field and passed them by the bodies of martyrs, while they were weeping, crying and hitting their faces. Qarat b. Qays al-Tamimi says, “Whatever I forget, I will not forget this saying of Zaynab, Fatima’s daughter, when she was passing by the fallen body of her brother, Husayn: “Oh Muhammad, Oh Muhammad! May the angels of the heaven salute you, this is Husayn, fallen on the desert, immersed in blood, his body torn to pieces. Oh, Muhammad! These are your daughters! They are being taken captives! Your children are slain! The zephyr is blowing on their bodies! …”” | ‘Umar b. Sa’d’s army moved the caravan of captives toward the battle field and passed them by the bodies of martyrs, while they were weeping, crying and hitting their faces. Qarat b. Qays al-Tamimi says, “Whatever I forget, I will not forget this saying of Zaynab, Fatima’s daughter, when she was passing by the fallen body of her brother, Husayn: “Oh Muhammad, Oh Muhammad! May the angels of the heaven salute you, this is Husayn, fallen on the desert, immersed in blood, his body torn to pieces. Oh, Muhammad! These are your daughters! They are being taken captives! Your children are slain! The zephyr is blowing on their bodies! …”” | ||
He adds, “She made the friend and enemy cry.” | He adds, “She made the friend and enemy cry.” | ||
===Army’s Treatment of Captives=== | ===Army’s Treatment of Captives=== | ||
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===Entering Kufa=== | ===Entering Kufa=== | ||
There is no explicit report about the exact date of their arrival to Kufa in early sources. However, according to a sentence of al-Shaykh al-Mufid, they entered Kufa on 12th of Muharram. | There is no explicit report about the exact date of their arrival to Kufa in early sources. However, according to a sentence of al-Shaykh al-Mufid, they entered Kufa on 12th of Muharram. | ||
===Delivering Sermons=== | ===Delivering Sermons=== | ||
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===In Ibn Ziyad Court=== | ===In Ibn Ziyad Court=== | ||
The captives were taken to the palace of ‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in Kufa. Harsh conversation between lady Zaynab and ‘Ubayd Allah have been reported. It is also reported that ‘Ubayd Allah ordered his soldiers to kill Imam al-Sajjad (a); but by intercession of lady Zaynab and the harsh words of Imam al-Sajjad (a), he avoided killing him. | The captives were taken to the palace of ‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in Kufa. Harsh conversation between lady Zaynab and ‘Ubayd Allah have been reported. It is also reported that ‘Ubayd Allah ordered his soldiers to kill Imam al-Sajjad (a); but by intercession of lady Zaynab and the harsh words of Imam al-Sajjad (a), he avoided killing him. | ||
==Towards Damascus== | ==Towards Damascus== | ||
===Route=== | ===Route=== | ||
The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown. However, considering the sacred places related to Imam al-Husayn (a) within that area shows the probable route they took toward Damascus. These sacred places are: | The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown. However, considering the sacred places related to Imam al-Husayn (a) within that area shows the probable route they took toward Damascus. These sacred places are: | ||
- Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in Mosul: according to Harawi this Maqam was there to the 7th century. | - Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in Mosul: according to Harawi this Maqam was there to the 7th century. | ||
- Masjid Imam Zayn al-‘Abidin (a) and Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in Nusaybin: Currently, Nusaybin is a city in Turkey. It is said that the Imam al-Husayn’s head was put there and his blood has dripped there. Harawi have registered this shrine as Mashhad al-Nuqta. | - Masjid Imam Zayn al-‘Abidin (a) and Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in Nusaybin: Currently, Nusaybin is a city in Turkey. It is said that the Imam al-Husayn’s head was put there and his blood has dripped there. Harawi have registered this shrine as Mashhad al-Nuqta. | ||
- Maqam al-Turh: Turh means a premature baby. Probably, there was a pregnant woman among the captives whose baby was born prematurely. | - Maqam al-Turh: Turh means a premature baby. Probably, there was a pregnant woman among the captives whose baby was born prematurely. | ||
- Maqam al-Hajar: The head of Imam was put there. | - Maqam al-Hajar: The head of Imam was put there. | ||
- Maqam of the mountain of Jawshan: This mountain is located in Aleppo (Halab). It is said that its name was taken from the name of Shimr b. Dhu al-Jawshan. According to some historians a monk who lived there borrowed the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) from the army for one night. It is also known as Mashhad al-Siqt, as the grave of Muhsin b. al-Husayn is located there. | - Maqam of the mountain of Jawshan: This mountain is located in Aleppo (Halab). It is said that its name was taken from the name of Shimr b. Dhu al-Jawshan. According to some historians a monk who lived there borrowed the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) from the army for one night. It is also known as Mashhad al-Siqt, as the grave of Muhsin b. al-Husayn is located there. | ||
- Maqam al-Humat: This Maqam is placed inside Aleppo. Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned this place. | - Maqam al-Humat: This Maqam is placed inside Aleppo. Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned this place. | ||
- Maqam Homs: Likewise, Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned this place. | - Maqam Homs: Likewise, Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned this place. | ||
- Maqam Baalbek: There is mosque in this city, which is said that it was Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn in the past. | - Maqam Baalbek: There is mosque in this city, which is said that it was Maqam Ra’s al-Husayn in the past. | ||
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===Accompanying Soldiers=== | ===Accompanying Soldiers=== | ||
Ibn Ziyad sent a group of soldiers along with the captives to Damascus. Famous people such as Shimr b. Dhu al-awshan and Tariq b. Muhaffaz b. Tha’laba were among them. Some reports also added that Zahr b. Qays accompanied them. | Ibn Ziyad sent a group of soldiers along with the captives to Damascus. Famous people such as Shimr b. Dhu al-awshan and Tariq b. Muhaffaz b. Tha’laba were among them. Some reports also added that Zahr b. Qays accompanied them. | ||
According to Ibn A’tham and Khwarazmi, the soldiers and agents of ‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad mounted the captives on uncovered howdahs and moved them from city to city, and treated them like infidel captives. | According to Ibn A’tham and Khwarazmi, the soldiers and agents of ‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad mounted the captives on uncovered howdahs and moved them from city to city, and treated them like infidel captives. | ||
Imam al-Sajjad (a) has been quoted: “They mounted me on a crippled skinny camel with a wooden howdah that did not have any mat in it, while the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was at the top of a spear and the women were behind me and the spears were around us. If any of us shed a drop of tear, they would hit him on the head by the spears; until we arrived to Damascus. When we entered Damascus, I heard someone shouting: O people of Damascus! These are the captives of a cursed household!” | Imam al-Sajjad (a) has been quoted: “They mounted me on a crippled skinny camel with a wooden howdah that did not have any mat in it, while the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was at the top of a spear and the women were behind me and the spears were around us. If any of us shed a drop of tear, they would hit him on the head by the spears; until we arrived to Damascus. When we entered Damascus, I heard someone shouting: O people of Damascus! These are the captives of a cursed household!” | ||
==In Damascus== | ==In Damascus== | ||
- Decorating the city: Yazid gave his orders to decorate the city before the arrival of the captives. Sahl b. Sa’d al-Sa’idi is one of the narrators who reported that the city was decorated and people were happy when the captives entered the city. | - Decorating the city: Yazid gave his orders to decorate the city before the arrival of the captives. Sahl b. Sa’d al-Sa’idi is one of the narrators who reported that the city was decorated and people were happy when the captives entered the city. | ||
- The day of arrival: according to historical reports, on the 1st of Safar the captives and the heads of martyrs of Karbala entered Damascus from Bab Tuma or Bab al-Sa’at. They were taken to Umayyad Mosque and were kept on a raised platform there. | - The day of arrival: according to historical reports, on the 1st of Safar the captives and the heads of martyrs of Karbala entered Damascus from Bab Tuma or Bab al-Sa’at. They were taken to Umayyad Mosque and were kept on a raised platform there. | ||
- Report to Yazid: After that soldiers circled the captives in Damascus, they went to Yazid’s court. Zahr b. Qays, in behalf of all the soldiers, reported what had happened in Karbala to Yazid. | - Report to Yazid: After that soldiers circled the captives in Damascus, they went to Yazid’s court. Zahr b. Qays, in behalf of all the soldiers, reported what had happened in Karbala to Yazid. | ||
- Arrival of captives to Yazid’s court: After the report, Yazid ordered to decorate his palace and invited the elites of Damascus, then ordered to bring the captives into his palace. Reports denote that they brought the captives into the palace while they were tied to each other by ropes. At this moment Fatima bt. al-Husayn (a) said, “O Yazid! The daughters of the Prophet are captives!” The people and the household of Yazid cried by her saying. | - Arrival of captives to Yazid’s court: After the report, Yazid ordered to decorate his palace and invited the elites of Damascus, then ordered to bring the captives into his palace. Reports denote that they brought the captives into the palace while they were tied to each other by ropes. At this moment Fatima bt. al-Husayn (a) said, “O Yazid! The daughters of the Prophet are captives!” The people and the household of Yazid cried by her saying. | ||
- Yazid and the head of Imam al-Husayn (a): In the presence of the captives, Yazid had put the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) in a gold tub and was hitting it with his staff. When Sukayna and Fatima, the daughters of Imam al-Husayn (a), saw that; they shouted crying in a way that the wives of Yazid and daughters of Mu’awiya cried along. | - Yazid and the head of Imam al-Husayn (a): In the presence of the captives, Yazid had put the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) in a gold tub and was hitting it with his staff. When Sukayna and Fatima, the daughters of Imam al-Husayn (a), saw that; they shouted crying in a way that the wives of Yazid and daughters of Mu’awiya cried along. | ||
It is narrated form Imam al-Rida (a) that Yazid put the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) in a tub and put his food table on it and started eating and drinking beer at that table with his companions. Then they put the table of Chess on that tub and started playing it. Whenever he won, he drank a glass of beer and poured the rest of it on the ground near the tub in which was the head of Imam al-Husayn (a). | It is narrated form Imam al-Rida (a) that Yazid put the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) in a tub and put his food table on it and started eating and drinking beer at that table with his companions. Then they put the table of Chess on that tub and started playing it. Whenever he won, he drank a glass of beer and poured the rest of it on the ground near the tub in which was the head of Imam al-Husayn (a). | ||
- Objections: Some people who were present there opposed to Yazid’s behaviors, including Yahya b. Hakam, Marwan b. Hakam’s brother, whom Yazid punched on the chest, and Abu Baraza al-Aslami, whom Yazid ordered to be taken out of the palace. | - Objections: Some people who were present there opposed to Yazid’s behaviors, including Yahya b. Hakam, Marwan b. Hakam’s brother, whom Yazid punched on the chest, and Abu Baraza al-Aslami, whom Yazid ordered to be taken out of the palace. | ||
- Delivering sermons: After that Imam al-Sajjad (a) and lady Zaynab saw that the people of Damascus do not know anything about the real Islam and the high status of Ahl al-Bayt, they delivered sermons to inform people about the tyranny of Umayyad dynasty and enlighten them about the truth. | - Delivering sermons: After that Imam al-Sajjad (a) and lady Zaynab saw that the people of Damascus do not know anything about the real Islam and the high status of Ahl al-Bayt, they delivered sermons to inform people about the tyranny of Umayyad dynasty and enlighten them about the truth. | ||
- Residence: According to historical and narrative sources, Ahl al-Bayt resided in two locations in Damascus. First: a roofless ruins, in which the story of lady Ruqayya took place. The captives were there for two days; however after the sermons of Imam al-Sajjad (a) and lady Zaynab the public opinion changed about Ahl al-Bayt and Yazid had to move them to a house near his palace. | - Residence: According to historical and narrative sources, Ahl al-Bayt resided in two locations in Damascus. First: a roofless ruins, in which the story of lady Ruqayya took place. The captives were there for two days; however after the sermons of Imam al-Sajjad (a) and lady Zaynab the public opinion changed about Ahl al-Bayt and Yazid had to move them to a house near his palace. | ||
- Duration: Most of historians said that captives stayed in Damascus for three days; however ‘Ama al-Din Tabari said that they stayed there for 7 days. In another account, Sayyid b. Tawus said that they stayed for a month; nonetheless, he pointed that this report is not reliable. | - Duration: Most of historians said that captives stayed in Damascus for three days; however ‘Ama al-Din Tabari said that they stayed there for 7 days. In another account, Sayyid b. Tawus said that they stayed for a month; nonetheless, he pointed that this report is not reliable. | ||
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==Returning Route== | ==Returning Route== | ||
Main Entry: Arba'in of Imam al-Husayn (a) | Main Entry: Arba'in of Imam al-Husayn (a) | ||
The exact date of the departure of captives from Damascus is unknown. There are disagreement between scholars whether the captives passed by Karbala on their way back to Medina or not. Sayyid Muhammad Ali Qadi Tabataba’i in his book “Tahqiq darbar-i awwalin Arba’in-i Sayyid al-Shuhada’ (a)” (study about the first Arba'in of Sayyid al-Shuhada’ (a)) tried to prove this; however, Muhaddith al-Nuri and Shaykh ‘Abbas Qummi do not accept this. | The exact date of the departure of captives from Damascus is unknown. There are disagreement between scholars whether the captives passed by Karbala on their way back to Medina or not. Sayyid Muhammad Ali Qadi Tabataba’i in his book “Tahqiq darbar-i awwalin Arba’in-i Sayyid al-Shuhada’ (a)” (study about the first Arba'in of Sayyid al-Shuhada’ (a)) tried to prove this; however, Muhaddith al-Nuri and Shaykh ‘Abbas Qummi do not accept this. | ||
==Arriving in Medina== | ==Arriving in Medina== | ||
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His body, in Karbala, soaked in blood and his head, on the top of spear, is circled. | His body, in Karbala, soaked in blood and his head, on the top of spear, is circled. | ||
Bashir informed the people that Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Ahl al-Bayt has camped outside the city. By hearing the news, women of Medina came out from their houses crying, weeping and shouting. No day people were seen crying like that day; it was the saddest day for Muslim after the demise of the Prophet (s). | Bashir informed the people that Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Ahl al-Bayt has camped outside the city. By hearing the news, women of Medina came out from their houses crying, weeping and shouting. No day people were seen crying like that day; it was the saddest day for Muslim after the demise of the Prophet (s). | ||
[[fa:اسیران کربلا]] | |||
[[tr:Kerbela Esirleri]] | |||
[[id:Para Tawanan Karbala]] | |||