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'''Captives of Karbala''' are the | '''Captives of Karbala''' (Arabic: أسراء کربلاء) are the members of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and the families of some of the [[martyrs of Karbala]] who were captured by [[Kufa army]] led by [['Umar b. Sa'd]] during the [[event of Karbala]] and after the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. They were taken to [[Kufa]] and then to [[Damascus]]. There are disagreements about the exact number of the captives; however [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and [[Lady Zaynab]] are the most famous and eminent figures among them, who inform people about the tyranny of [[Yazid]] by their fiery sermons during the captivity. | ||
==Number | ==Number== | ||
Historians disagreed about the number of captives form [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and the survivors of [[ | Historians disagreed about the number of captives form [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] and the survivors of [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s companions. Some sources reported that there were 61 women among the captives. | ||
Women: | These names have been reported as the captives of Karbala: | ||
Imam Ali's daughters: [[Lady Zaynab | |||
* '''Men:''' [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], 'Umar b. Husayn b. Ali (a). Muhammad b. Husayn b. Ali, Zayd b. Hasan b. Ali (a), Muhammad b. 'Amr b. Hasan b. Ali (a), two sons of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]], 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas b. Ali (a), Qasim b. 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far, Qasim b. Muhammad b. Ja'far, Muhammad al-Asghar b. 'Aqil, 'Uqbat b. Sam'an ([[Rubab]]'s servent), servent of 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Abd Rabbih al-Ansari, Muslim b. Ribah, servant of Imam Ali (a), and Ali b. 'Uthman al-Maghribi. | |||
* '''Women:''' Imam Ali's daughters: [[Lady Zaynab]], [[Fatima bt. 'Ali|Fatima]], [[Umm Kulthum]] (or Nafisa or Zaynab al-Sughra), Umm al-Hasan, Khadija the wife of 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Aqil, Umm Hani the wife of 'Abd Allah al-Akbar b. 'Aqil. Three daughters of Imam al-Husayn (a): [[Sukayna]], [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn|Fatima]], [[Ruqayya]], and [[Zaynab bt. al-Husayn|Zaynab]]. [[Rubab]] (Imam al-Husayn's wife), Umm Muhammad (Fatima the daughter of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] the Imam al-Sajjad's wife and Imam al-Baqir's mother), and Fakiha the mother of Qarib b. 'Abd Allah b. Urayqit. | |||
==Moving Towards Kufa== | ==Moving Towards Kufa== | ||
After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] passed the night after [['Ashura']] in [[Karbala]]. In the afternoon of 11th of [[Muharram]], after that [['Umar b. Sa'd]]'s army buried all the dead bodies of the army, they gathered Ahl al-Bayt (a) and the survivors form Imam's companions and took them to [[Kufa]]. | |||
After the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] passed the night after [['Ashura']] in [[Karbala]]. In the afternoon of 11th of [[Muharram]], after that [['Umar b. Sa'd]]'s army buried all the dead bodies of the army, they gathered Ahl al-Bayt (a) and the survivors form Imam's companions and took them to [[Kufa]]. | |||
===Passing by Martyrs=== | ===Passing by Martyrs=== | ||
[['Umar b. Sa'd]]'s army moved the caravan of captives toward the battle field and passed them by the bodies of martyrs, while they were weeping, crying and hitting their faces. | [['Umar b. Sa'd]]'s army moved the caravan of captives toward the battle field and passed them by the bodies of martyrs, while they were weeping, crying and hitting their faces. Qurra b. Qays al-Tamimi says, "Whatever I forget, I will not forget this saying of [[Zaynab]], [[Fatima]]'s daughter, when she was passing by the fallen body of her brother, [[Husayn]]: 'Oh [[Muhammad]], Oh Muhammad! May the angels of the heaven salute you, this is Husayn, fallen on the desert, immersed in blood, his body torn to pieces. Oh, Muhammad! These are your daughters! They are being taken captives! Your children are slain! The zephyr is blowing on their bodies! ...'" | ||
He adds, "She made the friend and enemy cry." | He adds, "She made the friend and enemy cry." | ||
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===Entering Kufa=== | ===Entering Kufa=== | ||
There is no explicit report about the exact date of their arrival to Kufa in early sources. However, according to a sentence of [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], they entered Kufa on | There is no explicit report about the exact date of their arrival to Kufa in early sources. However, according to a sentence of [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], they entered Kufa on [[Muharram 12]]. | ||
===Delivering Sermons=== | ===Delivering Sermons=== | ||
After that the caravan of captives entered Kufa, the following figures delivered sermons to public: | After that the caravan of captives entered Kufa, the following figures delivered sermons to public: | ||
===In | * [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]]: His sermon in Kufa has been narrated in several sources such as ''[[Muthir al-ahzan]]'', written by [[Ibn Nama al-Hilli]]. | ||
The captives were taken to the palace of [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] in [[Kufa]]. Harsh conversation between [[Lady Zaynab (a)]] and 'Ubayd Allah have been reported. It is also reported that 'Ubayd Allah ordered his soldiers to kill [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]]; but by intercession of Lady Zaynab (a) and the harsh words of Imam al-Sajjad (a), he avoided killing him. | * [[Lady Zaynab (a)]]: Her sermon has been narrated in ''Balaghat al-nisa''', written by Ibn Tayfur al-Baghdadi (d. [[280]]/893). | ||
* Fatima al-Sughra (Imam al-Husayn's daughter): [[Ahmad b. Ali al-Tabrisi]] has narrated her sermon in ''[[al-Ihtijaj]]''. | |||
* [[Umm Kulthum bt. 'Ali|Umm Kulthum]] ([[Imam Ali]]'s daughter): [[Ibn Tawus]] has narrated her sermon in ''[[al-Luhuf]]''. | |||
===In 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad Court=== | |||
The captives were taken to the palace of [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] in [[Kufa]]. Harsh conversation between [[Lady Zaynab (a)]] and 'Ubayd Allah have been reported (see: [[Debate of Lady Zaynab (a) with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]]). It is also reported that 'Ubayd Allah ordered his soldiers to kill [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]]; but by intercession of Lady Zaynab (a) and the harsh words of Imam al-Sajjad (a), he avoided killing him. | |||
==Towards Damascus== | ==Towards Damascus== | ||
===Route=== | ===Route=== | ||
The exact route of the caravan from [[Kufa]] to [[Damascus]] is unknown. However, considering the sacred places related to [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] within that area shows the probable route they took toward Damascus. These sacred places are: | The exact route of the caravan from [[Kufa]] to [[Damascus]] is unknown. However, considering the sacred places related to [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] within that area shows the probable route they took toward Damascus. These sacred places are: | ||
* [[Maqam Ra's al-Husayn]] (shrine of the head of Husayn) in [[Mosul]]: according to | * [[Maqam Ra's al-Husayn]] (shrine of the head of Husayn) in [[Mosul]]: according to Hirawi this Maqam was there to the 7th/13th century. | ||
* Masjid [[Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a)]] and Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in | * Masjid [[Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a)]] and Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in Nusaybin: Currently, Nusaybin is a city in Turkey. It is said that the Imam al-Husayn's head was put there and his blood has dripped there. Hirawi have registered this shrine as Mashhad al-Nuqta. | ||
* Maqam al-Turh: Turh means a premature baby. Probably, there was a pregnant woman among the captives whose baby was born prematurely. | * Maqam al-Turh: Turh means a premature baby. Probably, there was a pregnant woman among the captives whose baby was born prematurely. | ||
* Maqam al-Hajar: The head of Imam was put there. | * Maqam al-Hajar: The head of Imam was put there. | ||
* Maqam of the mountain of Jawshan: This mountain is located in [[Aleppo]] (Halab). It is said that its name was taken from the name of [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]]. According to some historians a monk who lived there borrowed the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) from the army for one night. It is also known as Mashhad al-Siqt, as the grave of Muhsin b. al-Husayn is located there. | * Maqam of the mountain of Jawshan: This mountain is located in [[Aleppo]] (Halab). It is said that its name was taken from the name of [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]]. According to some historians a monk who lived there borrowed the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) from the army for one night. It is also known as Mashhad al-Siqt, as the grave of [[Muhsin b. al-Husayn]] is located there. | ||
[[File:Masjid Al-Nuqtah- The stone with the blood of Imam al-Husayn.JPG|thumbnail|The stone said to be reddened with the blood from the head of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]]] | |||
* Maqam al-Humat: This Maqam is placed inside Aleppo. [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] has mentioned this place. | * Maqam al-Humat: This Maqam is placed inside Aleppo. [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] has mentioned this place. | ||
* Maqam | * Maqam Hims: Likewise, Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned this place. | ||
* Maqam Baalbek: There is mosque in this city, which is said that it was Maqam Ra's al-Husayn in the past. | * Maqam Baalbek: There is mosque in this city, which is said that it was Maqam Ra's al-Husayn in the past. | ||
* Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) and Maqam al-Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a) in [[Damascus]]: These two Maqams are located next to [[Umayyad Mosque]]. Ibn 'Asakir has mentioned Maqam Ra's al-Husayn and other sources reported that Maqam al-Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a) is near that. | * Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) and Maqam al-Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a) in [[Damascus]]: These two Maqams are located next to [[Umayyad Mosque]]. Ibn 'Asakir has mentioned Maqam Ra's al-Husayn and other sources reported that Maqam al-Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (a) is near that. | ||
===Accompanying Soldiers=== | ===Accompanying Soldiers=== | ||
[[ | [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] sent a group of soldiers along with the captives to [[Damascus]]. Famous people such as [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]] and Tariq b. Muhaffiz b. Tha'laba were among them. Some reports also added that Zahr b. Qays accompanied them. | ||
According to Ibn A'tham and Khwarazmi, the soldiers and agents of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad mounted the captives on uncovered howdahs and moved them from city to city, and treated them like infidel captives. | According to Ibn A'tham and al-Khwarazmi, the soldiers and agents of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad mounted the captives on uncovered howdahs and moved them from city to city, and treated them like infidel captives. | ||
[[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] has been quoted: "They mounted me on a crippled skinny camel with a wooden howdah that did not have any mat in it, while the head of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] was at the top of a spear and the women were behind me and the spears were around us. If any of us shed a drop of tear, they would hit him on the head by the spears; until we arrived to Damascus. When we entered Damascus, I heard someone shouting: O people of Damascus! These are the captives of a cursed household!" | [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] has been quoted: "They mounted me on a crippled skinny camel with a wooden howdah that did not have any mat in it, while the head of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] was at the top of a spear and the women were behind me and the spears were around us. If any of us shed a drop of tear, they would hit him on the head by the spears; until we arrived to Damascus. When we entered Damascus, I heard someone shouting: O people of Damascus! These are the captives of a cursed household!" | ||
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==In Damascus== | ==In Damascus== | ||
* Decorating the city: [[Yazid]] gave his orders to decorate the city before the arrival of the captives. [[Sahl b. Sa'd al-Sa'idi]] is one of the narrators who reported that the city was decorated and people were happy when the captives entered the city. | * Decorating the city: [[Yazid]] gave his orders to decorate the city before the arrival of the captives. [[Sahl b. Sa'd al-Sa'idi]] is one of the narrators who reported that the city was decorated and people were happy when the captives entered the city. | ||
* The day of arrival: according to historical reports, on the [[ | * The day of arrival: according to historical reports, on the [[Safar 1]] the captives and the heads of [[martyrs of Karbala]] entered [[Damascus]] from Bab Tuma or Bab al-Sa'at. They were taken to [[Umayyad Mosque]] and were kept on a raised platform there. | ||
* Report to Yazid: After that soldiers circled the captives in Damascus, they went to Yazid's court. [[Zahr b. Qays]], in behalf of all the soldiers, reported what had happened in Karbala to Yazid. | * Report to Yazid: After that soldiers circled the captives in Damascus, they went to Yazid's court. [[Zahr b. Qays]], in behalf of all the soldiers, reported what had happened in Karbala to Yazid. | ||
* Arrival of captives to Yazid's court: After the report, Yazid ordered to decorate his palace and invited the elites of Damascus, then ordered to bring the captives into his palace. Reports denote that they brought the captives into the palace while they were tied to each other by ropes. At this moment [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn (a)]] said, "O Yazid! The daughters of the Prophet are captives!" The people and the household of Yazid cried by her saying. | * Arrival of captives to Yazid's court: After the report, Yazid ordered to decorate his palace and invited the elites of Damascus, then ordered to bring the captives into his palace. Reports denote that they brought the captives into the palace while they were tied to each other by ropes. At this moment [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn (a)]] said, "O Yazid! The daughters of the Prophet are captives!" The people and the household of Yazid cried by her saying. | ||