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Mutawatir Hadith: Difference between revisions
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'''Mutawātir hadith''' (Arabic:{{ia|الحديث المتواتر}}) is a [[hadith]] which is reported numerously by different narrators and through various [[chain of transmitors|chains of transmission]] in a way that substantiates its authenticity. Mutawatir hadiths are considered opposite [[Wahid | '''Mutawātir hadith''' (Arabic: {{ia|الحديث المتواتر}}) is a [[hadith]] which is reported numerously by different narrators and through various [[chain of transmitors|chains of transmission]] in a way that substantiates its authenticity. Mutawatir hadiths are considered opposite [[Khabar al-Wahid]], i.e. non-Mutawatir hadiths are Wahid accounts. | ||
There are two kinds of Tawatur: Tawatur of the text and Tawatur of the content. | There are two kinds of Tawatur: Tawatur of the text and Tawatur of the content. | ||
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Hadiths narrated from [[the infallibles]] in narration books have divided the number of narrators of hadiths in two groups: Mutawatir and Wahid; also each of them has different types. | Hadiths narrated from [[the infallibles]] in narration books have divided the number of narrators of hadiths in two groups: Mutawatir and Wahid; also each of them has different types. | ||
In hadith terminology Mutawatir hadith is an account which is reported numerously by different narrators and through various chains of transmission in a way that substantiates its authenticity. | In hadith terminology, Mutawatir hadith is an account which is reported numerously by different narrators and through various chains of transmission in a way that substantiates its authenticity. | ||
In other words, Mutawatir hadith is an account reported by a large number of narrators, so that the possibility of a common intentional agreement in rejecting an account is canceled. As a result, it can be concluded that the account was actually stated by the infallible. | In other words, Mutawatir hadith is an account reported by a large number of narrators, so that the possibility of a common intentional agreement in rejecting an account is canceled. As a result, it can be concluded that the account was actually stated by the infallible. | ||
== | ==Number of Mutawatir Hadiths== | ||
Although the number of Mutawatir hadiths are few, they are generally significant as they have crucial meanings, such as the [[al-Ghadir Sermon]]. This hadiths | Although the number of Mutawatir hadiths are few, they are generally significant as they have crucial meanings, such as the [[al-Ghadir Sermon]]. This hadiths is narrated by one hundred of [[companions]] and also the [[Hadith al-Thaqalayn]] which is narrated by eighty narrators of companions. In addition, narrations on the necessity of saying daily [[prayers]], the number of the units of prayers, conditions of [[zakat]] and characteristics of [[Imam Ali (a)]] have been narrated by a large number of companions and reliable narrators. | ||
== | ==Conditions of Tawatur== | ||
The conditions of Tawatur have been indicated for both the hearers and narrators: | The conditions of Tawatur have been indicated for both the hearers and narrators: | ||
=== | ===Conditions of Hearer=== | ||
The hearer must have these two conditions: | The hearer must have these two conditions: | ||
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# The hearer must not have skeptical attitude toward hadith, as disbelievers did not accept [[miracle]]s of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] due to their skeptical attitude. | # The hearer must not have skeptical attitude toward hadith, as disbelievers did not accept [[miracle]]s of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] due to their skeptical attitude. | ||
=== | ===Conditions of Narrators=== | ||
# The number of narrators in generations must be high so that their mutual agreement on rejecting a report would become impossible. In addition specifying a number for the narrators is not possible as accepting and rejecting a Mutawatir report is relative and certainty on absence of an agreement on rejecting a report is the minimum. However some have identified a specific minimum number of narrators in | # The number of narrators in generations must be high so that their mutual agreement on rejecting a report would become impossible. In addition specifying a number for the narrators is not possible as accepting and rejecting a Mutawatir report is relative and certainty on absence of an agreement on rejecting a report is the minimum. However some have identified a specific minimum number of narrators in tawatur which was criticized by others. | ||
# Narrators must narrate an account with certainty without a slight doubt. | # Narrators must narrate an account with certainty without a slight doubt. | ||
# The narrators must have listened or seen the account themselves; making guesses or reasoning in achieving conclusion is not accepted. | # The narrators must have listened or seen the account themselves; making guesses or reasoning in achieving conclusion is not accepted. | ||
# All these conditions must be followed in all generations of narrators. Then | # All these conditions must be followed in all generations of narrators. Then, tawatur is proved to the generation which has acquired all the conditions. | ||
Other conditions such as justice, [[Islam]], [[Shi'ite]] narrators or presence of [[Shi'a Imams]] in the chain of narrators are not acceptable in reliability of Mutawatir | Other conditions such as justice, [[Islam]], [[Shi'ite]] narrators or presence of [[Shi'a Imams]] in the chain of narrators are not acceptable in reliability of Mutawatir Hadith. | ||
==Types of Tawatur== | ==Types of Tawatur== | ||
Mutawatir | Mutawatir Hadiths are divided into two groups: | ||
===Tawatur of the Text=== | ===Tawatur of the Text=== | ||
Tawatur of the text is when narrators give the same account in the same wording, for example: the [[ | Tawatur of the text is when narrators give the same account in the same wording, for example: the [[Hadith of Ghadir]], the [[Hadith of Thaqalayn]] and "Innama al-'amal bi al-Niyyat" (actions are by intentions). | ||
===Tawatur of the Content=== | ===Tawatur of the Content=== | ||
Tawatur of the content is when all the narrators of all generations give the same content of an account with different wordings or phrases; i.e. the meaning is the same. Reciting a [[sura]] after the sura of [[al-Hamd]] in prayers is narrated from different narrators in which all of them have mentioned reciting a sura with different phrases. Also other examples of Tawatur of content are narrated by numerous reports about bravery of [[Imam Ali (a)]]; it was narrated about different incidents with numerous reports. | Tawatur of the content is when all the narrators of all generations give the same content of an account with different wordings or phrases; i.e. the meaning is the same. Reciting a [[sura]] after the sura of [[al-Hamd]] in prayers is narrated from different narrators in which all of them have mentioned reciting a sura with different phrases. Also other examples of Tawatur of content are narrated by numerous reports about bravery of [[Imam Ali (a)]]; it was narrated about different incidents with numerous reports. | ||
In comparison, | In comparison, tawatur of the content is much more than tawatur of the text. Most of details of [[Shari'a rules]] specially [[Furu' al-Din]] (ancillaries of religion) acquired tawatur of the content. The units of [[prayers]], Conditions of [[sawm]] (fasting), [[hajj]], and [[zakat]] etc. are examples of tawatur of the content. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/حدیث_متواتر حدیث متواتر] in Farsi Wikishia. | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/حدیث_متواتر {{ia|حدیث متواتر}}] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||