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Al-Khabar al-Wahid: Difference between revisions
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'''Al-Khabar al-Wāḥid''' (Arabic:{{ia|الخَبَرُ الواحِد}}) is, according to hadith | '''Al-Khabar al-Wāḥid''' (Arabic: {{ia|الخَبَرُ الواحِد}}) is, according to [[hadith science]]s, a narration of [[hadith]]s which is not regarded [[al-mutawatir hadith]] which means the number of [[narrator]]s in all generations of transmission is not enough to ascertain the authenticity of Khabar. | ||
Al-khabar al-wahid is categorized into three groups in the aspect of the number of narrators: al-mustafid, al-aziz, and al-gharib. | |||
[[Sunni]] scholars did not accept categorizing hadiths into al-wahid and al-mutawatir, so they categorized them into three aforementioned groups, al-mustafid, al-aziz, and al-gharib. | [[Sunni]] scholars did not accept categorizing hadiths into al-wahid and al-mutawatir, so they categorized them into three aforementioned groups, al-mustafid, al-aziz, and al-gharib. | ||
==Lexical and Technical Meaning== | ==Lexical and Technical Meaning== | ||
Al-khabar al-wahid is a hadith narrated in a way that did not fulfill all the conditions necessary to be deemed a mutawatir hadith. Then, it is not proved authentic itself and must be proved by means of other evidence. As a result, if a hadith has all the conditions of [[tawatur]] in several generations but one generation lacks them, it is regarded as al-khabar al-wahid. | |||
==Authenticity == | ==Authenticity == | ||
The authenticity of al-khabar al-wahid is among the main topics of [[usul al-fiqh | The authenticity of al-khabar al-wahid is among the main topics of the [[principles of jurisprudence]] (usul al-fiqh). | ||
Al-khabar al-wahid is not certainly reported from the [[Infallibles]], in addition, they are not handy on their own in religious matters. In issuing [[fatwa]] on [[ancillaries of the faith]] (furu' al-din), religious scholars mostly accept verses of the [[Qur'an]] and mutawatir hadiths first and al-khabar al-wahid is acceptable only in exceptional situations. | |||
If there is an evidence or a group of evidences which confirms that the hadith has been issued by an infallible Imam (a), this will help religious authorities and [[hadith scholar]]s to consider it as a reliable hadith: | If there is an evidence or a group of evidences which confirms that the hadith has been issued by an infallible Imam (a), this will help [[religious authorities]] and [[hadith scholar]]s to consider it as a [[reliable hadith]]: | ||
* If the hadith exists in a number of [[asl]] books out of [[al-usul al-arba'ami'a]] (the four hundred asls). | * If the hadith exists in a number of [[asl]] books out of [[al-usul al-arba'ami'a]] (the four hundred asls). | ||
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* If the hadith exists in a book which has been presented to and confirmed by a [[Shi'a Imam]]. | * If the hadith exists in a book which has been presented to and confirmed by a [[Shi'a Imam]]. | ||
* If the hadith exists in reliable Shi'a books. | * If the hadith exists in reliable Shi'a books. | ||
* The hadith must be compatible with logical reasoning, the text of the Qur'an, confirmed tradition and [[ | * The hadith must be compatible with logical reasoning, the text of the Qur'an, confirmed tradition and [[consensus]] of Shi'a scholars. | ||
Most of hadiths and reports in narrative books are regarded al-khabar al-wahid. | Most of hadiths and reports in narrative books are regarded al-khabar al-wahid. | ||
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===Al-Aziz=== | ===Al-Aziz=== | ||
If a hadith is transmitted with at least two narrators in every generation, it is called "al-aziz". Lexically al-aziz means few in number because such hadiths are few or it means solid because such narrations have two evidences or chains of transmitters each supporting each other. | If a hadith is transmitted with at least two narrators in every generation, it is called "al-aziz". Lexically al-aziz means few in number because such hadiths are few or it means solid because such narrations have two evidences or [[chain of transmitter|chains of transmitters]] each supporting each other. | ||
===Al-Gharib=== | ===Al-Gharib=== | ||
If a hadith is transmitted with only one narrator in every generation or only one narrator in the first generation it is called "al-gharib". It has different types such as: | If a hadith is transmitted with only one narrator in every generation or only one narrator in the first generation it is called "al-gharib". It has different types such as: | ||
* Gharib in the chain of narrators: a hadith which is transmitted with only one narrator in all generations. | * '''Gharib in the chain of narrators:''' a hadith which is transmitted with only one narrator in all generations. | ||
* Gharib in the text: a hadith which is transmitted with one narrator in the first generation and then it is narrated with a large number of narrators in next generations; it is also called al-mashhur al-gharib. The hadith "deeds are by intentions" is regarded "gharib mashhur" as it was narrated with only one companion of the [[Infallible]]. | * '''Gharib in the text:''' a hadith which is transmitted with one narrator in the first generation and then it is narrated with a large number of narrators in next generations; it is also called al-mashhur al-gharib. The hadith "deeds are by intentions" is regarded "gharib mashhur" as it was narrated with only one companion of the [[Infallible]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||