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Battle of Hunayn: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox War | {{Infobox War | ||
|conflict=Battle of Hunayn | |conflict=Battle of Hunayn | ||
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|combatant1= Muslims | |combatant1= Muslims | ||
|combatant2= Hawazin and Thaqif tribe | |combatant2= Hawazin and Thaqif tribe | ||
|commander1= [[ | |commander1= The [[Prophet (s)]] | ||
|commander2= Malik b. 'Awf | |commander2= Malik b. 'Awf | ||
|strength1= 12000 | |strength1= 12000 | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{Early Islam}} | {{Early Islam}} | ||
The '''Battle of Ḥūnayn''' (Arabic: {{ | The '''Battle of Ḥūnayn''' (Arabic: {{ia|غَزوة حُنَین}}) occurred after the [[conquest of Mecca]] in [[8]]/630 in the area of [[Hunayn]] between [[Islam|Muslim]]s under the commandership of the [[Prophet (s)]] and the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif who resided in the area of [[Ta'if]]. At the beginning of the battle, the Islamic army was unstable because of the [[polytheist]]s' camisado and the presence of some soldiers from [[Mecca]], who were recent Muslim converts, such that the Prophet (s)'s life was in danger, but the Muslims could finally win the war and gain a lot of booties. | ||
==The date and the names of the battle== | ==The date and the names of the battle== | ||
When | When the Prophet (s) and his army conquered Mecca on 20 of [[Ramadan]] in [[8 AH]]/January 14, 630, he stayed in Mecca for 15 nights, and then on Saturday, 6 of [[Shawwal]]/January 30, 630, they headed to the area of [[Hunayn]] in the northeast of Mecca. | ||
The battle is called '''Yawm Hunayn''' (Arabic: {{ | The battle is called '''Yawm Hunayn''' (Arabic: {{ia|یوم حنین}}, the day of Hunayn), '''Waq'at Hunayn''' (Arabic: {{ia|وَقعة حنین}}, The event of Hunayn), '''Ghazat Hunayn''' (Arabic: {{ia|غَزاة حنین}}, Ghazwas of Hunayn), '''Ghazwa Hawazin''' (Arabic: {{ia|غزوة هَوازِن}}, the Battle of Hawazin), and '''Waq'at Hawazin''' (Arabic: {{ia|وقعة هوازن}}, The event of Hawazin). | ||
==The cause of the battle== | ==The cause of the battle== | ||
According to one account, the noblemen of the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif anticipated the [[ | According to one account, the noblemen of the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif anticipated the [[Muslim]]s' attack after the [[conquest of Mecca]], and so they decided to forestall and start the fight against Muslims. According to another account, when the [[Prophet (s)]] and his army departed from [[Medina]] to Mecca in order to conquer Mecca, these tribes thought that the Prophet (s) intends to fight with them. This is why they camped in [[Hunayn]] after the conquest of Mecca, and decided to fight with the Islamic army. | ||
==Events before the battle== | ==Events before the battle== | ||
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Most clans of the Hawazin tribe, including Nasr, Jusham, Sa'd b. Bakr and some people from Banu Hilal under the leadership of Malik b. 'Awf al-Nasri were mobilized to fight the Muslims, but some well-known clans of Hawazin, such as Ka'b, Kilab and Banu Numayr, did not join them. All the tribes allied to Thaqif joined under the leadership of Qarib b. Aswad and Dhu al-Khimar Subay' b. al-Harith and his brother Ahmar b. Harith from Banu Malik. | Most clans of the Hawazin tribe, including Nasr, Jusham, Sa'd b. Bakr and some people from Banu Hilal under the leadership of Malik b. 'Awf al-Nasri were mobilized to fight the Muslims, but some well-known clans of Hawazin, such as Ka'b, Kilab and Banu Numayr, did not join them. All the tribes allied to Thaqif joined under the leadership of Qarib b. Aswad and Dhu al-Khimar Subay' b. al-Harith and his brother Ahmar b. Harith from Banu Malik. | ||
When Malik b. 'Awf decided to depart to fight with | When Malik b. 'Awf decided to depart to fight with the Prophet (s), he took with the army the properties, women and children in order to encourage its men to defend them. When they arrived in Awtas—a rough and uneven field for horses—Durayd b. Simma, a blind old man from Jusham, who was experienced with wars, told Malik b. 'Awf that if this battle were honorable, the brave men of Ka'b and Kilab would attend it. Thus he asked Malik to go to the battle only with his men, so that he can be joined by others in case he wins, but if he is defeated, then the children and women would be safe. However, Malik b. 'Awf ignored his remarks and ridiculed him. | ||
In Awtas, they received aids from different areas. When | In Awtas, they received aids from different areas. When the Prophet (s) heard about this, he sent [['Abd Allah b. Abi Hadrad al-Aslami]] to go among them anonymously and get more information. He confirmed that all [[polytheist]]s had been allied to fight the Muslims. | ||
===The Prophet (s)'s actions before the battle=== | ===The Prophet (s)'s actions before the battle=== | ||
[[Ibn Ishaq]] has narrated a [[hadith]] from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] according to which when the Prophet (s) decided to go to the battle of Hawazin (battle of Hunayn), he sent someone to Safwan b. Umayya (a head of [[Quraysh]] who was still a [[polytheist]] at that time), asking him to lend armors and weapons to him and the Muslims (with the guarantee that they will return them to him). Safwan accepted this and lent 100 armors to them. | [[Ibn Ishaq]] has narrated a [[hadith]] from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] according to which when the Prophet (s) decided to go to the battle of Hawazin (battle of Hunayn), he sent someone to Safwan b. Umayya (a head of [[Quraysh]] who was still a [[polytheist]] at that time), asking him to lend armors and weapons to him and the Muslims (with the guarantee that they will return them to him). Safwan accepted this and lent 100 armors to them. | ||
Together with 10,000 of his followers, who had helped him in the [[conquest of Mecca]] and 2,000 new converts to [[Islam]] from [[Mecca]], | Together with 10,000 of his followers, who had helped him in the [[conquest of Mecca]] and 2,000 new converts to [[Islam]] from [[Mecca]], the Prophet (s) departed from Mecca to fight the Hawazin. Some of these new converts only wanted to see who will win in order to seize booties, and they may have as well hoped that the Prophet (s) and Muslims would be defeated in this battle. The Prophet (s), Muslims, and some men from Quraysh, some of whom were still polytheists, arrived in [[Hunayn]] in the evening of Tuesday, 10 of [[Shawwal]], [[8]]/December 2, 630. | ||
===The arrangement of the two armies=== | ===The arrangement of the two armies=== | ||
Malik b. 'Awf sent three people to spy on Muslims. The spies were overwhelmed by seeing the Islamic army. However, Malik b. 'Awf situated his soldiers in [[Hunayn]] at night in order to organize an overnight surprise attack. At dawn, | Malik b. 'Awf sent three people to spy on Muslims. The spies were overwhelmed by seeing the Islamic army. However, Malik b. 'Awf situated his soldiers in [[Hunayn]] at night in order to organize an overnight surprise attack. At dawn, the Prophet (s) organized his soldiers and gave the flags to their holders. | ||
===Muslim flag holders=== | ===Muslim flag holders=== | ||
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==The events of the battle== | ==The events of the battle== | ||
===The beginning of the battle=== | ===The beginning of the battle=== | ||
[[ | The [[Prophet (s)]], with his war clothes on, visited the lines of his army, encouraging them to be combatant and patient and enunciating their victory. Then in the darkness of the dawn, he went down the [[Hunayn]] valley together with some Muslims. | ||
The Hawazin and Thaqif polytheists, who were ambushed in the valley, launched a surprise attack on Muslims. The heads of Banu Sulaym, people of | The Hawazin and Thaqif polytheists, who were ambushed in the valley, launched a surprise attack on Muslims. The heads of Banu Sulaym, people of Mecca and then other people escaped. | ||
The Prophet (s) called his army to stay with him, reminding them that he is the messenger of | The Prophet (s) called his army to stay with him, reminding them that he is the messenger of God, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah (s), but only a few people stayed with him. | ||
===The Prophet (s)'s supporters and the fugitives=== | ===The Prophet (s)'s supporters and the fugitives=== | ||
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===The Prophet (s)'s strategy to make the fugitives return=== | ===The Prophet (s)'s strategy to make the fugitives return=== | ||
The Prophet (s) told [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]], who was holding the rein of the Prophet (s)'s horse in his hands and had a very loud voice, to shout: "O' [[Ansar]], O' people of [[Samura]], O' people of [[Sura al-Baqara]]." After this all the fugitives from all around returned to the Prophet (s). About 100 people went back to where the Prophet (s) was, helping him to fight the polytheists. And other [[companions]] returned later. | |||
===The prowess of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)=== | ===The prowess of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)=== | ||
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===Divine help in this battle=== | ===Divine help in this battle=== | ||
According to some [[hadiths]], | According to some [[hadiths]], the Prophet (s) took a handful of soil and threw it to the enemy, saying: "let them be defeated", and this led them to be defeated and flee. Moreover, according to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]]s, on the day of Hunayn, some [[angel]]s landed on the Earth to help the Muslim warriors. | ||
===The casualties and captives of the enemy=== | ===The casualties and captives of the enemy=== | ||
When polytheists began to flee, 70 people from Banu Malik, a clan of Thaqif, were killed. On some accounts, the number of people of Hawazin who were killed is said to be the same as the number of people from [[Quraysh]] who were killed in [[Badr]], that is, 70 people. However, according to Mas'udi, about 150 people from Hawazin were killed. In this battle, the Muslims captivated 6,000 women and children, 24,000 camels, over 4,000 sheep and 4,000 silver dishes. | When polytheists began to flee, 70 people from Banu Malik, a clan of Thaqif, were killed. On some accounts, the number of people of Hawazin who were killed is said to be the same as the number of people from [[Quraysh]] who were killed in [[Badr]], that is, 70 people. However, according to [[al-Mas'udi]], about 150 people from Hawazin were killed. In this battle, the Muslims captivated 6,000 women and children, 24,000 camels, over 4,000 sheep and 4,000 silver dishes. | ||
==Events after the battle== | ==Events after the battle== | ||
===The fate of polytheists after the battle=== | ===The fate of polytheists after the battle=== | ||
The [[polytheist]]s accompanied Malik b. 'Awf to [[Ta'if]]. Some of them camped in Awtas, and some others from Thaqif went to Nakhla. | The [[polytheist]]s accompanied Malik b. 'Awf to [[Ta'if]]. Some of them camped in Awtas, and some others from Thaqif went to Nakhla. The Prophet (s) sent some people to chase the polytheists who went to Nakhla, and he ordered Abu 'Amir al-Ash'ari to chase the polytheists who went to Awtas. Abu 'Amir was killed in his fight with them, and his cousin, [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]], took his place and defeated the polytheists. | ||
In this fight, Shayma bt. Harith b. 'Abd al-'Uzza, the Prophet (s)'s foster ([[rada'i]]) sister, was captured by Muslims. When they took her to the Prophet (s), he treated her with respect and then sent her, on her demand, to her clan. According to some accounts, the Prophet (s)'s talks with Shayma and her intercession about the Hawazin captives was one of the reasons why they captives were set free. | In this fight, Shayma bt. Harith b. 'Abd al-'Uzza, the Prophet (s)'s foster ([[Rida' (breastfeeding)|rada'i]]) sister, was captured by Muslims. When they took her to the Prophet (s), he treated her with respect and then sent her, on her demand, to her clan. According to some accounts, the Prophet (s)'s talks with Shayma and her intercession about the Hawazin captives was one of the reasons why they captives were set free. | ||
===The Muslims' actions after the battle=== | ===The Muslims' actions after the battle=== | ||
When the battle was over, | When the battle was over, the Prophet (s) permitted every Muslim who killed a polytheist to possess the war clothes and warfare that were left from the enemy. Then the captives and booties were taken to the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) ordered the Muslims to take the captives and the properties to [[Ja'rana]] in the northwest of the [[Hunayn]] valley. After the battle, the Prophet (s) went to Ja'rana on Thursday night, 5 of [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], [[8]]/March 29, 630. | ||
===The emancipation of the captives=== | ===The emancipation of the captives=== | ||
A delegate from Hawazin went to the Prophet (s) in [[Ja'rana]], asking for the release of its captives by an appeal to their foster relationship with the Prophet (s). When the Prophet (s) emancipated his own share of the captives as well as that of the sons of [['Abd al-Muttalib]], [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]] emancipated their share of the captives as well. A few people who did not accept to emancipate their captives then, did so later. | A delegate from Hawazin went to the [[Prophet (s)]] in [[Ja'rana]], asking for the release of its captives by an appeal to their foster relationship with the Prophet (s). When the Prophet (s) emancipated his own share of the captives as well as that of the sons of [['Abd al-Muttalib]], [[Muhajirun]] and [[Ansar]] emancipated their share of the captives as well. A few people who did not accept to emancipate their captives then, did so later. | ||
===The shares of the booties=== | ===The shares of the booties=== | ||
When | When the Prophet (s) was allotting the booties of the battle, he first gave the noblemen of [[Quraysh]] and the tribes of Arab their shares in order to make them more inclined to [[Islam]]. He then gave 100 camels to some people, such as [[Abu Sufyan b. Harb]], and gave 40 or 50 to some others. He then had people and booties counted, giving each person a certain share of the booties. When the Prophet (s) gave a remarkable share to the noblemen of Quraysh and Arabs, some people from [[Ansar]] objected to him. The Prophet (s) gave a speech to them, convincing them about his decision, and praying for them. | ||
===The return to Medina=== | ===The return to Medina=== | ||
After 13 nights of sojourn in Ja'rana, the Prophet (s) performed his [['Umra]] rituals and then departed to [[Medina]] on Wednesday night, 18 of [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], [[8]]/ | After 13 nights of sojourn in Ja'rana, the Prophet (s) performed his [['Umra]] rituals and then departed to [[Medina]] on Wednesday night, 18 of [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], [[8]]/ March 12, 630. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [ | * The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:غزوه حنین|غزوه حنین]]}} in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
{{The Prophet (s)}} | {{The Prophet (s)}} | ||
{{Template:Ghazwas of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Template:Ghazwas of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
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[[es:Batalla de Hunayn]] | [[es:Batalla de Hunayn]] | ||
[[id:Perang Hunain]] | [[id:Perang Hunain]] | ||
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[[Category:Ghazwas]] | [[Category:Ghazwas]] | ||