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| 1 || Period of legislation ([[Tashri']]) || Lifetime of the [[Prophet (s)]] || Focus is upon the [[Qur'an]] || --- || --- | | 1 || Period of legislation ([[Tashri']]) || Lifetime of the [[Prophet (s)]] || Focus is upon the [[Qur'an]] || --- || --- | ||
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| 2 || Period of interpretation and explanation || From the death of the Prophet (s) to the [[Minor Occultation]] ([[11]]/633 - [[260]]/873-874) || Abundance of [[traditions]]; rejection of [[Analogy]] ([[Qiyas]]) and [[Preference]] ([[Istehsan]]) in legal thought; [['Ilajiyya narrations]]; [[Dissimulation]] ([[Taqiyya]]) || [[Abu Khalid al-Kabuli]], [[Zurara b. A'yan al-Shaybani]], [[Ma'ruf b. | | 2 || Period of interpretation and explanation || From the death of the Prophet (s) to the [[Minor Occultation]] ([[11]]/633 - [[260]]/873-874) || Abundance of [[traditions]]; rejection of [[Analogy]] ([[Qiyas]]) and [[Preference]] ([[Istehsan]]) in legal thought; [['Ilajiyya narrations]]; [[Dissimulation]] ([[Taqiyya]]) || [[Abu Khalid al-Kabuli]], [[Zurara b. A'yan al-Shaybani]], [[Ma'ruf b. Kharrabudh]], [[Burayd b. Mu'awiya al-'Ijli]], [[Abu Basir al-Asadi]], [[Muhammad b. Muslim b. Rubah]] || -- | ||
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| 3 || Period of the transmitters || From the beginning of the [[Major Occultation]] to the first half of the 5th/11th century || Compilation of the most important works of Shi'a traditions; compilation of the first books of jurisprudential edicts || [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]]; [[Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]; [[Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Qulawayh]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]''; ''[[Man la yahzuruh al-faqih]]'' | | 3 || Period of the transmitters || From the beginning of the [[Major Occultation]] to the first half of the 5th/11th century || Compilation of the most important works of Shi'a traditions; compilation of the first books of jurisprudential edicts || [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]]; [[Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]; [[Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Qulawayh]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]''; ''[[Man la yahzuruh al-faqih]]'' | ||
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| 4 || Period of the beginning of [[Ijtihad]] || Concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] up to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] ([[329]]/940 - [[436]]/1045) || Presentation of jurisprudential matters in a technical manner; writing of [[Usul al-Fiqh]]; explaining rulings of [[newly-risen problems]] || [[Ibn | | 4 || Period of the beginning of [[Ijtihad]] || Concurrent with the [[Major Occultation]] up to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] ([[329]]/940 - [[436]]/1045) || Presentation of jurisprudential matters in a technical manner; writing of [[Usul al-Fiqh]]; explaining rulings of [[newly-risen problems]] || [[Ibn Abi 'Aqil]]; [[Ibn Junayd]]; [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]; [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] || ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]'', ''[[al-Intisar]]'', ''[[al-Nasiriyyat]]'' | ||
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| 5 || Period of evolution and progress of [[Ijtihad]] || Lifetime of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || Completion of Shi'a [[Ijtihad]] and its independence from Sunni Ijtihad; writing of prominent jurisprudencial books; compilation of books on contemporary jurisprudence; acceptance of [[Consensus]] as a source of Ijtihad || [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || ''[[Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyyah]]''; ''[[al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatwa]]''; ''[[al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam]]'' | | 5 || Period of evolution and progress of [[Ijtihad]] || Lifetime of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || Completion of Shi'a [[Ijtihad]] and its independence from Sunni Ijtihad; writing of prominent jurisprudencial books; compilation of books on contemporary jurisprudence; acceptance of [[Consensus]] as a source of Ijtihad || [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] || ''[[Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyyah]]''; ''[[al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatwa]]''; ''[[al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam]]'' | ||
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| 6 || Period of stagnation of ijtihad || From the death of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] up to the era of [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]] (b. [[460]]/1067 -[[598]]/1202)|| Restraint from expressing new views against those of al-Shaykh al-Tusi || [[Fadl | | 6 || Period of stagnation of ijtihad || From the death of [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] up to the era of [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]] (b. [[460]]/1067 -[[598]]/1202)|| Restraint from expressing new views against those of al-Shaykh al-Tusi || [[Fadl ibn Hasan al-Tabrisi]]; [[Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi]]; [[Ibn. Zuhra]]; [[Ibn Hamza]]; [[Ibn Barraj]] || ''[[Al-Wasilat al-ghaniyya]]''; ''[[al-Muntaha fi sharh al-nihaya]]'' | ||
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| 7 || Period of criticism and renewed growth of [[Ijtihad]] || From the era of [[Ibn Idris]] to the era of the [[Akhbaris]] (from the end of 6th/12th to 11th/17th century) || Return of [[Ijtihad]] to Shi'a jurisprudence; spread of jurisprudence; development of [[Fiqh al-Hukuma]]; transformation of [[Rijal]], and refinement of traditions || [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]]; [[al-'Allamah al-Hilli]]; [[Fakhr al-Mmuhaqqiqin]]; [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq Karaki]]; [[al-Shahid al-Thani]]; [[Fadil Miqdad]]; [[Ibn Fahd al-Hilli]]; [[al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili]] || ''[[Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Jami' al-maqasid]]''; ''[[Irshad al-adhhan]]''; ''[[Majma' al-fawa'id]]''; ''[[Madarik al-ahkam]]''; ''[[Sharayi' al-Islam]]''; ''[[ | | 7 || Period of criticism and renewed growth of [[Ijtihad]] || From the era of [[Ibn Idris]] to the era of the [[Akhbaris]] (from the end of 6th/12th to 11th/17th century) || Return of [[Ijtihad]] to Shi'a jurisprudence; spread of jurisprudence; development of [[Fiqh al-Hukuma]]; transformation of [[Rijal]], and refinement of traditions || [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]]; [[al-'Allamah al-Hilli]]; [[Fakhr al-Mmuhaqqiqin]]; [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq Karaki]]; [[al-Shahid al-Thani]]; [[Fadil Miqdad]]; [[Ibn Fahd al-Hilli]]; [[al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili]] || ''[[Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Jami' al-maqasid]]''; ''[[Irshad al-adhhan]]''; ''[[Majma' al-fawa'id]]''; ''[[Madarik al-ahkam]]''; ''[[Sharayi' al-Islam]]''; ''[[Al-Lum'at al-Dimashqiyya]]'' | ||
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| 8 || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example | | 8 || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example | ||
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| 9 || Period of branching out of jurisprudence and the birth of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Muhaddith | | 9 || Period of branching out of jurisprudence and the birth of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Muhammad Amin al-Istarabadi|Muhaddith Istarabadi]] to the era of [[Wahid Bihbahani]] (From the middle of 11th/17th to the beginning of 13th/19th century) || Weakening of [[Usul al-fiqh]] because of the opposition of the [[Akhbaris]]; writing of Fiqhi books based on the [[tradition]] || [[Muhammad Amin Istarabadi]]; [[Mulla Salih Mazandarani]]; [[Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani]]; [[al-Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani]]; [[Al-Fadil al-Jawad]]; [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Khwansari]] || ''[[Al-Hada'iq al-nadira]]''; ''[[al-Fawa'id al-madaniyya]]''; ''[[Kifayat al-ahkam]]'' | ||
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| 10 || Period of the defeat of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Wahid Bihbahani]] to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] (b. [[1214/1800]] - d. [[1281/1864]]) || Defeat of [[Akhbaris]] against the [[Usulis]]; discarding unreliable methods (like [[Qiyas]]) by Shi'a || [[Wahid Bihbahani]]; [[Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]; [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]]; [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]]; [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]]; [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] || ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Riyad al-masa'il]]''; ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Mustanad al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]''; ''[[Anwar al-fuqaha]]'' | | 10 || Period of the defeat of [[Akhbaris]] || From [[Wahid Bihbahani]] to the era of [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] (b. [[1214/1800]] - d. [[1281/1864]]) || Defeat of [[Akhbaris]] against the [[Usulis]]; discarding unreliable methods (like [[Qiyas]]) by Shi'a || [[Wahid Bihbahani]]; [[Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]; [[Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita]]; [[Mirza Abu l-Qasim Qummi]]; [[Sayyid 'Ali Tabataba'i]]; [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] || ''[[Miftah al-karama]]''; ''[[Riyad al-masa'il]]''; ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Mustanad al-Shi'a]]''; ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]''; ''[[Anwar al-fuqaha]]'' | ||
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| 11 || Period of renewed [[Istinbat]] || From the end of 13th/19th century up to the middle of the 14th/20th century || Major development in [[Usul al-Fiqh]]; Research on [[newly risen problems]] || [[Al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]]; [[Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]]; [[Aqa Rida Hamadani]]; [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]]; [[Muhammad Husayn Na'ini]]; [[Muhammad Kazim al-Khurasani]]; [[Muhammad | | 11 || Period of renewed [[Istinbat]] || From the end of 13th/19th century up to the middle of the 14th/20th century || Major development in [[Usul al-Fiqh]]; Research on [[newly risen problems]] || [[Al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]]; [[Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]]; [[Aqa Rida Hamadani]]; [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]]; [[Muhammad Husayn Na'ini]]; [[Muhammad Kazim al-Khurasani]]; [[Muhammad Husayn Gharawi Isfahani]]; [[Aqa Diya' 'Iraqi]] || ''[[Al-Makasib]]''; ''[[al-'Urwat al-wuthqa]]'', ''[[Kashf al-ghita]]''; ''[[Misbah al-faqih]]'' | ||
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