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{{about|'''Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita''''|other people titled as Kashif al-Ghita;|Kashif al-Ghita' (disambiguation)}} | {{about|'''Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita''''|other people titled as Kashif al-Ghita;|Kashif al-Ghita' (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{Infobox Shia scholar | {{Infobox Shia scholar | ||
| title = Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' | | title = Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' | ||
| image = سنگ قبر کاشف الغطاء.jpg | | image = سنگ قبر کاشف الغطاء.jpg | ||
| image size = | | image size =250 | ||
| caption = Grave of Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita', Najaf, Iraq | | caption = Grave of Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita', Najaf, Iraq | ||
| Full name = | | Full name = Jaʿfar b. Khiḍr b. Yaḥyā al-Janājī al-Ḥillī al-Najafī | ||
| Nickname = | | Nickname = | ||
| Lineage = Descended from [[Malik al-Ashtar]] | | Lineage = Descended from [[Malik al-Ashtar]] | ||
| Line 29: | Line 28: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Jaʿfar b. Khiḍr b. Yaḥyā al-Janājī al-Ḥillī al-Najafī''' (Arabic:{{ia| جعفر بن خضر بن یحیی الجناجی الحلّی النجفی}}) (b. [[1156]]/1743 - d. [[1227]]/1812), known as '''Kāshif al-Ghiṭā'''' (Arabic: کاشف الغطاء), was a [[Shiite]] [[Marja']] in 13th/19th century. [[Al Kashif al-Ghita']] (the household of Kashif al-Ghita'), a well-known Shiite family of scholars in 13th/18th and 14th/19th centuries are his progeny. | '''Jaʿfar b. Khiḍr b. Yaḥyā al-Janājī al-Ḥillī al-Najafī''' (Arabic:{{ia| جعفر بن خضر بن یحیی الجناجی الحلّی النجفی}}) (b. [[1156]]/1743 - d. [[1227]]/1812), known as '''Kāshif al-Ghiṭā'''' (Arabic: کاشف الغطاء), was a [[Shiite]] [[Marja']] in 13th/[[19th]] century. [[Al Kashif al-Ghita']] (the household of Kashif al-Ghita'), a well-known Shiite family of scholars in 13th/[[18th]] and 14th/19th centuries are his progeny. | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' succeeded his master, [[al-'Allama Bahr al-'Ulum]], as a Shiite authority (Marja'). And like his master, [[Wahid Bihbahani]], he campaigned against [[Akhbaris]], writing some books and essays to reject their views. | Kashif al-Ghita' succeeded his master, [[al-'Allama Bahr al-'Ulum]], as a Shiite authority (Marja'). And like his master, [[Wahid Bihbahani]], he campaigned against [[Akhbaris]], writing some books and essays to reject their views. | ||
During the [[Wahhabis' attack on Najaf]], Kashif al-Ghita' defended the city, and was the first Shiite scholar who wrote against [[Wahhabis]]. He wrote some books concerning [[Fiqh]] (Islamic jurisprudence), [[Usul al-Fiqh]] (principles of the Islamic jurisprudence) and [[Kalam]]. He wrote ''[[Manhaj al-rashad li-man arad al-sidad]]'' to reject the views of Wahhabis, and ''[[al-Haqq al-mubin fi taswib al-mujtahidin wa takhti'at al-Akhbariyyin]]'' to reject the views of Akhbaris. [[Shaykh Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'', was his | During the [[Wahhabis' attack on Najaf]], Kashif al-Ghita' defended the city, and was the first Shiite scholar who wrote against [[Wahhabis]]. He wrote some books concerning [[Fiqh]] (Islamic jurisprudence), [[Usul al-Fiqh]] (principles of the Islamic jurisprudence) and [[Kalam]]. He wrote ''[[Manhaj al-rashad li-man arad al-sidad]]'' to reject the views of Wahhabis, and ''[[al-Haqq al-mubin fi taswib al-mujtahidin wa takhti'at al-Akhbariyyin]]'' to reject the views of Akhbaris. [[Shaykh Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'', was his student. | ||
==Lineage and Biography== | ==Lineage and Biography== | ||
The household of Kashif al-Ghita' traces back in its lineage to [[Malik al-Ashtar]]. Kashif al-Ghita's father, Khidr, who was a pious scholar of his time, went from Janajiyya to [[Najaf]] in order to study Islamic disciplines; he stayed in the city and passed away in 1181/1767. Kashif al-Ghita' was born in Najaf. | The household of Kashif al-Ghita' traces back in its lineage to [[Malik al-Ashtar]]. Kashif al-Ghita's father, Khidr, who was a pious scholar of his time, went from Janajiyya to [[Najaf]] in order to study Islamic disciplines; he stayed in the city and passed away in [[1181]]/1767. Kashif al-Ghita' was born in Najaf. | ||
He studied in [[Karbala]] and Najaf, and then he stayed in Najaf throughout his life. He died on [[Wednesday]], [[Rajab 22]], [[1228]]/July 21, 1813 and was buried in a grave that he had made for himself (in one of the chambers of his seminary school) in 'Ammara area in Najaf. A dome was built on his mausoleum in which some of his progeny are buried. | He studied in [[Karbala]] and Najaf, and then he stayed in Najaf throughout his life. He died on [[Wednesday]], [[Rajab 22]], [[1228]]/July 21, 1813 and was buried in a grave that he had made for himself (in one of the chambers of his [[seminary school]]) in 'Ammara area in Najaf. A dome was built on his mausoleum in which some of his progeny are buried. | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' is the head of the Kashif al-Ghita' Household, that was a well-known family of Shiite scholars in 13th/19th and 14th/20th centuries. Many Shiite scholars come from this household, such as [[Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita']] who was a Shiite authority in the 14th/20th century. One feature of this household was their campaign against [[Akhbarism]] and advancement of [[Wahid Bihbahani]]'s | Kashif al-Ghita' is the head of the Kashif al-Ghita' Household, that was a well-known family of Shiite scholars in 13th/19th and 14th/20th centuries. Many Shiite scholars come from this household, such as [[Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita']] who was a Shiite authority in the 14th/[[20th]] century. One feature of this household was their campaign against [[Akhbarism]] and advancement of [[Wahid Bihbahani]]'s usuli thuoghts. | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' studied the preliminaries of Islamic disciplines with his father, and then studied [[Fiqh]] and [[Usul al-Fiqh]] with scholars of [[Iraq]], such as Sayyid Sadiq al-Fahham (1124/1712-1205/1791), Shaykh Muhammad al-Dawraqi (d. 1187/1773), [[al-Shaykh al-Fattuni]], Wahid Bihbahani in [[Karbala]], and [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]] (1155/1742-1212/1798) in [[Najaf]]. He soon found a place as a well-known scholar and started teaching. | Kashif al-Ghita' studied the preliminaries of Islamic disciplines with his father, and then studied [[Fiqh]] and [[Usul al-Fiqh]] with scholars of [[Iraq]], such as Sayyid Sadiq al-Fahham (b. [[1124]]/1712 - d. [[1205]]/1791), Shaykh Muhammad al-Dawraqi (d. [[1187]]/1773), [[al-Shaykh al-Fattuni]], Wahid Bihbahani in [[Karbala]], and [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]] (b. [[1155]]/1742 - d. [[1212]]/1798) in [[Najaf]]. He soon found a place as a well-known scholar and started teaching. | ||
== | ==Students== | ||
Many scholars attended his lectures, some of whom were later known as great scholars of Fiqh in Iraq and [[Iran]]. They include: | Many scholars attended his lectures, some of whom were later known as great scholars of Fiqh in Iraq and [[Iran]]. They include: | ||
{{col-begin|2}} | |||
* [[Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'' (d. 1266/1850) | * [[Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'' (d. [[1266]]/1850) | ||
* Asad Allah al-Dizfuli al-Kazimi (d. 1234/1819) | * Asad Allah al-Dizfuli al-Kazimi (d. [[1234]]/1819) | ||
* Shaykh 'Ali al-Hazar al-Jaribi (d. 1254/1838) | * Shaykh 'Ali al-Hazar al-Jaribi (d. [[1254]]/1838) | ||
* Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Isfahani (d. 1248/1832) | * Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Isfahani (d. [[1248]]/1832) | ||
* Shaykh Muhsin al-A'sam (d. 1238/1823) | * Shaykh Muhsin al-A'sam (d. [[1238]]/1823) | ||
* Sayyid Muhammad b. Amir al-Ma'sum al-Radawi (d. 1255/1839) | * Sayyid Muhammad b. Amir al-Ma'sum al-Radawi (d. [[1255]]/1839) | ||
* Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Isfahani (d. 1260/1844) | * Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Isfahani (d. [[1260]]/1844) | ||
* Shaykh Ibrahim al-Kalbasi (d. 1261/1845) | * Shaykh Ibrahim al-Kalbasi (d. [[1261]]/1845) | ||
* Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-'Amili (d. 1263/1847) | * Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-'Amili (d. [[1263]]/1847) | ||
* Four of his sons: Musa, 'Ali, Hasan, and Muhammad. | * Four of his sons: Musa, 'Ali, Hasan, and Muhammad. | ||
{{end}} | |||
People such as [[Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa'i]] (d. 1241/1826), Shaykh 'Abd 'Ali b. Umid Gilani, Shaykh Mulla 'Ali Razi Najafi, Shaykh Asad Allah Dizfuli]], and Sayyid 'Abd Allah Kazimi Shubbar (d. 1242/1827) received permissions for the narration of hadiths ([[Ijazat al-Riwaya]]) from him. | People such as [[Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa'i]] (d. [[1241]]/1826), Shaykh 'Abd 'Ali b. Umid Gilani, Shaykh Mulla 'Ali Razi Najafi, [[Shaykh Asad Allah Dizfuli]], and [[Sayyid 'Abd Allah Kazimi Shubbar]] (d. [[1242]]/1827) received permissions for the narration of hadiths ([[Ijazat al-Riwaya]]) from him. | ||
==Religious Authority== | ==Religious Authority== | ||
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==Campaign Against Wahhabis== | ==Campaign Against Wahhabis== | ||
In the late 12th/18th century, the followers of [[Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (1111/1699-1207/1792) rioted in [[Arabia]]. They took themselves as Islamic reformists, rejecting the beliefs of many Islamic sects (mostly Shiites). They began to practically attack what they took as anti-religious and polytheistic residues and symbols. | In the late 12th/18th century, the followers of [[Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (b. 1111/1699 - d. 1207/1792) rioted in [[Arabia]]. They took themselves as Islamic reformists, rejecting the beliefs of many Islamic sects (mostly Shiites). They began to practically attack what they took as anti-religious and polytheistic residues and symbols. | ||
The riot went beyond [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in Arabia to [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] in Iraq—these two cities were attacked by [[Wahhabis]]. Kashif al-Ghita' defended Najaf, its holy places and its people against their attack. He armed himself, other scholars, students and people, and they forced Wahhabis to retreat. He then ordered the building of a solid wall around the city to protect the city from attacks. | The riot went beyond [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in Arabia to [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] in Iraq—these two cities were attacked by [[Wahhabis]]. Kashif al-Ghita' defended Najaf, its holy places and its people against their attack. He armed himself, other scholars, students and people, and they forced Wahhabis to retreat. He then ordered the building of a solid wall around the city to protect the city from attacks. | ||
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==Travels== | ==Travels== | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' went to [[Hajj]] twice: in 1186/1773 and 1199/1785. In 1222/1807 he went to Iran and visited cities such as [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qazvin]], [[Yazd]], [[Mashhad]], and [[Rasht]] and was warmly welcomed by people and scholars. | Kashif al-Ghita' went to [[Hajj]] twice: in [[1186]]/1773 and [[1199]]/1785. In [[1222]]/1807 he went to Iran and visited cities such as [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qazvin]], [[Yazd]], [[Mashhad]], and [[Rasht]] and was warmly welcomed by people and scholars. | ||
==Political Influence== | ==Political Influence== | ||
During his visit to Iran, Kashif al-Ghita', who was very well-known and had the highest religious and political authority, went to Tehran and visited [[Fath 'Ali Shah]], the Qajar king, and submitted his book, ''[[Kashf al-ghita']]'' to him and gave him an official permission for [[Jihad]] with unbelievers, mobilization of soldiers, and receiving taxes and [[Zakat]] from people in order to organize his army. He issued a [[fatwa]] for Jihad in the first war between Iran and Russia (1218/1803-1228/1813). | During his visit to Iran, Kashif al-Ghita', who was very well-known and had the highest religious and political authority, went to Tehran and visited [[Fath 'Ali Shah]], the Qajar king, and submitted his book, ''[[Kashf al-ghita']]'' to him and gave him an official permission for [[Jihad]] with unbelievers, mobilization of soldiers, and receiving taxes and [[Zakat]] from people in order to organize his army. He issued a [[fatwa]] for Jihad in the first war between Iran and Russia ([[1218]]/1803 - [[1228]]/1813). | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' was highly respected by both Iranian and [[Ottoman]] governments, and he sometimes tried to resolve tensions between the two countries. | Kashif al-Ghita' was highly respected by both Iranian and [[Ottoman]] governments, and he sometimes tried to resolve tensions between the two countries. | ||
==Emphasis on Enforcing the Islamic Laws== | ==Emphasis on Enforcing the Islamic Laws== | ||
Kashif al-Ghita' firmly believed that Islamic laws, and in particular [[Hudud]], [[Diyat]], [[Ta'zirat]], [[al-Amr bi-al-Ma'ruf]] (enjoining the good) and [[Nahy 'an al-Munkar]] (forbidding the | Kashif al-Ghita' firmly believed that Islamic laws, and in particular [[Hudud]], [[Diyat]], [[Ta'zirat]], [[al-Amr bi-al-Ma'ruf]] (enjoining the good) and [[Nahy 'an al-Munkar]] (forbidding the evil), should be enforced. Sometimes his insistence on the enforcement of these laws would sometimes lead to incidents. He cared about the conditions of the poor; he raised funds from the rich and donated to people in need. | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
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* ''Al-Haqq al-mubin fi taswib al-mujtahidin wa takhti'a al-Akhbariyyin'' (against Akhbaris), first published in Tehran, 1306/1889. | * ''Al-Haqq al-mubin fi taswib al-mujtahidin wa takhti'a al-Akhbariyyin'' (against Akhbaris), first published in Tehran, 1306/1889. | ||
* ''[[Kashf al-ghita' 'an mubhamat al-shari'a al-gharra']]'' (Unveiling the cover from ambiguities of the glorious sharia), Tehran, 1217/1855 and 1317/1899. He was very sharp and competent in Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh as evidenced by his work in this area. He wrote this book during his travel to Iran while the only book available to him was [[Qawa'id al-ahkam]] by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]. [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]] is quoted as saying that: "if someone knows the principles and rules of this book, I take him to be Mujtahid". Kashif al-Ghita' claimed that he would be able to write all parts of Fiqh even if no books in Fiqh were available to him. His contemporary and subsequent scholars of Fiqh admitted his great competence in Fiqh. | * ''[[Kashf al-ghita' 'an mubhamat al-shari'a al-gharra']]'' (Unveiling the cover from ambiguities of the glorious sharia), Tehran, 1217/1855 and 1317/1899. He was very sharp and competent in Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh as evidenced by his work in this area. He wrote this book during his travel to Iran while the only book available to him was ''[[Qawa'id al-ahkam (book)|Qawa'id al-ahkam]]'' by [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]. [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]] is quoted as saying that: "if someone knows the principles and rules of this book, I take him to be Mujtahid". Kashif al-Ghita' claimed that he would be able to write all parts of Fiqh even if no books in Fiqh were available to him. His contemporary and subsequent scholars of Fiqh admitted his great competence in Fiqh. | ||
* ''Bughyat al-talib fi ma'rifa al-mufawwad wa | * ''Bughyat al-talib fi ma'rifa al-mufawwad wa l-wajib'': a short treatise the first part of which concerns the principles of Islamic beliefs and the second concerns the laws of sharia. | ||
* ''Al-Tahqiq wa | * ''Al-Tahqiq wa l-tanqir fi ma yata'alaq bi l-maqadir'' | ||
* ''Al-Risala al-sawmiyya'' (an essay about fasting) | * ''Al-Risala al-sawmiyya'' (an essay about [[fasting]]) | ||
* ''Mishkat al-masabih'' | * ''Mishkat al-masabih'' | ||
* ''Risala fi | * ''Risala fi l-'ibadat al-maliyya'' (an essay on financial good deeds) | ||
* ''Ghayat al-murad fi ahkam al-jihad'' (an essay on the laws of jihad) | * ''Ghayat al-murad fi ahkam al-jihad'' (an essay on the laws of jihad) | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1 جعفر کاشف الغطا] in Farsi Wikishia. | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1 جعفر کاشف الغطا] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
{{end}} | |||
{{Faqihs}} | {{Faqihs}} | ||
{{Marja's}} | {{Marja's}} | ||
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[[fa:جعفر کاشف الغطاء]] | [[fa:جعفر کاشف الغطاء]] | ||
[[ar:جعفر كاشف الغطاء]] | [[ar:جعفر كاشف الغطاء]] | ||