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Battle of Harra: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox War | |||
|conflict= | |||
|Part of= | |||
|image=[[file:EXAMPLE.jpg|250px]] | |||
|caption= {{center|EXAMPLE}} | |||
|Date= [[Dhu l-Hijja 2]] or two or three days to the end of Dhu l-Hijja, [[63]] ([[August 2]], or [[August 27]]-[[August 28|28]], 682) | |||
|Location= [[Medina]] | |||
|Coordination = | |||
|Cause = dissatisfaction of [[Yazid]]'s ruling over Muslims | |||
|Territory = | |||
|Result = the movement was defeated | |||
|combatant1= People of Medina | |||
|combatant2= Syrian army | |||
|commander1= [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala b. Abi 'Amir]] | |||
|commander2= [[Muslim b. 'Uqba]] | |||
|strength1= | |||
|strength2= | |||
|casualties1= over 4000 or 10,700 or 11,700 people were killed including 700 memorizers of the [[Quran]] and 80 people of [[Sahaba]] | |||
|casualties2= Syrians committed crimes such as rapes, taking fetuses out of pregnant women's wombs, and killing infants | |||
|Note= | |||
}} | |||
'''Battle of Ḥarra''' (Arabic: {{ia|وقعة الحرّة}}) is the violent attack of the [[Syria]] army under the commandership of [[Muslim b. 'Uqba]] on the people of [[Medina]] who rose against [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]. In [[63]]/682, the people of Medina rose against the rule of Yazid b. Mu'awiya under the leadership of [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]]. In this event, many people were killed, including 80 of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]]'s [[Sahaba]] and 700 of memorizers (hafiz) of the [[Qur'an]], and people's property were plundered. | '''Battle of Ḥarra''' (Arabic: {{ia|وقعة الحرّة}}) is the violent attack of the [[Syria]] army under the commandership of [[Muslim b. 'Uqba]] on the people of [[Medina]] who rose against [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]. In [[63]]/682, the people of Medina rose against the rule of Yazid b. Mu'awiya under the leadership of [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]]. In this event, many people were killed, including 80 of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]]'s [[Sahaba]] and 700 of memorizers (hafiz) of the [[Qur'an]], and people's property were plundered. | ||
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'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr appointed [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]] as the ruler of Medina. This account as well as the ones mentioned before show how influential 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was on this uprising and its leaders. | 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr appointed [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]] as the ruler of Medina. This account as well as the ones mentioned before show how influential 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was on this uprising and its leaders. | ||
===Equipment of the | ===Equipment of the Syrian Army=== | ||
The agent of the [[Syria]] government made attempts to make people obey [[Yazid]], but to no avail. Yazid's threatening letter, as well as [[Nu'man b. Bashir]]'s intercession to conciliate people, did not work. Thus Yazid decided to equip an army to quench people of Medina. When [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] refused to undertake the commandership of the army, Yazid gave the commandership to [[Muslim b. 'Uqba al-Murri]]. Different accounts have mentioned his army as having 5000 to 27000 soldiers. The attack was accompanied by [[Husayn b. Numayr]] (Arabic: {{ia|حصين بن نمير}}). Husayn undertook the commandership of people of [[Homs]]. | The agent of the [[Syria]] government made attempts to make people obey [[Yazid]], but to no avail. Yazid's threatening letter, as well as [[Nu'man b. Bashir]]'s intercession to conciliate people, did not work. Thus Yazid decided to equip an army to quench people of Medina. When [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] refused to undertake the commandership of the army, Yazid gave the commandership to [[Muslim b. 'Uqba al-Murri]]. Different accounts have mentioned his army as having 5000 to 27000 soldiers. The attack was accompanied by [[Husayn b. Numayr]] (Arabic: {{ia|حصين بن نمير}}). Husayn undertook the commandership of people of [[Homs]]. | ||
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When people of [[Medina]] heard about the departure of Yazid's army to Medina, they dug a trench around Medina as a shelter. | When people of [[Medina]] heard about the departure of Yazid's army to Medina, they dug a trench around Medina as a shelter. | ||
People allowed the agents of the Umayyad government to go out of Medina on the condition that they give no information about Medina to the | People allowed the agents of the Umayyad government to go out of Medina on the condition that they give no information about Medina to the Syrian army and do not attend the war. After they went out of Medina, the Umayyad people broke their oath, and [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]]'s father suggested him to devise a plan for an attack on Medina together with Muslim b. 'Uqba. | ||
After crossing Harra, Muslim b. 'Uqba settled in east of Medina, and gave a three day deadline to people of Medina. Then he bypassed the trench and entered the city with the help of the Banu Haritha tribe—who were deceived by financial promises—and committed incredible crimes there in such a way that he came to be known as the criminal. | After crossing Harra, Muslim b. 'Uqba settled in east of Medina, and gave a three day deadline to people of Medina. Then he bypassed the trench and entered the city with the help of the Banu Haritha tribe—who were deceived by financial promises—and committed incredible crimes there in such a way that he came to be known as the criminal. | ||
=== | ===Army's Treatment with People of Medina=== | ||
Upon the order of Yazid, [[Muslim b. 'Uqba]] announced that his army is at liberty to do anything to people's lives and property for three days. According to Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti, the plunders and crimes of the army in these three days led to a horrific catastrophe. And according to al-Mas'udi, it was the most hideous event after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. In these three days, the army of Muslim b. 'Uqba committed abhorrent crimes such as rapes, taking fetuses out of pregnant women's wombs, killing infants, offending the outstanding [[sahaba|companions]] of the [[Prophet (s)]], such as [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] who was blind and [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]]. | Upon the order of Yazid, [[Muslim b. 'Uqba]] announced that his army is at liberty to do anything to people's lives and property for three days. According to Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti, the plunders and crimes of the army in these three days led to a horrific catastrophe. And according to al-Mas'udi, it was the most hideous event after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. In these three days, the army of Muslim b. 'Uqba committed abhorrent crimes such as rapes, taking fetuses out of pregnant women's wombs, killing infants, offending the outstanding [[sahaba|companions]] of the [[Prophet (s)]], such as [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] who was blind and [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]]. | ||
According to some sources, over 4000 or 10,700 or 11,700 people were killed in the Event of Harra. Of these, 700 people were memorizers of the [[Quran]] and 80 people were the [[Sahaba]] (companions) of the [[Prophet (s)]] such that none of the Sahaba who fought in the [[Battle of Badr]]—who were called "[[Badriyyun|People of Badr]]" (Ahl al-Badr)—stayed alive. [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]] and his sons were also killed. | According to some sources, over 4000 or 10,700 or 11,700 people were killed in the Event of Harra. Of these, 700 people were memorizers of the [[Quran]] and 80 people were the [[Sahaba]] (companions) of the [[Prophet (s)]] such that none of the Sahaba who fought in the [[Battle of Badr]]—who were called "[[Badriyyun|People of Badr]]" (Ahl al-Badr)—stayed alive. [['Abd Allah b. Hanzala]] and his sons were also killed. | ||
===Forcing | ===Forcing People to Pledge Their Allegiance=== | ||
After all these crimes, Muslim b. 'Uqba gathered people of Medina and coerced them to pledge their allegiance to [[Yazid]] on the condition that they and their fathers are Yazid's slaves, that is, they are owned by Yazid as booties of the war, and whoever refuses to obey the order will be decapitated. | After all these crimes, Muslim b. 'Uqba gathered people of Medina and coerced them to pledge their allegiance to [[Yazid]] on the condition that they and their fathers are Yazid's slaves, that is, they are owned by Yazid as booties of the war, and whoever refuses to obey the order will be decapitated. | ||
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'''The neutrality of some [[Sahaba]] with respect to rebels''': some Sahaba, such as [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] and [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] stayed neutral and did not accompany the people of [[Medina]]. | '''The neutrality of some [[Sahaba]] with respect to rebels''': some Sahaba, such as [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] and [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] stayed neutral and did not accompany the people of [[Medina]]. | ||
== | ==Cause of Defeat== | ||
Ibn Qutayba has compared the early and unexpected defeat of people in the Event of Harra with the resistance of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and his few companions to the same army, tracing the cause of people's defeat in Harra to be their having two commanders. But there are no reports in the sources about any disagreements among the heads of Medina's uprising. | Ibn Qutayba has compared the early and unexpected defeat of people in the Event of Harra with the resistance of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and his few companions to the same army, tracing the cause of people's defeat in Harra to be their having two commanders. But there are no reports in the sources about any disagreements among the heads of Medina's uprising. | ||