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'''Tragedy of Fakhkh''' (Arabic: وقعة الفخّ) or the ''' | | priority = b | ||
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'''Tragedy of Fakhkh''' (Arabic: {{ia|وقعة الفخّ}}) or the '''Uprising of the Fakhkh's martyr''' (Arabic: {{ia|قیام شهید الفخّ}}) was an uprising by the [['Alawis]] against the [[Abbasids]] that occurred in [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], [[169]]/May, 786) under the leadership of [[Shahid of Fakhkh|Husayn b. 'Ali]], a progeny of [[Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]] in [[Medina]], leading to his and his companions' martyrdom in an area called "fakhkh" near [[Mecca]]. According to some [[hadiths]], [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] refused to take part in the uprising, prognosticating its fate. According to a hadith from [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]]: after [[Event of Taff]], there was no crime worse than the Event of Fakhkh. | |||
== | ==Lineage of the Fakhkh Martyr== | ||
Al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan. [[al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a)]] was known as " | Al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan b. [[al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a)]] was known as "Sahib al-Fakhkh" (the companion of Fakhkh). His father, 'Ali b. al-Hasan was a pious person known as "'Ali al-Khayr" ('Ali, the good) and "'Ali al-aghar" ('Ali, the nice). And his mother, Zaynab, was the daughter of 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan b. 'Ali, who was known as "[['Abd Allah al-Mahd]]" (the pure 'Abd Allah); she was a sister of [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and [[Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah]], known as "Qatil Bakhamra" (killed in Bakhamra). This couple was known as righteous because of their piety. | ||
After the [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], 'Ali b. al-Hasan and some other [['Alawis]] were arrested at the command of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]], and soon after that he died in the prison. | After the [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], 'Ali b. al-Hasan and some other [['Alawis]] were arrested at the command of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]], and soon after that he died in the prison. | ||
== | ==Present location of Fakhkh== | ||
[[File:محله شهداء(محل شهادت ودفن صاحب فخ )در مکه.jpg|thumbnail|Fakhkh in [[Mecca]]]] | [[File:محله شهداء(محل شهادت ودفن صاحب فخ )در مکه.jpg|thumbnail|Fakhkh in [[Mecca]]]] | ||
Fakhkh is now located at the northern entrance of [[Mecca]], four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]]. The road to this area crosses from the intersection of Tariq al-Madina al-Munawwara (The Glorious Medina Road, known as Tan'im) and Shari' al-Shuhada (Shuhada Street). | Fakhkh is now located at the northern entrance of [[Mecca]], four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]]. The road to this area crosses from the intersection of Tariq al-Madina al-Munawwara (The Glorious Medina Road, known as Tan'im) and Shari' al-Shuhada (Shuhada Street). | ||
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The mausoleums of the Fakhkh martyrs are located in an enclosed area in the skirts of the Fakhkh Mountain, near a flat area known as "Dhi Tuwa" in which [[Quraysh]] convened about [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. Some martyrs of Fakhkh are buried in the enclosed area on which there is a sign reading "Maqbara [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]], Raqam 2" (the mausoleum of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar, number 2), and others are buried in the opposite enclosed area in the skirts of the mountain. | The mausoleums of the Fakhkh martyrs are located in an enclosed area in the skirts of the Fakhkh Mountain, near a flat area known as "Dhi Tuwa" in which [[Quraysh]] convened about [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. Some martyrs of Fakhkh are buried in the enclosed area on which there is a sign reading "Maqbara [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]], Raqam 2" (the mausoleum of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar, number 2), and others are buried in the opposite enclosed area in the skirts of the mountain. | ||
==The Prophet (s)'s foretelling of the | ==The Prophet (s)'s foretelling of the Event== | ||
It is reported that in one of his journeys, [[ | It is reported that in one of his journeys, the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] arrived in Fakhkh; he said prayers with his [[companions]] and then said: "a man from my household and a group of faithful people will be killed in this place; their shrouds and embalmment will come from the heaven and their souls will go to the heaven before their bodies". | ||
A similar [[hadith]] is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. | A similar [[hadith]] is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. | ||
== | ==Backgrounds of the Uprising== | ||
When al-Hadi al-'Abbasi took over the [[caliphate]], he increased the pressure on the [['Alawis]]. He was insistent that the 'Alawis should be chased and found; he frightened them, and cut wages that his father, al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi, used to give them. He wrote to his rulers in every place that the 'Alawis should be chased, arrested, and extradited to the central government. He also dismissed the ruler of [[Medina]] who treated the 'Alawis in a rather good manner, and appointed a person from the progeny of [['Umar b. Khattab]], 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz b. 'Abd Allah, who was known to be hostile to [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], as the ruler of Medina. | When [[al-Hadi al-'Abbasi]] took over the [[caliphate]], he increased the pressure on the [['Alawis]]. He was insistent that the 'Alawis should be chased and found; he frightened them, and cut wages that his father, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]], used to give them. He wrote to his rulers in every place that the 'Alawis should be chased, arrested, and extradited to the central government. He also dismissed the ruler of [[Medina]] who treated the 'Alawis in a rather good manner, and appointed a person from the progeny of [['Umar b. Khattab]], 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz b. 'Abd Allah, who was known to be hostile to [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], as the ruler of Medina. | ||
===Daily | ===Daily Summons of the 'Alawis=== | ||
The new ruler of Medina ordered his men to bring the 'Alawis to his Dar al-Imara (the emirate building) on a daily basis, and pejoratively recall them (to check if all of them are present). Each 'Alawi had to accept the bailment for the presence of one or more of his relatives (that is, they were responsible to find them in case they were absent). | The new ruler of Medina ordered his men to bring the 'Alawis to his Dar al-Imara (the emirate building) on a daily basis, and pejoratively recall them (to check if all of them are present). Each 'Alawi had to accept the bailment for the presence of one or more of his relatives (that is, they were responsible to find them in case they were absent). | ||
===The discriminatory whipping of one 'Alawi=== | ===The discriminatory whipping of one 'Alawi=== | ||
Three people, including one 'Alawi and a person from the progeny of [['Umar b. Khattab]], were arrested with the charge of having drunk wine. Though the charge was not proved, the ruler ordered that the 'Alawi be whipped 80 times, and the person who was affiliated to the household of 'Umar b. Khattab be whipped only 7 times. He then ordered that they be taken around the city with naked bodies. This was followed by a serious objection from al-Husayn b. 'Ali (the [[ | Three people, including one 'Alawi and a person from the progeny of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], were arrested with the charge of having drunk wine. Though the charge was not proved, the ruler ordered that the 'Alawi be whipped 80 times, and the person who was affiliated to the household of 'Umar b. al-Khattab be whipped only 7 times. He then ordered that they be taken around the city with naked bodies. This was followed by a serious objection from al-Husayn b. 'Ali (the [[Martyr of Fakhkh]]). | ||
=== | ===Absence of an 'Alawi=== | ||
An 'Alawi, called "al-Hasan b. Muhammad" (the son of [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]), did not show up for the daily summons. The ruler reprimanded al-Husayn b. 'Ali and Yahya b. 'Abd Allah who were al-Hasan's bailsmen (or guarantors) and asked them to present him soon. After threatening remarks, the ruler took an oath that he will ruin the houses of the 'Alawis and whip al-Husayn b. 'Ali one thousand times if he does not bring al-Hasan until the night. | An 'Alawi, called "al-Hasan b. Muhammad" (the son of [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]), did not show up for the daily summons. The ruler reprimanded al-Husayn b. 'Ali and Yahya b. 'Abd Allah who were al-Hasan's bailsmen (or guarantors) and asked them to present him soon. After threatening remarks, the ruler took an oath that he will ruin the houses of the 'Alawis and whip al-Husayn b. 'Ali one thousand times if he does not bring al-Hasan until the night. | ||
== | ==Early Occurrence of the Uprising== | ||
70 [[Shiite]] pilgrims of [[hajj]] met al-Husayn b. 'Ali in [[Medina]] and decided to rise that year in the days of hajj, but after the threats of the ruler of Medina and the arrest of some of al-Husayn's companions, they decided to start the uprising earlier than planned. | 70 [[Shiite]] pilgrims of [[hajj]] met al-Husayn b. 'Ali in [[Medina]] and decided to rise that year in the days of hajj, but after the threats of the ruler of Medina and the arrest of some of al-Husayn's companions, they decided to start the uprising earlier than planned. | ||
According to ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', the uprising began on [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] | According to ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', the uprising began on [[Dhu l-Qa'da 13]], [[169]] ([[May 23]], 786). At the time of morning prayers, 26 people from [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]'s progeny, 10 pilgrims of hajj, and some [[mawali]] entered the mosque chanting "Ahad, Ahad", and they had the [[mu'adhdhin]] (the caller to the prayers) to recite the Shiite version of [[adhan]] (calls for prayers) that included "Hayya 'ala khayr al-'amal" (hasten to the best action). When the ruler of Medina heard the Shiite adhan, he was scared and escaped from the city. People said their prayers with al-Husayn b. 'Ali. After the prayers, al-Husayn b. 'Ali gave a sermon, asking people to follow the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]]. People pledged their allegiance to him conditional upon the [[Quran]] and the traditions of the Prophet (s) and "al-Murtada min Al Muhammad" (that is, Imam Ali (a)). | ||
==Early | ==Early Victories== | ||
After some hours, Khalid al-Barbari, the military commander of the city, and his soldiers attacked the mosque. However, Khalid was killed and his soldiers were defeated. The next day, there was another battle between the two groups leading to the defeat of the [[Abbasids]]. Then the Abbasids asked al-Mubarak al-Turki (a commander of the | After some hours, Khalid al-Barbari, the military commander of the city, and his soldiers attacked the mosque. However, Khalid was killed and his soldiers were defeated. The next day, there was another battle between the two groups leading to the defeat of the [[Abbasids]]. Then the Abbasids asked al-Mubarak al-Turki (a commander of the Caliph), who was then in Medina for performing the [[hajj]] rituals, for help. According to ''[[Maqatil al-Talibiyyin]]'', al-Mubarak was reluctant to engage with those quarrels; so he sent a message to al-Husayn b. 'Ali to send some of his soldiers to launch a camisado against him so that he can find a pretext to flee. Al-Husayn did this, and al-Mubarak escaped to [[Mecca]]. Thus Medina was under al-Husayn's control. According to al-Tabari, their control of the city lasted only 11 days, until [[Dhu l-Qa'da 24]] ([[June 1]], 786). In this interval they equipped themselves. | ||
==Moving to Mecca== | ==Moving to Mecca== | ||
On Dhu l-Qa'da 24, 169 | On Dhu l-Qa'da 24, 169 (June 1, 786), Husayn appointed one of his companions, [[Dinar al-Khuza'i]], as the ruler of Medina, and moved with 300 soldiers to Mecca. Before that, he had a meeting with [[Shiites]] and they decided to rise in Mecca during the [[hajj]] days in [[Mina]]. | ||
== | ==Day of the Event== | ||
When al-Hadi al-'Abbasi heard the news of the uprising, he ordered some Abbasid seniors who were in [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] pilgrimage to fight al-Husayn b. 'Ali under the commandership of Muhamamd b. Sulayman. The Abbasids (with 4000 soldiers) and al-Husayn's army encountered on [[Dhu l-Hijja]] | When al-Hadi al-'Abbasi heard the news of the uprising, he ordered some Abbasid seniors who were in [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] pilgrimage to fight al-Husayn b. 'Ali under the commandership of Muhamamd b. Sulayman. The Abbasids (with 4000 soldiers) and al-Husayn's army encountered on [[Dhu l-Hijja 8]] (June 15, 786), the day of [[Tarwiya]], in an area called "Fakhkh". The Abbasid commander offered al-Husayn a letter of security but he did not accept it. In the battle, al-Husayn and many of his companions were martyred, some were captivated and some escaped. The heads of the [[martyrs]] as well as the captives were first sent to [[Medina]] and then to [[Baghdad]] to [[al-Hadi al-'Abbasi]]. | ||
The sons of [['Abd Allah al-Mahd]] were active in this event. Sulayman b. 'Abd Allah and al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Mahd were killed, but Idris b. 'Abd Allah escaped to [[Morocco]] (Maghrib) and later established the Idrissid government there. Also another brother of his, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah, escaped to [[Daylam]]. He received a letter of security from [[Harun al-Rashid]], but was then deceived into going to Baghdad and was killed there. | The sons of [['Abd Allah al-Mahd]] were active in this event. Sulayman b. 'Abd Allah and al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Mahd were killed, but Idris b. 'Abd Allah escaped to [[Morocco]] (Maghrib) and later established the Idrissid government there. Also another brother of his, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah, escaped to [[Daylam]]. He received a letter of security from [[Harun al-Rashid]], but was then deceived into going to Baghdad and was killed there. | ||
== | ==Abbasid Actions after the Event of Fakhkh== | ||
After the Fakhkh uprising, the ruler of [[Medina]] set the houses and palm groves of [[Shahid al-fakhkh|al-Husayn b. 'Ali]] and some of his household on fire, and confiscated the rest of their palm groves and property. Musa b. 'Isa al-'Abbasi went to Medina and called people of the city to the mosque and had them publically curse al-Husayn and his companions. There are contradictory reports about al-Hadi al-'Abbasi's reactions. On some accounts, he coldheartedly treated the captives of the event as well as the Abbasid rulers who failed to do their duties in the battle. For example, he captivated [[Qasim b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-'Alawi]], and mutilated his body with a saw, and he was angered at his own commander, Musa b. 'Isa al-'Abbasi, who had killed Hasan b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah, instead of capturing him and letting the [[Caliph]] decide about him; because of this he confiscated Musa's property. | After the Fakhkh uprising, the ruler of [[Medina]] set the houses and palm groves of [[Shahid al-fakhkh|al-Husayn b. 'Ali]] and some of his household on fire, and confiscated the rest of their palm groves and property. Musa b. 'Isa al-'Abbasi went to Medina and called people of the city to the mosque and had them publically curse al-Husayn and his companions. There are contradictory reports about al-Hadi al-'Abbasi's reactions. On some accounts, he coldheartedly treated the captives of the event as well as the Abbasid rulers who failed to do their duties in the battle. For example, he captivated [[Qasim b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-'Alawi]], and mutilated his body with a saw, and he was angered at his own commander, Musa b. 'Isa al-'Abbasi, who had killed Hasan b. Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah, instead of capturing him and letting the [[Caliph]] decide about him; because of this he confiscated Musa's property. | ||