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'''Event of Saqīfa Banī | '''Event of Saqīfa Banī Sāʿida''' (Arabic:{{ia|وَقعَة سَقیفَة بَنی ساعِدَة}}) refers to the [[allegiance]] pledged by some Muslims to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa|abu Bakr]] as the [[caliph]] after the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]]'s demise. No one from [[Banu Hashim]] and [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] was present in the event, and [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] who was already announced by the Prophet (s) as his successor was taking care of the Prophet (s)'s corpse when the event of Saqifa was taking place. Some [[Muhajirun]] (Muslims who had migrated from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]) gathered in order to announce Abu Bakr as the caliph and some [[Ansar]] gathered there in order to announce [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] as the caliph. | ||
The event took place in [[11]]/632 in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]]. The allegiance to Abu Bakr remained subject to controversies and disputes in Medina for a while; it was refused by some [[Sahaba]]. The Shiites (followers) of [[Imam Ali (a)]] considered Abu Bakr's [[caliphate]] to be against the Prophet (s)'s commands and will in [[Ghadir al-Khumm]]; thus they took it to be a usurpation of Imam Ali (a)'s right to the position of caliphate. According to Shiites, the allegiance to Abu Bakr is a deviation from the right path of [[Islam]]. | The event took place in [[11]]/632 in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]]. The allegiance to Abu Bakr remained subject to controversies and disputes in Medina for a while; it was refused by some [[Sahaba]]. The Shiites (followers) of [[Imam Ali (a)]] considered Abu Bakr's [[caliphate]] to be against the Prophet (s)'s commands and will in [[Ghadir al-Khumm]]; thus they took it to be a usurpation of Imam Ali (a)'s right to the position of caliphate. According to Shiites, the allegiance to Abu Bakr is a deviation from the right path of [[Islam]]. | ||
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[[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]]—the leader of [[Khazraj]]—who was sick and had a fever, gave a speech among some people of Ansar ([[Aws]] and [[Khazraj]]) in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida about the virtues of Ansar and their advantages over [[Muhajirun]]. It is said that such speeches in those conditions were supposed to be against activities by some Muhajirun, rather than against the Prophet (s)'s will (such as [[Hadith Yawm al-Dar]], [[Hadith al-Manzila]], and [[Ghadir al-Khumm]]). Ansar assembled in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida in order to protect their own position, but they instead led to the greatest sedition throughout the history of Islam that gave rise to a lot of chaos in the Islamic community. | [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]]—the leader of [[Khazraj]]—who was sick and had a fever, gave a speech among some people of Ansar ([[Aws]] and [[Khazraj]]) in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida about the virtues of Ansar and their advantages over [[Muhajirun]]. It is said that such speeches in those conditions were supposed to be against activities by some Muhajirun, rather than against the Prophet (s)'s will (such as [[Hadith Yawm al-Dar]], [[Hadith al-Manzila]], and [[Ghadir al-Khumm]]). Ansar assembled in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida in order to protect their own position, but they instead led to the greatest sedition throughout the history of Islam that gave rise to a lot of chaos in the Islamic community. | ||
=='Umar b. Khattab's plot== | =='Umar b. al-Khattab's plot== | ||
There are different accounts of where [[Abu Bakr]] was when the Prophet (s) died, but on the most widely accepted view, he was in Sanh, where [[Salim b. 'Ubayd]] gave him the news of the Prophet (s)'s demise. | There are different accounts of where [[Abu Bakr]] was when the Prophet (s) died, but on the most widely accepted view, he was in Sanh, where [[Salim b. 'Ubayd]] gave him the news of the Prophet (s)'s demise. | ||
On this account, when Abu Bakr arrived in the Mosque, [['Umar b. Khattab]] was standing among people, and was angry at people who were talking about the Prophet (s)'s death, calling them hypocrites and threatening them to death. When Abu Bakr went to the Prophet (s)'s house, he removed the cloth that was on his face, kissed the point between his two eyes, and then went to the Mosque, asking 'Umar to calm down. He then appealed to a verse of the [[Quran]] and confirmed the news about the Prophet (s)'s demise. | On this account, when Abu Bakr arrived in the Mosque, [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] was standing among people, and was angry at people who were talking about the Prophet (s)'s death, calling them hypocrites and threatening them to death. When Abu Bakr went to the Prophet (s)'s house, he removed the cloth that was on his face, kissed the point between his two eyes, and then went to the Mosque, asking 'Umar to calm down. He then appealed to a verse of the [[Quran]] and confirmed the news about the Prophet (s)'s demise. | ||
Some scholars believe that 'Umar knew about the Prophet (s)'s death, but he denied it so that no person other than the one he had in mind (that is, Abu Bakr) becomes the caliph. What supports this thesis is that 'Umar withdrew his denial when Abu Bakr confirmed the news. | Some scholars believe that 'Umar knew about the Prophet (s)'s death, but he denied it so that no person other than the one he had in mind (that is, Abu Bakr) becomes the caliph. What supports this thesis is that 'Umar withdrew his denial when Abu Bakr confirmed the news. | ||
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On some accounts, it is probable that Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]] consulted about the selection of the Prophet (s)'s successor in Abu 'Ubayda's house before they learned about, and joined, Ansar's assembly in Saqifa. | On some accounts, it is probable that Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]] consulted about the selection of the Prophet (s)'s successor in Abu 'Ubayda's house before they learned about, and joined, Ansar's assembly in Saqifa. | ||
The news about what happened in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, and verbal exchanges between Muhajirun and Ansar is well known. According to sources, Abu Bakr's selection happened amongst a lot of quarrels and disputes such that [[Habab b. Mundhir]], from Ansar, drew his sword against Muhajirun, and Sa'd b. 'Ubada was nearly trampled by disputing people. 'Umar b. Khattab reported the quarrels in the event in a speech he delivered during his caliphate in Medina, and [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], who was present in his speech, confirmed 'Umar's report. This historical document is reported by [[Ibn Hisham]], [[Tabari]], [[Ibn Hibban]] and others. According to this speech and other sources, the tensions were assuaged by Abu Bakr's intervention and by taking the sick Sa'd b. 'Ubada out from Saqifa. | The news about what happened in Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, and verbal exchanges between Muhajirun and Ansar is well known. According to sources, Abu Bakr's selection happened amongst a lot of quarrels and disputes such that [[Habab b. Mundhir]], from Ansar, drew his sword against Muhajirun, and Sa'd b. 'Ubada was nearly trampled by disputing people. 'Umar b. al-Khattab reported the quarrels in the event in a speech he delivered during his caliphate in Medina, and [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], who was present in his speech, confirmed 'Umar's report. This historical document is reported by [[Ibn Hisham]], [[al-Tabari]], [[Ibn Hibban]] and others. According to this speech and other sources, the tensions were assuaged by Abu Bakr's intervention and by taking the sick Sa'd b. 'Ubada out from Saqifa. | ||
==Ansar's and Muhajirun's arguments== | ==Ansar's and Muhajirun's arguments== | ||
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In the event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] delivered a speech for people and praised people of Ansar and their virtues and services for Islam. He then claimed that the Prophet (s)'s caliph should be from Ansar. After his speech, people of Ansar wanted to pledge their allegiance to Sa'd b. 'Ubada. But some of them raised the question of what to say to Muhajirun if they oppose Sa'd b. 'Ubada's caliphate. Thus they decided to offer the suggestion of electing a ruler from Muhajirun and another from Ansar. | In the event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] delivered a speech for people and praised people of Ansar and their virtues and services for Islam. He then claimed that the Prophet (s)'s caliph should be from Ansar. After his speech, people of Ansar wanted to pledge their allegiance to Sa'd b. 'Ubada. But some of them raised the question of what to say to Muhajirun if they oppose Sa'd b. 'Ubada's caliphate. Thus they decided to offer the suggestion of electing a ruler from Muhajirun and another from Ansar. | ||
However, Abu Bakr, 'Umar b. Khattab, and Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah turned people's attentions away from Sa'd b. 'Ubada, and invited them to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr as the caliph. 'Umar rejected the suggestion of one ruler from Muhajirun and another from Ansar on the grounds that one cannot place two swords in one scabbard, and people of Arab will not obey two rulers. | However, Abu Bakr, 'Umar b. al-Khattab, and Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah turned people's attentions away from Sa'd b. 'Ubada, and invited them to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr as the caliph. 'Umar rejected the suggestion of one ruler from Muhajirun and another from Ansar on the grounds that one cannot place two swords in one scabbard, and people of Arab will not obey two rulers. | ||
Upon the rejection of this suggestion, each of the two groups (Muhajirun and Ansar) enumerated their own virtues, records and services to Islam, and finally Muhajirun defeated Ansar in this debate. Thus 'Umar asked people to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. | Upon the rejection of this suggestion, each of the two groups (Muhajirun and Ansar) enumerated their own virtues, records and services to Islam, and finally Muhajirun defeated Ansar in this debate. Thus 'Umar asked people to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. | ||
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==The reasons for Imam 'Ali (a)'s refusal to oppose Abu Bakr's caliphate== | ==The reasons for Imam 'Ali (a)'s refusal to oppose Abu Bakr's caliphate== | ||
At the time when the event of Saqifa was taking place, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and some Muhajirun were busy with the washing and shrouding rituals of the Prophet (s)'s corpse. According to ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih | At the time when the event of Saqifa was taking place, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and some Muhajirun were busy with the washing and shrouding rituals of the Prophet (s)'s corpse. According to ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', Imam 'Ali (a) did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr so long as his wife, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] was still alive, that is, 6 months after the Prophet (s)'s demise. According to 'Abd al-Razzaq, [[al-Bukhari]]'s teacher, in his book, ''al-Musannaf'', in addition to 'Ali (a), no person from [[Banu Hashim]] pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr during those six months. | ||
==Shiites' questions about the event of Saqifa== | ==Shiites' questions about the event of Saqifa== | ||
Shiites have a lot of questions about the event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, including the following: | Shiites have a lot of questions about the event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida, including the following: | ||
* Why did only these three people (Abu Bakr, 'Umar b. Khattab, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]]) go to [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]]? | * Why did only these three people (Abu Bakr, 'Umar b. al-Khattab, and [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]]) go to [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]]? | ||
* Why and how did Bani Aslam arrive in Medina soon after the event of Saqifa? And why did they go to Abu Bakr and pledge their allegiance to him, instead of going to the mourning ceremony of the just deceased Prophet (s) or visiting other [[Muhajirun]]? | * Why and how did Bani Aslam arrive in Medina soon after the event of Saqifa? And why did they go to Abu Bakr and pledge their allegiance to him, instead of going to the mourning ceremony of the just deceased Prophet (s) or visiting other [[Muhajirun]]? | ||
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Some people have appealed to these pieces of evidence concluding that the allegiance with Abu Bakr did not happen out of the blue, rather it was a pre-planned plot. Some Shiite [[hadiths]] have referred to such a plot being planned during the Prophet (s)'s life. | Some people have appealed to these pieces of evidence concluding that the allegiance with Abu Bakr did not happen out of the blue, rather it was a pre-planned plot. Some Shiite [[hadiths]] have referred to such a plot being planned during the Prophet (s)'s life. | ||
== | ==References== | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/واقعه_سقیفه_بنیساعده واقعه سقیفه بنیساعده] in Farsi Wikishia. | {{references}} | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[http://fa.wikishia.net/view/واقعه_سقیفه_بنیساعده واقعه سقیفه بنیساعده]}} in Farsi Wikishia. | |||
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{{Imam 'Ali (a)}} | {{Imam 'Ali (a)}} | ||
{{Imamate}} | {{Imamate}} | ||
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[[fr:Evénement de Saqîfa Banî Sâ'ida]] | [[fr:Evénement de Saqîfa Banî Sâ'ida]] | ||
[[es:Evento de Saqifah Bani Sa'ida]] | [[es:Evento de Saqifah Bani Sa'ida]] | ||
[[Category:Caliphate]] | |||